spectatorial 
direct reference to the name of the periodical 
cited.] 
There is a vicious terror of being blamed in some well- 
inclined people, and a wicked pleasure in suppressing 
them ill others; both which I recommend to your fpecta- 
tonal wisdom to animadvert upon. 
Steelt, Spectator, No. 348. 
spectatorship (spek-ta'tor-ship), . [< specta- 
tor + -ship.] The act of'looking or beholding; 
the state or occupation of being a spectator or 
looker-on. 
Guess ... if thou standest not i' the state of hanging, 
or of some death more long in spectatorship. 
Shak., Cor., v. 2. 71. 
Bathing in the sea was the chief occupation of these 
good people, including, as it did, prolonged spectatorship 
of the process. tt. Jama, Jr., Confidence, xix. 
spectatress (spek-ta'tres), n. [< spectator + 
-ess. Cf. spectatrix.] A female spectator or 
looker-on. 
Helen, in the night when Troy was sack'd, 
Spectatress of the mischief which she made. 
Howe, Fair Penitent, v. 1. 
spectatrix (spek-ta'triks), n. [= F. spectatrice 
= It. spettatrice, < L. spectatrix, fern, of specta- 
tor, a beholder: see spectator.] Same as spec- 
tatress. 
specter, spectre (spek'ter), n. [< OF. (and F. ) 
spectre = Sp. Pg. cspectro = It. spettro, an im- 
age, figure, ghost, < L. spectrum, a vision, ap- 
pearance, apparition, image, < specere, see: see 
species, spectacle. Cf. spectrum.] 1. A ghostly 
apparition ; a visible incorporeal human spirit ; 
an appearance of the dead as when living. 
Specters are imagined as disembodied spirits haunting or 
revisiting the scenes of their mundane life, and showing 
themselves in intangible form to the living, generally at 
night, from some overpowering necessity, or for some 
benevolent or (more usually) malevolent purpose. They 
are sometimes represented as speaking, but more com- 
monly as only using terrifying or persuasive gestures to 
induce compliance with their wishes. The word is rare- 
ly used for the dissociated soul of a living person. 
The ghosts of traitors from the Bridge descend, 
With bold fanatic spectres to rejoice. 
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, st. 223. 
One of the afflicted, 
I know, bore witness to the apparition 
Of ghosts unto the spectre of this Bishop, 
Saying, " You murdered us ! " 
LongfeUoic, Giles Corey, iii. 2. 
A fine traditional spectre pale, 
With a turnip head and a ghostly wail, 
And a splash of blood on the dickey ! 
W. S. Gilbert, Haunted. 
2. In zodl. : (a) One of many names of gresso- 
rial orthopterous insects of the family Phasmi- 
dae; a walking-stick or stick-insect ; a specter- 
insect. (6) The specter-bat, (c) The specter- 
lemur, (rf) A specter-shrimp Specter of the 
Brocken, an optical phenomenon named from the Brock- 
en, a mountain of the Harz range, where it has been most 
frequently observed. It consists of the shadow of the ob- 
server cast at sunrise or sunset in apparently gigantic size 
upon the mist or fog about the mountain-summit. The 
shadow is sometimes inclosed in a prismatic circle called 
the Brocken bviv, and again is bordered with a colored 
fringe. Howitt states that, if the fog is very dry, one sees 
not only one's self, but one's neighbor ; if very damp, only 
one's self, surrounded by a rainbow-colored glory. Also 
Brocken specter. = Syn. 1, Apparition, Phantom, etc. See 
ghaut. 
specter-bat (spek'ter-bat), . The spectral 
bat, a South American leaf -nosed bat or vam- 
pire, Phyttostoma spectrum, or a similar species. 
specter-candle (spek'ter-kan"dl), . A straight 
fossil cephalopod, as a baculite, belemnite, or 
orthoceratite. These and similar objects have often 
been superstitiously regarded, in ignorance of their origin 
and nature. See btetylus, salafframa, and thunder-stone. 
specter-crab (spek'ter-krab), H. A glass-crab; 
one of the larval forms which were called Pliyl- 
losoinatn. See cut under glass-crab. 
specter-insect (spek'ter-in'sekt), n. Same as 
specter, 2 (a). 
specter-lemur (spek'ter-le''mer), n. The tar- 
sier, Tawing spectrum. See cut under tarsicr. 
specter-shrimp (spek'ter-shrimp), n. A small 
Isernodipod crustacean of the family Caprellidx, 
as Cajirclla tuberculata ; a skeleton-shrimp: so 
called from the singular form and aspect. 
spectra, . Plural of spectrum. 
spectral (spek'tral), a. [= F. spectral, < L. 
spectrum, specter: see specter.] 1. Of or per- 
taining to a specter ; resembling or having the 
aspect of a specter ; ghostlike : ghostly. 
Some of the spectral appearances which he had been told 
of in a winter's evening. Scott, Bride of Lamraermoor, xiii. 
To his excited fancy everything assumed a spectral look. 
The shadows of familiar things about him stalked like 
ghosts through the haunted chambers of his soul. 
Longfellmc, Hyperion, iv. 3. 
Spectral In the river-mist 
The ship's white timbers show. 
Whittier, The Ship builders. 
5810 
2. Pertaining to ocular spectra, or pertaining 
to the solar, prismatic, or diffraction spectrum ; 
exhibiting the hues of the prismatic spectrum ; 
produced by the aid of the spectrum: f,tpeotral 
colors ; spectral analysis. 
It is important to be able to observe the varying effects 
of pressure and density upon spectral phenomena. 
J. N. Lockyer, Spect, Anal., p. 75. 
3. In zool., like or likened to a specter or appa- 
rition; suggestive of a ghost in any way: as, 
the spectral bat ; spectral shrimps; spectralin- 
sects spectral lemur, the tarsier. Spectral owl, 
Syrnium cinereum, or Strix cinerea, the great gray owl of 
arctic America, remarkable for having more plumage in 
proportion to the size of the body than any other owl. 
spectrality (spek-tral'i-ti), .; pi. spectniliti/s 
(-tiz). [< spectral + -ity.] The state of being 
spectral; a spectral being or object. [Rare.] 
What is he doing here in inquisitorial sanbenito, with 
nothing but ghastly specialities prowling round him ? 
Carlyle, Sterling, i. 1. (Dames.) 
spectrally (spek'tral -i), adv. In a spectral 
manner ; like a ghost or specter. 
spectre. See specter . 
spectre-bolometer (spek"tro-bo-lom'e-ter), n. 
[< NL. spectrum, spectrum, +' E. bolometer.'] 
An instrument consisting of a bolometer in 
combination with a spectroscope, used in the 
study of the distribution of heat in the solar 
spectrum and in similar investigations. The 
absorbing surface of the bolometer is an extremely slender 
strip of platinum, and it is so mounted that this can be 
moved at will to any desired part of the spectrum, the 
amount of heat received being measured, as usual, by the 
deflection of a galvanometer-needle. 
spectrograph (spek'tro-graf), 11. [< NL. 
spectrum + Gr. ypdifieiv, write.] An apparatus 
designed to give a representation of the spec- 
trum from any source, particularly one in which 
photography is employed; a spectroscope in 
which a sensitive photographic plate takes the 
place of the eyepiece of the 'observing telescope. 
SpectrographlC (spek-tro-graf'ik), a. [< spec- 
trograpli + -ic.] Pertaining to a spectrograph 
or the observations made with it ; specifically, 
relating to the process orresults of photography 
as applied to the study of spectra. 
Spectrographic operations are, as Professor Young well 
Bays, much more sensitive to atmospheric conditions than 
are visual observations. D. fodd, Science, III. 727. 
spectrography (spek-trog'ra-fi), n. [As spec- 
trograpli + -y A .] The art of using the spectro- 
graph. 
spectrol9gical(spek-tro-loj'i-kal),a. [(spectrol- 
og-y + -ic-al.] Of or pertaining to spectrology ; 
performed or determined by spectrology : as, 
spectrological analysis. 
spectrology (spek-trol'g-ji), n. [< NL. spectrum 
+ Gr. -toyia, < teyeiv, speak : see -ologi/.] That 
branch of science which determines the con- 
stituent elements and other conditions of bodies 
by examination of their spectra. 
spectrometer (spek-trom'e-ter), 71. [< NL. 
spectrum, spectrum, + L. metrum, measure.] 
An instrument used chiefly to measure the an- 
gular deviation of light-rays in passing through 
a prism, and hence to determine the refractive 
indices of the substance of which the prism is 
formed. Its essential parts are (1) a tube B(see figure), 
having a slit at the further end through which the light 
is thrown by the mirror M, and a collimating lens at the 
other end to convert the divergent pencil into a parallel 
beam ; (2) the prism P, which can be turned upon the cen- 
Spectrometer. 
tral axis, its position being centered by two slides moved 
at right angles to each other by means of the screws E and 
E'; (3) the observing telescope A, the eyepiece of which is 
provided with cross-wires so that the position of a given 
fine can be accurately fixed; the axis of the telescope can 
be made horizontal by the screw N. After the position 
of the prism has been accurately adjusted, usually so as to 
give the minimum deviation for the given ray, the angle 
of deviation is measured by the telescope moving with the 
graduating circle C, while the prism (with the vernier) is 
stationary. By the tangent screws at O and 0' the positions 
of the two circles can be adjusted more delicately. The 
instrument can also be used, like the ordinary reflecting 
goniometer (it is then a spectrometer- goniometer), to mea- 
spectroscope 
sure the angle between the two faces of the prism, whirli 
angle, with that of the minimum deviation, is needed t> 
give the data for calculating the required refractive index. 
(See refraction.) If adiifraction-grating instead of ;t prism 
is employed, the telescope A is moved into the position A', 
making a small angle with the tulieB: the instrument 
may then be used to measure the wave-length of a given 
light-ray. 
spectrometric (spek-tro-niet'rik), a. [As */<- 
troiiiftir + -ic.] Pertaining to ;i spectrometer 
or the observations made with it. 
spectromicroscopical (spek-tro-mi-kro-skop'i- 
kal), a. [< NL. spectrum + E. miorotcopicaL] 
Pertaining to spectroscopic observations made 
in connection with the microscope. 
The spectro-microscopical apparatus, especially in the 
hands of botanists, has become an important iiistniniL'iit 
in the investigation of the coloring matter of plants. 
Behretis, Micros, in Botany (trans.), ii. 139. 
spectrophone (spek'tro-fon), w. [< NL. */<- 
trinn -r Gr. <j>wvf/, sound.] An adaptation of 
the principle of the radiophone, devised by Bell 
to be used in spectrum analysis, it consists of a 
spectroscope the eyepiece of which is removed the sen- 
sitive substances being placed in the focal point behind 
an opaque diaphragm containing a slit, while the ear is in 
communication with the substances by means of a hear- 
ing-tube. See the quotation. 
Suppose we smoke the interior of our spectrophonic re- 
ceiver, and fill the cavity with peroxide of nitrogen gas. 
We have then a combination that gives us good sounds in 
all parts of the spectrum (visible and invisible) except the 
ultra violet. Now pass a rapidly interrupted beam of light 
through some substances whose absorptive spectrum is 
to be investigated, and bands of sound and silence are 
observed in exploring the spectrum, the silent positions 
corresponding to the absorption bands. 
A. O. Bell, in Philosoph. Mag., 5th ser., II. 527, 1881. 
spectrophonic (spek-tro-fon'ik), a. [As spec- 
tropjione + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the spec- 
trophone, or investigations made by means 
of ft. 
spectrophotometer (spek'tro-fo-tom'e-ter), n. 
[< NL. spectrum + E. photometer.] An instru- 
ment used to compare the intensities of two 
spectra (as from the limb and center of the 
sun), - or the intensity of a given color with 
that of the corresponding color in a standard 
spectrum. It is based upon the fact that the eye is very 
sensitive to slight differences of Intensity between two 
similar colors when brought side by side. It consists es- 
sentially of a spectroscope arranged with total reflecting 
prisms, so that, for example, the spectra to be compared 
can be brought into immediate juxtaposition, while Nicol 
prisms in the path of the pencil of rays make it possible 
to diminish the intensity of the brighter light until the two 
exactly correspond. The angular position of the analyz- 
ing prism gives the means of deducing the required rela- 
tion in intensity. 
spectrophotometric (spek-tro-fo-to-met'rik), 
a. [As spectrophotometer + -ic.] Pertaining to 
the spectrophotometer, to its use, or to obser- 
vations made with it. 
spectrophotometry (spek"tro-f6-tom'e-tri), n. 
[As spectrophotometer + -y3.] T'he art of using 
the spectrophotometer. 
spectropolariscope (spek'tro-po-lar'i-skop), n. 
[< NL. spectrum + E. polariscoj>e.] A combina- 
tion of the spectroscope and the polariscope, an 
instrument sometimes used in the analysis of 
sugar. It is a modification of a form of the sac- 
charimeter. 
spectropyrometer (spek"tro-pi-rom'e-tfer), n. 
[< NL. spectrum + E. pyrometer.] An instru- 
ment devised by Crova for measuring high tem- 
peratures, based upon the principle that two 
incandescent bodies of the same radiating 
power have the same temperature when their 
spectra are identical in extent. It is essen- 
tially a form of spectrophotometer. 
spectroscope (spek'tro-skop), n. [< NL. spec- 
trum + Gr. oKoxeiv, view.] An instrument used 
to produce a spectrum of the light (or, more 
generally, the radiation) from anj; source by 
the passage of the rays through a prism or their 
reflection from a grating, and for the study of 
the spectrum so formed. In its common form the 
essential parts of the prismatic spectroscope are (1) a tube 
with a slit at the further end (see fig. 1), through which the 
light enters, and at the other end a collimating lens which 
brings the rays into a parallel beam (the slit is formed be- 
tween two parallel edges the distance between which can 
be varied at will) ; (2) a prism to refract and disperse the 
rays, or a series or train of prisms when greater dispersion 
is desired a gain, however, which is accompanied by a seri- 
ous diminution in the intensity of the light ; (3) a telescope 
through which the magnified image of the spectrum thus 
formed is viewed. A third tube is usually added, contain- 
ing a scale, which is illuminated by a small gas-flame and 
reflected from the surface of the prism into the telescope, 
thus giving the means of fixing the position of the lines 
observed. A small glass comparison prism is often placed 
in front of half the slit, and through it, by total reflection, 
a second beam of light can be introduced, the spectrum 
of which is seen directly over the other. An instrument 
which gives a spectrum when the source of the light is in a 
straight line with the eye that is, which gives dispersion 
without deviation is called a direct-vision spectroscope (see 
