spoke-shave 
-6. C A . V b 
A, spoke-shave witli blade a, made adjustable in the stock *, by 
adjustins, r -*crews f ; B. spoke-shave similar to A, but without the 
adjusting-screws; C, spoke-shave for working upon very concave 
surfaces; 1), spoke-shave, in the nature of a small hand-plane, for 
smoothing and dressing off the straiyhter parts of spokes. 
wagon-spokes, but now in woodwork of every 
kind. 
spokesman (spoks'rmiu), w. ; pi. spokesmen 
(-men). [< 'spoke's, gen. of "spoke, var. of 
speech (AS. spxc, tepraic), + man.'} One who 
speaks for another or others; an advocate; a 
representative. 
He shall be thy spokesman unto the people. Ex. iv. 1<>. 
He is our Advocate that is, a spokesman, comforter, in- 
tercessor, and mediator. 
J. Bradford, Works (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 294. 
spoke-trimmer (spok'trim"er), it. A wheel- 
wrights' tool for trimming ends of spokes, etc., 
preparatory to using the spoke-pointer. 
spoking-machine (spo'king-ma-sheu"), . An 
apparatus for adjusting the spokes of a wheel 
to give them all the same inclination, and thus 
give the wheel a uniform dish. 
spole (spol), n. [A var. of spool.} 1. An obso- 
lete or dialectal form of spool. Specifically 
2. The small wheel near the distaff in the com- 
mon spinning- wheel . 
Then fly the spates, the rapid axles glow, 
And slowly circumvolves the labouring wheel below. 
Danvin, Loves of the Plants, ii. 103. 
spolia, . Plural of spolium. 
spolia opima (spo'li-a o-pi'ma). [L. : spolia, 
pi. of spolium, spoil ; opima, neut. pi. of opimus, 
fat, rich, plump : see opime.} In ancient Rome, 
the choicest spoil taken from an enemy; hence, 
any valuable booty or pillage. 
Milton, however, was not destined to gather the spolia 
opima of English Rhetoric. De Quineey, Rhetoric. 
spoliary (spo'li-a-ri), n.; pi. spoliaries (-riz). [< 
L. spoliarium, a room or place, as in the amphi- 
theater, where the bodies of slain gladiators 
were stripped of their clothes, also a den of rob- 
bers, < spolium, spoil: see spoil.] The place in 
Eoman amphitheaters to which slaughtered 
gladiators were dragged, and where their clothes 
and arms were stripped from their bodies. 
An Act of the Senate ... is extant in Lampridius : 
"Let the Enemy of his Country be depriv'd of all his Titles ; 
let the Parricide be drawn, let him be torn in pieces in the 
Spoliary." Milton, Ans. to Salmasius. 
spoliate (spo'li-at), v.; pret. and pp. spoliated, 
ppr. spoliating. [< L. spoliatus, pp. of spoliare, 
spoil: see spoil, .] I. trans. To plunder; pil- 
lage; despoil. 
The other great Whig families, . . . who had done some- 
thing more lor it than spoliate their church and betray 
their king. Disraeli, Sybil, i. 3. 
II. intrans. To engage in robbery ; plunder. 
spoliation (spo-li-a'shon), n. [< F. spoliation 
= Pr. expoliatio = Sp. expoliaeion = It. spoglia- 
gione, < L. sj)ottatio(n-), plundering, a spoiling, 
< spoliare, plunder, spoil : see spoliate, spoil, v.} 
1. The act of pillaging, plundering, or spoil- 
ing; robbery; plunder. 
He [Hastings] . . . declared that, if the spoliation which 
had been agreed upon were not instantly carried into ef- 
fect, he would himself go to Lucknow, and do that from 
which feebler minds recoil with dismay. 
fifacaulay, Warren Hastings. 
2. The act or practice of plundering in time of 
war, especially of plundering neutrals at sea 
under authority. 3. Eccles., the act of an in- 
cumbent in unlawfully taking the fruits of a 
benefice under a pretended title. 4. In law, 
intentional destruction of or tampering with (a 
document) in such way as to impair eviden- 
tiary effect French Spoliation Act, a United States 
statute of 1885 (23 Stat. at Large, 283) providing for the as- 
certainment of the French spoliation claims. French 
spoliation claims, certain claims of citizens of the Unit- 
ed States, or their representatives, against France for ille- 
gal captures, etc., prior to the treaty of 1800-1 between 
the United States and France. By this treaty these claims 
were assumed by the United States. The first appropria- 
tion for the payment of them was made in 1891. Writ Of 
spoliation, a writ obtained by one of the parties to a suit 
in the ecclesiastical courts, suggesting that his adversary 
has wasted the fruits of a benefice, or unlawfully taken 
them to the complainant's prejudice. 
spoliatiye (spo'li-a-tiv), a. [= F. spoliative; 
as spoliate + -ive.} Tending to take away or 
diminish; specifically, in med., lessening the 
mass of the blood. 
5851 
spoliator (spo'li-a-tor), w. [= F. spolialeur = 
Sp. expolimlor, plunder, < L. spoliator, a plun- 
derer, < spolinre, spoil : see spoliate.} One who 
commits spoliation ; a despoiler ; a robber. 
Sppliatores (sp6"li-a-to'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi. 
of L. spoliator, a plunderer: see spoliator,'} In 
Maegillivray's system of classification, an order 
of birds, the robbers, as the jagers. [Not in 
use.] 
spoliatory (spo'li-a-to-ri), a. [< spoliate + 
-<*/;/.] Consisting in spoliation ; causing spoli- 
ation. Quarterly Kev., XL VII. 41G. 
spolium (spo'li-um), . ; pi. spolia (-a). [ML. 
use of L. s/ioliiim, spoil: see spoil,} In ccrlis. 
Itnc, the property of a beneficed ecclesiastic 
which could not be legally disposed of by will 
at death Jus spolll, originally, the right claimed in 
the middle ages by those present at the deathbed of a 
beneficed ecclesiastic to seize and carry off any portable 
property of the deceased. This led to such scandals that 
finally the right was vested by papal constitutions in the 
church, and all spolia belong to the papal treasury. 
spont, ' A Middle English form of spoonl. 
spondaic (spon-da'ik), a. [< OF. spoitdai(/m; 
F. spondatque = Sp. csponddico = Pg. espoii- 
dnim = It. spoudaico, < L. "spondaiciis, incor- 
rect form of spondiacns, < Gr. avovSetano^, of or 
pertaining to a spondee, < mavieiof, a spondee: 
see spondee.'} In anc. pros. : (a) Of or pertain- 
ing to a spondee ; constituting a spondee ; con- 
sisting of spondees. (6) Having a spondee in 
the fifth place : noting a dactylic hexameter of 
the exceptional form 
the fifth foot being regularly a dactyl. 
spondaical (spon-da'i-kal), a. [< spondaic + 
-al.} Same as spondaic. 
spondalt (spon'dal), . An obsolete erroneous 
form of spoiidyl. " 
spondee (spon'de), . [Formerly also spondas 
(also, as L., spondeus = D. G. Dan. spondeus); 
= Sw. sponde, < F. spondee = Sp. Pg. espoudeo 
= It. spondee, < L. spondeus, spondeeus, < Gr. 
mrovSelof, a spondee, so called as used (proba- 
bly as double spondee) in hymns accompany- 
ing libations, prop. adj. (sc. vrouf, a foot), of 
or pertaining to a libation, < avovSii, a drink- 
offering, libation to the gods, pi. cmcrvSai, a 
solemn treaty, a truce, < rmevScw, pour out, 
make a libation ; root uncertain. Cf . L. spon- 
dere, answer: see sponsor.} In anc. pros., a 
foot consisting of two long-times or syllables, 
one of which constitutes the thesis and the 
other the arsis : it is accordingly tetrasemic 
and isorrhythmic. The spondee is principally used 
as a substitute for a dactyl or an anapest. In the for- 
mer case it is a dactylic spondee ( for ~ ^), in the 
latter an anapestic spondee ( - for ^ ^ -). An irrational 
spondee represents a trisemic foot, trochee, or iambus (-* - 
for -* w, or -i for ~ -0. It is found in the even places of 
trochaic lines and in the odd places of iambic lines, also 
in logacedic verses, especially as representing the initial 
trochee ("basis"). A foot consisting of two spondees is 
called a dispondee. Double spondee, greater spon- 
dee, in anc. pros., a foot consisting of two tetrasemic 
longs (-*- *- and accordingly double the magnitude of 
an ordinary (single) spondee (* A ). 
Spondiaceae (spon-di-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL. 
(Kunth, 1824), < Spondias + -acese.} Same as 
Spondiese. 
Spondias (spon'di-as), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1737), 
* Gr. airavdidf, a false reading of airoSiaf, a tree 
supposed to be the bullace.] A genus of poly- 
petalous trees, of the order Anacardiaeeie, type 
of the tribe Spondiese. It is characterized by polyga- 
mous flowers with eight or ten stamens and four or five 
styles which are free at the apex. There are 5 species, 
dispersed through tropical regions of both hemispheres. 
They bear alternate odd-pinnate leaves, often crowded at 
the ends of the branches, with opposite and often very 
taper-pointed leaflets. The small short-pedicelled flowers 
form spreading terminal panicles. Each flower contains 
four or five spreading petals and a free ovary of as many 
cells, which becomes in fruit a fleshy drupe with a thick 
stone. The leaves and bark often yield medicinal and 
principally astringent preparations ; the fruit is often 
austere and laxative ; that of S. tuberosa is valued in Bra- 
zil as a remedy in fevers. The fruits of several species 
are known as hog-plums. S. purpurea, the purple or Span- 
ish plum, is often cultivated in the West Indies, and is 
readily propagated by cuttings. S. lutea, a tree resem- 
bling the ash and reaching 40 or 50 feet, bears yellowish 
flower-buds, used as a sweetmeat with sugar, and a yellow 
oval fruit known as Jamaica plum or golden apple, S. 
duleis, a similar tree abundant in most Polynesian islands, 
and known as Otaheite apple, yields a large yellow fruit 
with the smell of apples and an agreeable acid flavor, to 
the eye contrasting handsomely with the dark-green foli- 
age. The tree is widely cultivated elsewhere in the 
tropics. A Brazilian tree, reported as 5. tuberosa, produces 
long aerial roots which descend and form at the ground 
large black hollow and cellular tubers containing about a 
pint of water, supplying in dry weather the needs both of 
the tree and of travelers. S. mangifera of India is the 
source of a gum resembling gum arable, known as hog- 
gum, and of several medicinal remedies. Its smooth yel- 
Spondylus 
lowish-green fruit is known as wild mango, or amra, and 
is eaten parboiled or pickled or made into curries. 
Spondieae (spon-di'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (Beiitham 
and Hooker, 1801'), < Spondias + -ete.} A tribe 
of polypetalous plants, of the order Anacardia- 
ceee, distinguished from the other tribe, Mani/i- 
feriese, by an ovary with from two to five cells 
(instead of one), the ovules usually or always 
pendulous. It includes 47 genera, of which Spondias 
is the type. They are mainly tropical or South African, 
and are mostly trees with pinnate leaves. Also Spottdia- 
ceee, Spondiei. 
spondilt, n. An obsolete spelling of spondijl. 
spondulics (spou-du'liks), n, [Also spondoolics, 
tspondoolix ; origin obscure.] Originally, paper 
money; now, any money; funds. [Slang, U.S.] 
Spondyl, spondyle (spon'dil), n. [Formerly 
also spondil, spondal, K/iondle; < F. s/iondi/le, < 
L. spoiuli/lHx, < Gr. o-mSwM.of, less correct form 
of oQMvAof, a joint of the spine, a vertebra, 
joint, round stone, etc.] 1 . A joint, or joining 
of two pieces. 
Great Sir, the circles of the divine providence turn them- 
selves upon the affairs of the world so that every spondyl 
of the wheels may mark out those virtues which we are 
then to exercise. Jer. Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium, Ded. 
2. A joint of the backbone ; a vertebra. 
A kind of rack 
Runs down along the spondils of his back. 
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. >. 
spondylalgia (spou-di-lal'ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr. 
o-TTOTtSu/lof, a vertebra, + at.yof, pain.] Pain in 
the spine; rachialgia. 
spondylarthritis (spon"di-liir-thrj / tis), n. [NL. , 
< Gr. oTToVrftvlot:, a vertebra, + NL. arthritis, q. v.] 
Inflammation of the vertebral articulations. 
spondylexarthrosis (spou-di-leks-ar-thro'sis), 
11. [NL., < Gr. an-6vdv"/j)f, a vertebra, -f- c^dpffpoian; 
dislocation, < ef, out, + apffpov, a joint.] Dis- 
location of the vertebrse. 
Spondylidae 1 (spon-dil'i-de), n. pi. [NL. (J. 
E. Gray, 1826), < Spondylm + -idx.} A fami- 
ly of marine bivalves, related to the Limidse 
and to the scallops, typified by the genus Spon- 
clylus; the thorn-oysters. The valves are dissimilar, 
the right one being the larger, and attached at the beak, 
the left generally flat or concave ; the ligament is internal. 
About 70 species are known, inhabiting chiefly tropical 
seas. The extinct species are numerous. Formerly also 
Spondylea. See cut under Spondylus. 
, typified by the ge- 
nus Spondylis, having deeply impressed sensi- 
tive surfaces of the antennae, and the tarsi not 
dilated. The family was erected by Le Conte and Horn 
to receive all the aberrant Cerambycidx of Lacordaire, 
probably representing in the modern fauna remnants of 
the undifferentiated types of a former geologic age. The 
genera and species are few. Also Spondylii. 
Spjondylis (spon'di-lis), n. [NL. (Fabricius, 
1775), < Gr. oTrdVdivlof, aif>6vSv?.os, a vertebra, 
joint: see spondyl.'} A genus of phytophagous 
. beetles, typical of the family Spondylidse. 
spondylitis (spon-di-li'tis), . [NL., < Gr. 
o-7Tow5iMof, a vertebra, + -itis.} Arthritis of a 
vertebra Spondylitis deformans, arthritis defor- 
mans involving the vertebra. 
spondylolisthesis (spon-di-lol-is-the'sis), n. 
[NL., < Gr. avovSv'Aof, a vertebra, + bUaOriaif, a 
slipping/ bfaaOdvetv, slip,< o/.ia6of, slipperiness.] 
A displacement forward of the last lumbar ver- 
tebra on the sacrum. 
spondylolisthetic (spon-di-lol-is-thet'ik), a. 
[< spondylolisthesis (-et-) + -ic.} Pertaining to, 
of the nature of, or affected with spondylolis- 
thesis. 
spondylopathia (spon"di-lo-path'i-a), n. [NL., 
? Gr. avovdvXof, a vertebra, + TraSof, suffering.] 
Disease of the vertebrae. 
spondylous (spon'di-lus), a. [< spondyl + -ous.} 
Of or pertaining to a spondyl ; like a vertebra ; 
vertebral. 
Spondylus (spon'di-lus), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 
1758), < L. spondylus, < Gr. eir6v6vtoe, < ' 
a vertebra, joint: 
see spondyl.} 1. 
A genus of bi- 
valves, repre- 
senting the fam- 
ily Spondylidse, 
formerly refer- 
red to the Ostrsei- 
dx or Pectinidee. 
They are remarkable 
for the character of 
their spines and the 
richness of their 
coloring. Some are 
known as thorn-oys- 
ters, spring-oysters, 
and water-clams. Thorn-oyster (.SpondylMS princtps). 
