Stachydeae 
M<>/ittete, Marrubiex, and Lainiex; other important gen- 
era are Physostegin, Brunella (Prunella), Phlomis. Sideri- 
tig, Bolivia, Galeopsis, Lamium, Leonurus, and Moluccella. 
See cut under self-heal. 
Stachys (stfl'kis), . [XL. (Rivinus, 1690), < 
L. stachys, < Or. ara^vc, a plant, woundvvort, 
Stacli/i.t tin-ri/fiin, so called from the spiked 
flowers; a particular use of ardxve, an ear 
of corn, a spike, in gen. a plant.] A genus 
of plants, of the order Lalriatse, type of the 
tribe Stachi/dae. It is characterized by flowers with 
the five calyx-teeth equal or the posterior larger, the 
corolla-tube somewhat cylindrical and either included in 
or exserted from the calyx, the upper lip usually entire 
and arched, the anther-cells usually diverging, and the 
ovary forming nutlets which are obtuse or rounded at 
the top. Over 200 species have been described, of which 
about 170 are now thought to be distinct. They are wide- 
ly dispersed through the temperate zones, occur within 
the tropics on mountains, and extend in a few cases into 
frigid and subalpine regions. They are lacking in Aus- 
tralia and New Zealand, and nearly so in Chili and in 
South Africa. Sixteen species occur in the United States ; 
5 are eastern, of which S. aspera is the most common, 
and S. palustris the most widely diffused. Several spe- 
cies, especially S. sylvatica of Europe, are known as hedge- 
nettle, and several others as woundwort, particularly S. 
Germanica. For S. Betonica see betony, and for S. palus- 
trie see clown-fieal. Several species are occasionally cul- 
tivated for ornament, as S. lanata, a woolly-leafed plant 
much used for edgings. S. affmis (S. tubertfera), an escu- 
lent recently introduced from Japan, cultivated in France 
under the name of crosnes, produces numerous small white 
tubers which may be eaten boiled or fried or prepared as 
a preserve. The tubers are said to decay rapidly if ex- 
posed to the air, and are kept in the ground or packed 
in sand ; their taste is compared to that of the sweet po- 
tato, followed by a peculiar piquant flavor. 
Stachytarpheta (stak"i-tar-fe'ta), n. [NL. 
(Vahl, 1804), so called from the thick flower- 
spikes ; prob. an error for "Stachytarpheia, < Gr. 
ord^t/f , a spike, + rap<f>tt6r, thick, dense, < rptyuv, 
thicken.] A genus of gamopetalous plants, of 
the order Verbenaceas and tribe Verbenese. it is 
characterized by sessile spiked flowers with a narrow five- 
ribbed five-nerved calyx, a corolla with five spreading lobes, 
two perfect stamens with divaricate anther-cells, and a 
two-celled ovary ripening into two hard dry oblong or 
linear one-seeded nutlets. There are about 45 species, na- 
tives of tropical and subtropical America, with one species, 
S. Indica, also dispersed through tropical Africa and Asia. 
They are herbs or shrubs bearing opposite or alternate 
toothed and commonly rugose leaves. The flowers are 
white, blue, purple, or scarlet, solitary in the axils of 
bracts, and sessile or half-immersed in the axis of the 
more or less densely crowded terminal spikes. The spe- 
cies are sometimes called bastard or false vermin. S. 
Jamaicensis (now identified with S. Indica) is the gervao 
(which see), from its use sometimes called Brazilian 
tea. This and other species, as S. mvtabilis, a handsome 
ever-blooming shrub, are occasionally cultivated under 
glass. 
Stack 1 (stak), n. [< ME. stack, stacke, stakke, 
stale, stae, < Icel. stakkr, a stack of hay (of. 
stakka, a stump), = Sw. stack = Dan. stak, a 
stack, pile of hay; allied to stake 1 , and ult. 
from the root of stick 1 . Hence staggard 2 ."] 1. 
A pile of grain in the sheaf, or of hay, straw, 
pease, etc., gathered into a circular or rectangu- 
lar form, often, when of large size, coming to a 
point or ridge at the top, and thatched to pro- 
tect it from the weather. 
The whole prairie was covered with yellow wheat stacks. 
Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 581. 
2. A pile of sticks, billets, poles, or cordwood ; 
formerly, also, a pyre, or burial pile. 
Against every pillar was a itack of billets above a man's 
height, which the watermen that bring wood down the 
Seine . . . laid there. Bacon, Nat. Hist., 249. 
3. A pile or group of other objects in orderly 
position, (a) In printing, a flat pile of paper, printed 
or unprinted, in a press-room or bindery, (b) Mttit., the 
Syramidal group formed by a number of muskets with 
xed bayonets when stacked, (c) In paper-making, four 
or more calendering-rolls in position, (d) In libraries, a 
set of book-shelves one above the other, whether placed 
against a wall or standing in the middle of a room. 
4. A number of funnels or chimneys standing 
together. 5. A single chimney or passage- 
way for smoke ; the chimney or funnel of a 
locomotive or steam-vessel: also called smoke- 
stack. See cuts under passenger-engine and 
puddling-furnace. 6. A high detached rock; 
a columnar rock : a precipitous rock rising out 
of the sea. The use of the word stack with this mean- 
ing is very common on the coast of Scotland and the adja- 
cent islands (especially the Orkneys), and is almost exclu- 
sively limited to that region. 
Here [in Shetland] also, near 200 yards from the shore, 
stands the Stack of Snalda, a grand perpendicular column 
of rock, at least sixty, but more probably eighty, feet high, 
on the summit of which the eagle has annually nested 
from time immemorial. Shirref, Shetland, p. 5. 
7. A customary unit of volume for fire-wood 
and coal, generally 4 cubic yards (108 cubic 
feet). The three-quarter stack in parts of 
Derbyshire is said to be 105 or 106 cubic feet. 
8. )>l. A large quantity; "lots": as, stacks of 
money. [Slang.] =Syn" 1. Shock, etc. Seeshea/i. 
5885 
stack 1 (stak), r. t. [< ME. stakken (= Sw. starka 
= Dan. stakke), stack; from the noun.] 1. To 
pile or build in the form of a stack ; make into a 
regularly formed pile: as, to stack grain. 
Your hay is well brought in, and better stacked than 
usual. Swift, To Dr. Sheridan, Sept. 1, 17i".. 
2. To make up (cards) in a designed manner, 
so as to secure an unfair advantage; pack. 
To Stack arms, to stand together muskets or rifles with 
fixed bayonets in definite numbers, as four or six together, 
so that they form a tent-shaped group. 
stack 2 (stak). An obsolete or dialectal pret- 
erit of stick 1 (and sticlft). 
Stackage (stak'aj), n. [< stackl + -age.'} 1. 
Grain, hay, etc., put up in stacks. [Rare.] 
i M/>. Diet. 2. A tax on things stacked. l>i>. 
Diet. 
stack-borer (stak'bor'er), n. An instrument 
for piercing stacks of hay, to admit air, where 
the nay is in danger of damage from heating. 
stacken-cloudt (stak'n-kloud), n. A cumulus 
cloud. 
The rapid formation and disappearance of small cumuli 
is a process constantly going on in particular kinds of 
weather. These little stacken-clouds seem to form out of 
the atmosphere, and to be resolved again as rapidly into 
it. Forgter, Atmospheric Phenomena, p. 58. 
stacker 1 (stak'er), v. i. [Sc. also stakker, stack- 
er; < ME. stakercn, also stakelcn, < Icel. stakra, 
push, stagger, freq. of staka, push, punt; cf. 
stjaka, punt, push with a stake (stjaki, a punt- 
pole), = Dan. stage = Sw. staka, push, punt with 
a stake, = MD. staken, slacken, set stakes, dam 
up with stakes, give up work, = E. stake 1 : see 
stake 1 , v. Doublet of stagger.'] 1. To stagger. 
[Prov. Eng.] 
She rist her up, and stakereth heer and ther. 
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2687. 
2t. To stammer. Prompt. Pare., p. 471. 
Stacker 2 (stak'er), n. [< stocfr 1 + -er 1 .] An 
attachment to a threshing-machine for raising 
and delivering the straw from the machine, 
either upon a wagon or upon a stack, it consists 
of an endless-belt elevator running in a trough that can 
be placed at any angle, the whole being mounted on 
wheels, and connected by belting with the thresher, or 
with the engine or other motor. Also called straw- or 
hay-elevator, and stacking-machine. Another form of 
stacker consists of a portable derrick used with a hay- 
fork, and commonly called a stocking-derrick. 
stacket (stak'et), n. [< G. stacket, a palisade, 
stockade; appar. connected with stack*.] A 
stockade. Scott. 
Stack-funnel (stak'fun"el), n. A pyramidal 
open frame of wood in the center of a stack. 
Its object is to allow the air to circulate through the stack, 
and prevent the heating of the grain. See stack-stand. 
stack-guard (stak'giird), n. A covering for a 
haystack or rick, whether for the top or the ex- 
posed side. Sometimes it is suspended from 
posts temporarily set up. 
Stackhousia (stak-hou'si-ii), n. [NL. (Sir J. 
E. Smith, 1798), named after John Stackhouse, 
an English botanist (died 1819).] A genus of 
plants, type of the order Staekhousieee. It con- 
sists of about 20 species, all Australian except 2, which 
are natives, one of New Zealand, the other of the Philip- 
pine Islands. They are small herbs with a perennial her- 
baceous or woody rootstock, producing unbranched or 
slightly divided flower-bearing stems and alternate linear 
or spatulate leaves, which are entire and slightly fleshy or 
coriaceous. The flowers are white or yellow, borne in 
spikes terminating the branches, or in clusters along the 
main stem. Each flower consists of a small three-bracted 
calyx, an elongated often gamopetalous corolla with five 
included stamens, a thin disk, and a free ovary with from 
two to five styles or style-branches. 
Stackhousieas (stak-hou-si'e-e), n. pi. [NL. 
(H. G. L. Reichenbach, 1828), < Stackhousia + 
-ess.'] An order of plants, of the polypetalous 
series Dwcifloree and cohort Celastrales. it is 
characterized by a hemispherical calyx-tube, having five 
imbricated lobes, five erect imbricated and often united 
petals, and as many alternate stamens. From the related 
orders Celastrinese and Rhamnacex it is especially distin- 
guished by its lobed ovary, which is sessile, roundish, and 
from two- to five-celled, and ripens from two to five inde- 
hiscent globose or angled one-seeded carpels, which are 
smooth, reticulated, or broadly winged. It consists of 
the genus Stackhousia and the monotypic Australian ge- 
nus Macgregoria. Also Stackhousiaceee. 
Stacking-band (stak'ing-band), H. A band or 
rope used in binding thatch or straw on a stack. 
stacking-belt (stak ing-belt), H. Same &s stack- 
ing-band. 
Stacking-stage (stak'ing-staj), . A scaffold 
or stage used in building stacks. 
Stack-room (stak'rom), n. In libraries, a room 
devoted to stacks of book-shelves ; a book-room. 
stack-stand (stak'stand), n. A basement of 
timber or masonry, sometimes of iron, raised 
on props and placed in a stack-yard, on which 
to build a stack. Its object is to keep the lower part 
of the stack dry, and exclude vermin. Such stands are 
st.uk stand with Stack-funnel. 
stadholder 
more common in Eu- 
ropean countries than 
in the United States. 
stack-yard (stak'- 
yard), H. [< stacJ' 1 
+ yard?. Cf. stay- 
gard'^.] A yard 
or inclosure for 
stacks of hay or 
grain, 
stacte (stak'te), . 
[< L. stacte, stacta, 
< Gr. araKT-tj, the 
oil that trickles 
from fresli myrrh 
or cinnamon, fern. 
of orn/iTtif, dropping, oozing out, < ara&iv, drop. 
let fall drop by drop.] One of the sweet spices 
which composed the holy incense of the ancient 
Jews. Two kinds have been described one, the fresh 
gum of the myrrh-tree, Balsamodendron Myrrha, mixed 
with water and squeezed out through a press ; the other, 
the resin of the storax, Styrax oj/icinale, mixed with wax 
and fat. 
Take unto thee sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and 
galbanum. Ex. xxx. 34. 
stactometer (stak-tom'e-ter), n. [Also stak- 
tometer; < Gr. oraicrof, dropping, oozing out (see 
stacte), + /icrpov, a measure.] A glass tube hav- 
ing a bulb in the middle, and tapering to a fine 
orifice at one end, used for ascertaining the 
number of drops in equal bulks of different li- 
quids. Also called stalagmometer. 
stadt. A Middle English form of the past par- 
ticiple of stead. 
stadda (stad'a), n. [Origin obscure.] A double- 
bladed hand-saw, used for cutting comb-teeth. 
Also called steady. 
staddle (stad'l), n. [Also shtdle, and more orig. 
stathel, Sc. staithle, contr. stail, stale, < ME. 
stathel, < AS. statltol, stathul, stathel, a founda- 
tion, base, seat, site, position, firmament (= OS. 
stadal = OFries. stathul = MLG. stadel = OHG. 
stadal, MHG. G. stadel, a stall, shed, = Icel. stod- 
liull = Norw. sto'dul, stodul, contr. sto'ul, staid, 
stoil, still, usually stol, a milking-shed); with 
formative -tliol (-die) (akin to L. stabuhtm, a 
stable, stall, with formative -bitlum), from the 
root sta of stand: see stand, and cf. stead. See 
stalwortli.] If. A prop or support; a staff; a 
crutch. 
His weake steps governing 
And aged limbs on cypresse stadle stout. 
Spenser, F. Q., I. vi. 14. 
2. The frame or support of a stack of hay or 
grain; a stack-stancl. 
Oak looked under the staddles and found a fork. 
T. Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, xxxvi. 
3. A young or small tree left uncut when others 
are cut down. 
It is commonlie scene that those yoong staddles which 
we leaue standing at one & twentie yeeres fall are vsuallie 
at the next sale cut downe without any danger of the stat- 
ute, and serue for fire bote, if it please the owner to burne 
them. 
W. Harrison, Descrip. of England, ii. 22. (Holinshed.) 
At the edge of the woods a rude structure had been 
hastily thrown up, of gtaddles interlaced with boughs. 
. S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 5. 
4. In agri., one of the separate plots into which 
a cock of hay is shaken out for the purpose of 
drying. 
staddle (stad'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. stacldled, ppr. 
staddliiig. [Also stadle; < staddle, .] 1. To 
leave the staddles in, as a wood when it is cut. 
First see it well fenced, ere hewers begin, 
Then see it well studied, without and within. 
Tusser, April's Husbandry. 
2. To form into staddles, as hay. 
staddle-roof (stad'1-rof ), n. The roof or cover- 
ing of a stack. 
Stade 1 (stad), 11. Same as stathe. 
Stade 2 (stad), n. [In ME. stadie, q. v. ; = F. 
stade = Sp. estadio = Pg. estadio = It. stadia, < 
L. stadium, a furlong: see stadium.] A furlong ; 
a stadium. 
The greatness of the town, by that we could Judge, 
stretcheth in circuit some forty stadee. 
Donne, Hist. Septuagint (1638), p. 71. (Latham.) 
stadholder (stad'hol'der), n. [Also spelled 
stadtJiolder (= F. stathouder) ; a partial accom- 
modation of MD. stadhouder, a deputy, legate, 
vicar, substitute, lieutenant, esp. a viceroy, a 
governor of a province, esp. in Holland, in later 
use (D. stadhoiider = G. stattnalter), a governor, 
a chief magistrate, lit. 'stead-holder,' lieuten- 
ant, "locum-tenens"(Kilian); < MD. stad, stede, 
D. stede, stfc (= OHG. MHG. stat, G. statt, place, 
= AS. stede, E. stead, place), + Iiouder = G. litil- 
ter = E. holder : see stead and holder. In an- 
