stallman 
stallman (stal' man), .; pi. xtallmen (-men). 
[< stall 1 + man."] " A man who keeps a stall, 
as for the sale of meat, books, or other com- 
modities. 
The stallman saw my father had [a strong fancy] forthe 
book the moment he laid his hands upon it. 
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iii. 35. (Latham.) 
stallont, '< [< ME. staloii, < OF. astttlon, exit/l- 
ion, estelon, estolon, a stick, post, staddle, stand- 
er, appar. < L. stolo(n-), a shoot, twig, branch, 
scion, sucker.] A slip; a cutting; a scion. 
Holinshcd. 
In stolons forth thei sette 
Her seede, and best for hem is solute lande. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 113. 
Stall-plate (stal'plat), n. A plate of gilded 
copper upon which are engraved the arms of a 
Knight of the Garter (see garter-plate), or of a 
Knight or Esquire (Companion) of the Bath. 
The stall-plates of the Knights of the Bath are fixed in the 
upper row of stalls in the Chapel of Henry VII. at West- 
minster, and those of the Esquires of the Bath in the lower 
row. 
stall-reader (stal're"der), n. One who reads 
books at the stall where they are sold. 
Cries the stall-reader, " Bless us ! what a word on 
A title page is this ! " Miltmt, Sonnets, vi. 
stalonH, A Middle English form of stallion. 
stalon'-'t, " An old spelling of station. 
stalwart (stal'wart), a. and n. [Prop, a Sc. 
form of stalworth, with assimilation of the 
vowel of the second element to that of the first, 
and an alteration, perhaps orig. dialectal, of the 
orig. final sequence -rth to -rt (as, conversely, 
orig. -rt changes to -rth in swarth, swarthy) : see 
stalworth."] I. a. 1. Stout; strong: applied to 
inanimate objects. [Scotch.] 2. Hard; se- 
vere. [Scotch.] 3. Stormy; tempestuous. 
[Scotch.] 4. Stout; sturdy; strong; bold; 
brave. See stalworth. [Scotch ; now also the 
form regularly used in Eng. and U. S.] 
It's neer be said, my stalwart feres, 
We kill'd him whan a sleiping. 
Sir James the Rose (Child's Ballads, III. 75). 
Of the European sailors, by far the most reliable were 
five stalwart A. B.s. Chambers's Journal, No. 627. 
5. Sturdy and steadfast in partizanship : in 
U. S. politics [cop.], noting various sections of 
the Republican party. See the phrase. 
The epithet Stalwart as applied to a class of politicians 
was first used by Mr. Elaine in 1877 to designate those 
Republicans who were unwilling to give up hostility and 
distrust of the South as a political motive. In the pres- 
ent contest at Albany it has by a curious transformation 
been appropriated by the followers of Mr. C'onkling to 
distinguish politicians faithful to his Machine. 
The Nation, June 16, 1881. 
Stalwart Republican, in U. S. hist. , a decided or thor- 
ough-going member of the Republican party; specifically, 
a member of that wing of the Republican party in the 
State of New York which in 1880 advocated the renomi- 
nation of Grant as President for a third term and in 1881 
supported Roscoe Conkling in his opposition to the admin- 
istration of Garfleld, and antagonized the " Half- Breeds " 
in 1881 and following years. =Syn. 4. Stout, Sturdy, etc. 
(see robust), sinewy, brawny, muscular, strapping, power- 
ful, valorous, resolute. 
II. n. 1. A strong or sturdy person. 
His opinion is not favourable, Emin's stalwarts, whose 
praises had been so loudly trumpeted in Europe, proving 
to be for the most part brutal ruffians and abject cravens 
in the presence of danger. The Academy, Jan. 3, 1891. 
2. A stout and steadfast partizan; specifically 
leap."], same as Stalwart Republican. See above. 
stalwartht, Same as stalwortli, stalwart. 
stalwartism (stal'wart-izm), . [< stalwart + 
-ism."] In U. S. politics, the principles or policy 
of the Stalwarts ; partizan devotion. The Xa- 
tion, Nov. 27, 1879, p. 355. 
stalwartly (stal'wart-li), adv. [< stalicart + 
-lyZ. Cf. stalwortlily."] In a stalwart manner; 
stoutly; bravely. 
stalwartness (stal'wart-nes), w. Stalwart char- 
acter or quality; sturdiness; stoutness; strength. 
Atheneeum, Jan. 14, 1888, p. 57. 
Stalworth (stal'werth), a. [Early mod. E. also 
stalwoorth, stalworthe; < W.E.stalworth,stalword, 
stalworthe, stalwurthe, staleworthe, stalewwrthe, 
stelewurthe, stealewurtlie, also stalworthy, sta- 
wurthy (see stalworthy), < AS. stselwyrtlie, found 
only once, in pi. stxlwyrthe, in the sense 'good' 
or 'serviceable,' applied to ships; a compound 
peculiar to AS.: (a) prob. a contraction of *sta- 
tholwyrthe, lit. 'steadfast,' 'well-based,' 'firm- 
set,' etc., hence 'stout,' < stathol, statJiel, foun- 
dation, base, seat, site, position, E. staddle, Sc. 
also contracted stale, stail (ef. AS. stxlan, con- 
tracted from statholian, found, establish), + 
wyrthe, weorth, wurtli, good, excellent, worth: 
see staddle and worth 2 . Of. the equiv. stathol- 
fsest, steadfast, firm, stable (< stathol, founda- 
tion, + fxst, firm, fast), and stedefiest, E. stend- 
5804 
fast (the AS. teeorth and fast as the second 
element of adj. compounds being used rather 
as adj. formatives than as independent words). 
Such contraction is not common in AS., and 
the form steelwyrthe has generally been other- 
wise explained: (b) < stain (in comp. steel-), 
stealing, theft, + weorth, wurtli, worth, worthy 
(see stale 1 and (cortft a ),but the sense 'worthy of 
theft,' 'worth stealing,' hence 'worth taking for 
use' (''captu diguee," Gibson), cannot apply to 
men, and the sense 'good at stealing,' suggested 
by some, even if it were etymologically admis- 
sible, could not apply to ships, (c) In another 
view, lit. 'worthy of place,' i. e. fit for its place 
or use, serviceable, < AS. steal, steall, also some- 
times, esp. in comp., steel, a place, stall, + weorth, 
wurtli, worth, worthy (see stall 1 and worth" 2 ). 
The full form stall- occurs in ME. stallicorthdy , 
a var. of stalwortlily, and in the mod. surname 
Stallworthy. In any view, the ME. forms stale- 
worth, stalewurthe, stelewurthe, stealewurtlie, 
with medial e, must be regarded as irregular. 
In fact the orig. meaning of the compound ap- 
pears to have been lost, and the ME. variations 
must be due to simulation of one or other of 
the words above considered. Hence, by further 
variation, stalwarth, and now stalwart, which is 
no longer regarded as a compound.] If. Stead- 
fast; firm-based. 
That stalworthe sted [Constantinople] so strong was 
founded, 
Philip hoped that holde with his help to Wynne. 
Alisaunder of Macedoine (15. E. T. S.), 1. 1230. 
Steken the gates stonharde with stalworth barrez. 
Alliterative Poems (ed. MorrisX it. 884. 
2. Stout ; strong ; sturdy : used of things and 
men or animals, in a merely physical sense. 
[Archaic.] 
A hogc hathel for the nonez & of hyfrhe elde ; . . . 
Sturne stif on the stryththe on stalworth schonkez [shanks], 
Sir Gawayne and the Green Kni>jht (E. E. T. S.), 1. 847. 
And his strengthe schal be maad stalworthe [et robora- 
bitur fortitudo ejus, Vulg.]. Wydtf, Dan. viil. 24. 
His stalworth steed the champion stout bestrode. 
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, vii. 27. (Nares.) 
3. Stout'; sturdy; brave; bold: noting men, 
with reference to strength and courage. [Ar- 
chaic.] 
A man that es yhung and light, 
Be he never swa stalworth and wyght. 
Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 689. 
Well by his visage you might know 
He was a stalworth knight, and keen. 
Scott, Marmion, i. 5. 
stalworthheadt, . [ME.stalu-orthhede; <.stal- 
worth + -head."] Same as stalwortliness. 
Stalworthlyt, adr. [< ME. stalwortlily, stall- 
worthly, stalwurthly ; < stalworth + -fy 2 .] Stout- 
ly; sturdily; strongly. 
Scho strenyde me so stallworthely [var. slalleworthely, 
Halliwell] that I had no mouthe to speke, ne no hande to 
styrre. Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 6. 
I rede we ryde to Newe Castell, 
So styll and stalwurthlye. 
Battle 0} Otterbourne (Percy's Reliques, I. i. 2). 
stalworthnesst (stal'werth-nes), n. [< ME. 
stalworthnes ; < stalworth + -ness."] Sturdiness; 
stalwartuess. 
The sexte vertue es strengthe or italworthness noghte 
onely of body but of herte, and wille evynly to suffre the 
wele and the waa,welthe or wandrethe, whethire so betyde. 
MS. Lincoln, A. L 17, f. 217. (Balliwell, s. v. wandrethe.) 
stalworthyt, a. [< ME. stalworthy, stawurthy: 
see stalworth. ,] Same as stalworth. 
stalwurthet, stalwurthlyt. See stalworth, sM- 
worthly. 
stamH, n. An obsolete form of stem 1 . 
stani'-' (stam), p. t.; pret. and pp. slammed, ppr. 
stumming. [Cf. stem 3 .] To amaze ; confound. 
[Prov. Eng.] 
Stam 2 (stam), n. [< stam 2 , p.] Confusion. 
O, then, in what a stam 
Was theevish, barb'rous, love-sicke, angrie minde. 
title's Historic of Heliodorus ( 1638). (Nares. ) 
stamber (stam'ber), <. A dialectal form of 
stammer. 
stambha (stam'ba), n. [Skt., a prop, post, col- 
umn, < y stambh, make firm, prop: see stamp."] 
Same as Ittt. 
One or two stambhas stood in front of or beside each 
gateway of every great tope, and one or two in front of 
each chaitya hall. J. Feryusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 55. 
stamelt, n. Same as stammel. 
Stamen (sta'men), . ; pi. stamens (sta'menz) 
(only, in the fourth sense) or (in the other three 
senses) stamina (stam'i-na). [< L. stamen, the 
warp in the (upright) loom, a thread hanging 
from the distaff, in gen. a thread, string, fiber, 
a stamen of a flower (cf. MGr. crf/fia, a stamen, 
stamin 
Gr. arij/iuv, the warp in the loom, a thread as 
spun) ; < stare = Gr. 'inrnaOai (arfjvai,), stand : 
see stand. Cf. stametft, stamin."} 1. The warp 
in the ancient upright loom at which the weaver 
stood upright instead of sitting ; a thread of the 
warp; a thread. 2. pi. The supports or main- 
stays of a body; the fixed, firm part of a body, 
which supports it or gives it its strength and so- 
lidity: as, the bones are the stamina of animal 
bodies; the ligneous parts of trees are stamina 
which constitute their strength. 
Some few of the main stamina, or chief lines, were taken 
care of from the first, and made up the first creeds. 
Waterland, Works, IV. 809. 
Hence 3. [PI. stamina, now sometimes used 
as sing.] Whatever constitutes the principal 
strength or support of anything; power of en- 
durance ; staying power ; lasting strength or 
vigor. 
I indeed think her stamina could not last much longer ; 
when I saw her she could take no nourishment. 
Swift, To Dr. Sheridan, July 27, 1726. 
Old English half pint bumpers, my dear Zounds, sir! 
they try a fellow's stamina at once. 
Macklin, Man of the World, iii. 1. 
She had run through all tire stamina of constitution na- 
ture had allotted her, and died of old-age, in youth. 
Sydney Smith, To Lady Holland, Feb. 2, 1816. 
4. In hot., the male or fertilizing organ of flow- 
ering plants. It is situated immediately within the 
inner circle of floral envelops, or petals when they are 
present, and consists of two parts, the filament, which is 
the stalk or support, and the anther, which is a double 
The Unequal 
Stamens of Lafer- 
strartnia Indica, 
the flower cut lon- 
i. Of Ixopyrum bitematum (a, the anther; f, the connective,/, 
the filament), a. Of Qryza sativa. 3. Of I.iriotiendron Tuliptjera. 
4. Of Alliutn Pvrntm. 5. Of Rosmarinus qffifinalis. 6. Of Str6eris 
Canadentis. 7. Of face in titm Myrtillus. 8. Syncenesious stamens 
of CardttHS crisptis. 9. Monadelphous stamens of Napizadioica. 10. 
Diadehjhous stamens of Genista tinctoria. n. Tetradynamous sta- 
mensof Erysimunt chtiranthoitUs. 12. Didynatnous stamens of Tky- 
mus Strfyllt4m. 13. Stamen in trynandrous flower of Epipactis pa- 
liistris. 14. Transverse section of the anther of Isopyrum, showing 
the dehiscence and the pollen-grains. 
sac or body of two cells placed side by side and filled with 
a powdery substance, the pollen. This pollen, when ma- 
ture, is discharged from the anther through various open- 
ings or pores. Theoretically the stamen is the homologue 
of a leaf, in which the two cells of the anther represent 
the infolded halves of the blade, while 
the connective represents the midrib 
and the filament the petiole of the leaf. 
The pollen represents the parenchyma 
of the leaf. The stamens of a flower 
are collectively called the androscium. 
When both stamens and pistils are pres- 
ent in the same flower it is said to be 
hermaphrodite or perfect; when only 
stamens are present the flower is said to 
be staminate or male. The number of 
stamens varies in different plants from 
one to one hundred or more, but is gen- gitdinaily. 
erally constant for the winne species, and 
forms an important element in the system of classifica- 
tion. The classes in the Linnean sexual system were based 
upon the number and position of the stamens ; and in the 
natural system they are still an important factor. In re- 
gard to their insertion, stamens may be hypogynous, epigy- 
nous, or perigynous, or the flower may be gynandrous (see 
these words). See also cuts under anther, anthophore, 
diadelphowt, epigynttus, extrorse, iittrorxe, and many plant- 
names. Barren stamen. Same as sterile stamen. In- 
cluded stamens. See include. Stamina of reason, 
first truths. Sterile stamen, in bot., an organ or body 
which belongs to the series of stamens, or androecium, but 
which does not produce pollen ; an imperfect stamen, as 
that produced by certain plants of the family Scrophulari- 
nee ; a staminooium. 
Stamened(sta'mend),o. [< stamen + -ed 2 .] Fur- 
nished with stamens. 
Stamin 1 t, Staminet (stam'in), . [< ME. stamin, 
stamyn, < OF. estamine, F. etaminc, < ML. sta- 
mina, staminea, staminemn (also stamina, after 
OF.), a woolen cloth, bolting-cloth, < L. stami- 
nens, consisting of threads, < stamen, a thread, 
fiber (> OF. estame = It. stame, yarn, worsted): 
see stamen. Hence, by irreg. variation, stammel, 
tamin, famine, tamimj, tammy, tamis."] A woolen 
