Stolephorus 
2(c)). This genus has been oftener called Knijraulif. See 
cut under anchovy. 
stolid (stol'id), a. [= Sp. cstulido = Pg. estolido 
= It. stolido, < L. stplidits, unmovable, slow, 
dull, stupid; prob. akin to Gr. a-reptof .] Heavy ; 
dull ; stupid ; not easily moved ; lacking in or 
destitute of susceptibility; denoting dullness 
or impassiveness : as, a stolid person ; a utoliil 
appearance. 
But the stolid calm of the Indian alone 
Remains where the trace of emotion has been. 
n'liittier, Hogg Megone. i. 
= Syn. Doltish, wooden. 
Stolidity (sto-lid'i-ti), n. [= It. stoliditn, < LL. 
stoliditu(t-)s, dullness, stupidity, < L. stolidit*. 
dull, stupid: see stolid.'] The state or charac- 
ter of being stolid; dullness; stupidity. 
These certainly are the fools in the text, Indocile, in- 
tractible fools, whose stolidity can baffle all arguments, 
and be proof against demonstration itself. 
Bentley, Sermons, i. 
= Syn. See stolid. 
Stolidly (stol'id-li), adv. In a stolid manner: 
as, to gaze stolidly at one. Bailey. 
stolidness (stol'id-nes), n. Stolidity. 
stolo (sto'16), . ; pi. stolones (sto-lo'nez). [L.: 
see stolon.'] In zool., a stolon. stolo prollfer, 
the proliferating stolon of some animals, as certain ascid- 
ians ; a germ-stock. See stolon, 2 (e). 
stolon (sto'lon), n. [NL., < L. stolo(n-), a shoot, 
branch, sucker.] 1. In bot. : (a) In phane- 
rogams, a reclined or prostrate branch which 
strikes root at the tip, developing a new plant. 
Longitudinal Section 
uf .1 S[uma t.iken from 
the leaf of ' 
5959 
a lymphatic vessel ; a lymphatic pore or orifice, as an in- 
terstice between the cells of a serous membrane. (6) The 
outer opening of a trachea or air-tube of an insect ; a spir- 
acle or breathing-hole, (c) A branchial pore of an ascid- 
ian or acranial vertebrate. 
2. In hot., a minute orifice or slit in the epider- 
mis of leaves, etc., which 
opens directly into air-cavi- 
ties or intercellular spaces 
that pervade the interior, 
and through which free in- 
Gff"""' (Magni ' gress and egress of air take 
place; a breathing-pore. The 
apparatus of the stoma consists usually of a pair of cells 
(there are several in the Equisetacett, Hepaticese, etc.), 
HUM guard-cells or yuardian-ceUs, between the opposed 
concave sides of which lies the slit or opening, which ex- 
tends through the whole height of the epidermis and per- 
mits free communication between the intercellular spaces 
and the external air. According to Van Tieghem, the sto- 
mata are always open in sunlight and closed in darkness. 
These cells are 
strongly thick- 
ened on the up- 
per and under 
walls of their 
opposed faces, 
while else- 
where their 
walls are rela- 
. Strobll* 
vartgf, 
thts Sabinianus. 2. CtxtiKti 
m. 3. Limnocharis PlHmitrz. 
(Magnified.) 
Carex vttlgaris, var. stolonifera, showing the stolons. 
A very slender naked stolon with a bud at the end con- 
stitutes a runner, as of the strawberry. See also cut under 
Solidayo. (fe) In mosses, a shoot running along 
or under the ground, and eventually rising into 
the air and producing fully leafed shoots. 
Goebel. 2. In gool., some proliferated part or 
structure, likened to the stolon of a plant, con- 
necting different parts or persons of a com- 
pound or complex organism, and usually giving 
rise to new zooids by the process of budding. 
See cuts under Campanularia and Willsia. (a) 
A process of protoplasm between the different compart- 
ments of a multilocular foraminifer. (&) The procum- 
bent, adherent, or creeping basal section of the stock of 
some social infusorians. (c) One of the prolongations of 
the ccenosarc of some actinozoans. (rf) The second stage 
of the embryo of some hydrozoans. (e) The germ-stock or 
prolongation of the tunic of some compound ascidians, as 
a salp ; a stolo prolifer. See cuts under Salpa and cyatho- 
ZOOM. 
Also stole. 
stolonate (sto'lon-at), a. [< stolon + -ate 1 .] 
In zool., giving rise to or provided with a sto- 
lon or stolons; originating in a stolon; stolo- 
niferous. 
stoloniferous (sto-ld-nif'e-rus), a. [< L. sto- 
lo(n-), a shoot, sucker, -r- ferre, bear, carry: 
see -feroHS.] Producing or bearing stolons; 
proliferating, as an ascidian or a hydroid; sto- 
lonate. 
stolzite (stol'zit), re. [Named after Dr. Stols of 
Teplitz in Bohemia.] Native lead tungstate, a 
mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of a 
green, brown, or red color, and resinous or sub- 
adamantine luster. Sometimes called scheeli- 
tine. 
stoma (sto'ma), n. ; pi. stomata (-ma-ta). [NL., 
< Gr. nr6fia (oro/wcr-), pi. oro/mra, tne mouth, a 
mouth, opening, entrance or outlet, a chasm, 
cleft, etc., the face, front, fore part, etc. ; = 
Zend staman, mouth. Cf. stomach, from the 
same source.] 1. In 2007., a mouth or inges- 
tive opening; an oral orifice; an ostium or os- 
tiole : chiefly used of small or simple apertures, 
as a cytostotne ; hence, also, a small opening of 
any kind through which something may pass 
in or out; a pore. Specifically (a) An opening of 
lively thin. The 
opening and 
closing of a sto- stomat'i 
ma depend upon 
the diif erence in thickness of the parts of the walls. When 
the turgescence of the guard-cells increases, they curve 
more strongly, and consequently the cleft widens; but 
with decreased turgescence the cleft becomes narrower. 
See also cut under Iris. 
3. In Swedenborg's philosophy, a cubical fig- 
ure with hollowed surfaces, being the figure of 
the interstices of spheres arranged in what S we- 
denbprg calls the fixed quadrilateral pyramidal 
position, supposed to be that natural to the 
spherical particles of water. 
stomacace (sto-mak'a-se), n. [NL., < L. sto- 
maeacc, < Gr. OTo/tandKri, a disease of the mouth, 
scurvy of the gums, < ar6/ut, mouth, + KOKJI, bad- 
ness, < KOKOC, bad.] Ulcerous stomatitis. See 
stomatitis. 
stomach (stum'ak), . [Now conformed ter- 
minally to the L. spelling, but pron. accord- 
ing to its ME. origin ; early mod. E. stom- 
ack, stomacke, stomak, stomake; < ME. stomak, 
stomake, stomoke, < OF. estomac, estomach, F. 
estomae = Pr. estomach = Sp. estomago = Pg. 
estomago = It. stomaco, the stomach, < L. sto- 
machus, the throat, gullet, also the stomach, fig. 
taste, liking, also distaste, dislike, irritation, 
chagrin, < Gr. ar6/taxof, the throat, gullet, the 
orifice of the stomach, hence also the stomach, 
lit. (as shown also in other uses, the neck of 
the bladder or of the uterus, etc.) a mouth or 
opening, < oro/ia, mouth, opening: see stoma.'] 
If. The throat; the gullet; the mouth. 
Spiteful tongues in cankered stomachs placed. 
Raleigh. (Imp. Diet.) 
2. A more or less sac-like part of the body 
where food is digested. In the lowest animals any 
part of the sarcode or protoplasmic substance of the body 
is capable of digesting food, and forms during the process 
a temporary stomach, as in an amoeba. In many infu- 
sorial animalcules special vacuoles containing food are 
formed. These are inconstant both in number and in po- 
sition, whence Ehrenberg's name, Polygastrica, for these 
organisms. In the highest protozoans, which have a defi- 
nite oral or Ingestlve area, there is likewise a more or less 
fixed digestive tract, constituting a stomach, A few of 
the metazoans have no true digestion, and consequently 
no stomach ; such are the parenchymatous or anenterous 
worms, which imbibe or soak in nutriment already elab- 
orated in the tissues of the host of which they are para- 
sites. But the vast majority of animals above the proto- 
zoans have an intestinal digestive tract the whole or a part 
of which may properly be called a stomach. In most of 
these, again, a definite stomach exists as a specialized, usu- 
ally dilated, part of the alimentary canal, in which food is 
subjected to a certain degree of digestion subsequent to 
mastication and insalivation and prior to further diges- 
tive changes which go on in the intestine. Among ver- 
tebrates more than one section of the alimentary canal 
is called a stomach, and many vertebrates have more than 
one. Thus, in birds there are a true glandular stomach, 
the proventriculus, in which the esophagus ends, and a 
muscular or grinding stomach, the gizzard or gigcrium. 
In mammals the stomach always extends from the end of 
the gullet to the beginning of the gut. It is of extremely 
variable size and shape. Kinds of mammalian stomachs 
sometimes distinguished are the simple, as in man, the 
carnivores, etc. ; the complex or plurilocular stomach, as 
In various marsupials, rodents, some monkeys, etc. ; and 
the compound or pluripartite. The last is confined to 
the ruminants. (See Ituminantia.) In man the stomach is 
the most dilated and most distensible part of the alimen- 
tary canal. It occupies parts of the left hypochondriac 
and epigastric regions of the abdomen, immediately within 
the abdominal walls, below the diaphragm and partly un- 
der the liver, to the right of the spleen, and above the 
transverse colon. In form It is irregularly conoidal, and 
curved upon itself. When moderately distended, it Is 
about 12 inches long and 4 wide ; it weighs 3 or 4 ounces. 
But the size, shape, and hence the anatomical relations, 
stomach 
vary greatly in different individuals anil in litfemit stau-s 
of detention. It lit-gins vvlu-re the gullet ends, at the 
esophageal or car- 
diac orifice, ami ''11(1- 
at the pyloric orifice, 
where the duodenum 
begins, from the car- 
diac oritlce the stom- 
ach bulges to the left 
in a great cul-de-sac, 
the imnliiH cardiacus, 
or cardiac end, in con- 
tact with the spleen, 
and from this greatest 
caliber the organ less- 
ens in diameter with a 
sweep to the right. 
stomach, between the ,ie(!) dittatn of stomach: . 
cardiac and pyloric on- curvature of stomach, opposite which is 
flees, is uppermost, and the (unlettered) greater curvature ; rf, 
is connected with the t^^&S?3![%SSS&. 
liver by the lesser or de r. whose duct. the cystic duct, forms 
gaetrohepatic omen* with the hepatic duct the duct us com- 
turn. Theirreater cur- munis choledochus, or common bile- 
tre or long border Sftf, W3S* 
of the Stomach is oppo- O f t \ K small intestine. 
site the other, between 
the same two points, and gives attachment to the great 
or gastrocolic omentum. These two curvatures separate 
the anterior and posterior surfaces. The stomach is held 
in place by folds of peritoneum, the gastrocolic, gastro- 
hepatic, gastrosplenic, and gastrophrenic omenta, the last 
of which gives it most fixity. The arteries of the stomach 
are the gastric (a branch from the celiac axis), the pyloric 
and right gastro-epiploic branches of the hepatic, the left 
gastro-epiploic, and short branches from the splenic artery. 
The veins end in the splenic, superior mesenterlc, and por- 
tal veins. The numerous lymphatics consist of a deep set 
and a superficial set. The nerves are the terminal branches 
of both pneumogastrlcs and many branches from the sym- 
pathetic system. The coats of the stomach are four se- 
rous, muscular, submucous, and mucous. The serous lay- 
er is the peritoneum, which covers the whole organ on both 
its surfaces, and is reflected away from it along each of 
its curvatures. The muscular coat includes three sets 
of fibers longitudinal, circular, and oblique, the last 
chiefly limited to the cardia. The submucous coat is sim- 
ply the connective tissue between the muscular layer and 
the mucous membrane lining the stomach. This mucous 
membrane is the so-called "coat" of the stomach. It is 
thick, pinkish, reddish, or brownish, with a soft velvety 
surface, thrown into longitudinal folds or rugae when the 
organ is contracted. Studding the surface of the mucous 
membrane are numberless depressions or alveoli of polyg- 
onal tending to hexagonal form, >, to , ,', of an inch in 
diameter; these are the enlarged mouths of the tubular 
gastric glands, which secrete the gastric juice by the action 
of which gastric digestion is effected. Two kinds of these 
follicles are distinguished by their microscopic structure 
the pyloric and the cardiac. The former are found chief- 
ly at and near the pyloric end, the latter most typical at 
the cardiac, and there are intermediate forms in interme- 
diate regions. The epithelium lining the mucous mem- 
brane and its alveoli is of the kind called columnar. Be- 
sides the four coats above described, a fifth, a layer of in- 
voluntary muscular fibers between the mucous membrane 
and the submucous layer, is distinguished as the imtscit- 
laris mmoix. The digestive activity of the stomach is 
intermittent, and depends upon the stimulus which the 
presence of food occasions. The muscular arrangement 
is such that food is continually rolled about, so that every 
part of the mass is submitted to the action of the gastric 
juice. In the stomach the proteids are converted into al- 
bumins and peptones by the pepsin, milk is curdled by 
the rennet-ferment, the gelatin if erous tissues are dis- 
solved, and other less important changes are effected. See 
also cuts under alimentary, Asteroviea, Appendicularia, 
Dibranchiata, Doliolida, intestine, peritoneum, Plumatel- 
la, pluteus, Protula, Pulmonata, Pycnogonida, Ruminan- 
tia, Salpa, Tragulus, and Tunicata. 
3. The digestive person or alimentary zooid of 
a compound polyp. See gasterozooid. 4. In 
most insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, 
and some Hymenoptera, a bladder-like expan- 
sion of the esophagus, which can be dilated at 
the will of the insect ; the sucking-stomach, by 
means of which the nectar of flowers or other 
liquid is sucked up, as water is drawn into a 
syringe. In mandibulate insects the ingluvies or crop 
takes the place of the sucking-stomach, and nearly all in- 
sects have two true stomachs, called proventricului and 
ventriculut. 
5. Appetite; desire or relish for food: as, to 
have a good stomach for one's meals. 
The body is ay so redy and penyble 
To wake, that my stomak is destroyed. 
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 139. 
Pray, seat you, lords ; we'll bear you company, 
But with small stomach to taste any food. 
Beau, and Ft. (1), Faithful Friends, 111. 2. 
Ill make as bold with your meat ; for the trot has got 
me a good stomach. Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 234. 
In some countries, where men and women have good 
travelling stomachs, they begin with porridge, then they 
fall to capon, or so forth, but if capon come short of filling 
their bellies, to their porridge again, 'tis their only course. 
Webster and Dekker, Northward Hoe, I. 1. 
Hence 6. Relish; taste; inclination; liking: 
as, to have no stomach for controversy. 
He also bathe tolde me moche off hys stomake and ten- 
dre faver that he owythe to yow. Potion Letters, III. 160. 
Finding that the citizens had apparently no stomach for 
the fight, he removed his trophies, and took his departure. 
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 6. 
