strenuity 
5987 
About In Hi 
No Prince was of better *ln'tniitee. 
Uakliujf* Vinjauex, I. 200. 
StrenuOSity (strcn-u-os'i-ti), . [< strt'itimiis 
+ -ity.] 1. The state or character of bein"; 
strenuous; strenuousness. 2. A strained ef- 
fect, or a straining for effect, as in a literary 
composition. 
StrepitOUS(strep'i-ttis), a. [<L. ntrrpili<x,\\<nxi: 
< x/ri'/nn: make a noise: sec str<-)>i-nt.~\ Noisy. 
strepsicere (strcp'si-sei-). //. [< x/n v<v. r.- ; . ] 
Aii antelope with twisted liorns; a strepsiceros. 
strepsiceros (strep-da'e-roi), . [NL., < L. 
xli-i'/ixii-ci-ax, < <!r. 'orpeyiinput, an animal witli 
twisted horns, culled by the Africans mldiir. \ 
If. Some antelope with twisted horns, as the 
atrmtUHOv in style is not quite the same thii.it as koodoo; originally, perhaps, the addax. 2. 
The Acadein,,, Jan. 30, Una, p. 7 . r^,.] [NL. (Hamilton Smith. 1827).] A K e- 
niis of antelopes with twisted or spiral horns. 
The only species now left in the genus is ,<'. 
kudu, the koodoo. See cut under l:<mtloo. 
Strenuous (stren'u-us), a. [< L. x/n'iitnix. quick, 
active, brisk, vigorous; cf. Gr. orepeof, linn, 
hard, OTpiflrfc, strong.] 1. Strong; vigorous; 
active; pushing. 
Him whose strenuous tongue 
Can burst Joy's grape against his palate fine. 
Keats, Melancholy. 
2. Eagerly pressing or urgent; energetic; 
zealous; ardent; bold; earnest; valiant; in- 
trepid. 
To strenuous minds there is an inquietude in overquict- 
ness. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., 1. 33. 
This scheme encountered strenuous opposition in the 
council. Maanday, Hist. Eng., vi. 
3. Necessitating vigor or energy ; accompanied 
by labor or exertion. 
What more oft, in nations grown corrupt, . , 
Than to love bondage more than liberty, 
Bondage with ease than strenuous liberty? 
Milton, S. A., 1. 271. 
Worldlings revelling in the fields 
Of strenuous Idleness. Wordsworth, Memory. 
= Syn. 1 and 2. Energetic, resolute. 
strenuously (stren'u-us-li), adv. In a strenu- 
ous manner; with eager and pressing zeal; ar- 
dently; boldly; vigorously; actively, 
strenuousness (stren'u-us-nes), n. The state 
or character of being strenuous ; eagerness ; 
earnestness ; active zeal, 
strepet, v. An old spelling of strip" 1 . 
strepent (strep'ent), a. [< L. s1repen(t-)s, ppr. 
of strepere, make a noise, rumble, murmur.] 
Noisy ; loud. [Bare.] 
Peace to the strepent horn ! 
Shtnstone, Rural Elegance. 
Strepera (strep'e-rji), . [NL. (Lesson, 1831), 
< L. strepere, make a noise.] An Australian 
genus of corvine passerine birds, typical of the 
subfamily Strepmna, having long wings and 
naked nostrils. Also called Coroniea (Gould, 
1837). There are 7 species, commonly called croiv-shrikes, 
of a black, blackish-brown, or gray color, more or less 
Strepsilasfstrep'si-his), n. [NL. (Illiger, 1811), 
< Gr. orpiiliir, a turning round, < orpeQetv (nor. 
' ' 
Crow-shrike (Slreptra grat iittna). 
varied with white or rufous. The type is Corcus trraculi- 
nus of White, the noisy roller of Latham, Coradat or 
Gracula or Barita strepera of various authors, now Stre- 
pera gramlina. It is glossy-black, with the baae of the 
tail and an alar speculum white, the iris yellow. The 
length is 18J inches. S. crismlis, arguta, intermedia, cu- 
neicauda (or anaphonensis : see squeaker), melanoptera, 
and fuliyinosa are the other species. 
streperine (strep'e-rin), a. [< Strepera + -4ne 1 .] 
Of or pertaining to birds of the genus Strepcra. 
streperous (strep'e-rus), a. [< L. strepere, make 
a noise, rumble, murmur, + -ous. Cf. obstrepe- 
rous.'] Noisy; loud; boisterous. [Rare.] 
In a strepcrous eruption it (the bay or laurel] riseth 
against flre. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., il. 6. 
Strephotome (stref'o-tom), n. [< Gr. arptyu, 
twist, turn, + -ro/>f, < TC/JVEIV, ra/jeiv, cut.] A 
corkscrew-like needle used in an operation for 
the radical cure of inguinal hernia. 
Strepitores (strep-i-to'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of 
'atrepitor, < L. strepere, make a noise : see strep- 
ent.'] A group of insessorial birds, established 
by Blyth in 1849 for those Cuvierian Passerinx 
which are non -passerine, and primarily divided 
into Syndacti/li, Zygodactyli, and Heterodactyli. 
See these words. 
strepitOSO (strep-i-to'so), (tdr. [It., < strcpito. 
noise, < L. strcpitus, noise : see strepitous.] In 
mimic, in an impetuous, boisterous, noisy man- 
ner. 
), twist, turn, + '/nr, '/nar t astone.] The 
typical genus of a subfamily Ktirpxilaiitie; the 
turnstones. The bil) Is short, constricted at the base, 
tapering to a sharp point, with ascending gonys longer 
than the niandibular ran.i, short and broad nasal fossffi. 
and short shallow grooves in the under mandible. The 
legs are short and stout, with the tarsus scutellate in front 
and reticulate on the sides and back, and four toes, cleft 
to the base. There are 2 species S. intrrpres, the com- 
mon turnstone, and S. melanocephalus of the North Pa- 
cific, the black-headed turnstone, perhaps only a variety 
of the other. The genus was also called Cinclus, Arena- 
ria, and MarineUa. See cuts under Preseirostres and turn- 
stone. 
Strepsipter (strep-sip'ter), . [< NL. Strep- 
.liptera.] A member of the Strepsiptera. 
Strepsiptera (strep-sip'te-rii), n. pi. [NL., 
neut. pi. of "strepsipterus :" see strepsipterous.'] 
1 . An order of insects, named by Kirby in 1833 
from the twisted wings, synonymous with 1th i- 
piptera of Latreille, and corresponding to the 
family Stylopidse. The fore wings are mere twisted 
filaments or pseudelytra ; the hind wings are expansive 
and fan-shaped ; the females are wingless. The strepsip- 
tere are parasitic on hymenopterous insects, especially 
bees and wasps. They are now regarded as anomalous 
Coteoptera degraded by parasitism. See cut under Stylops. 
2f. In Gegenbaur's system of classification, a 
family of neuropterous insects, forming with 
Phryganida the suborder Triclioptera . 
strepsipteral (strep-sip'te-ral), a. [< strepsip- 
ter-ous + -a/.] Same as strepsipterous. 
strepsipteran (strep-sip'te-ran), n. and a. [< 
NL. Strepsiptera + -an.'] I" n. A strepsipter. 
II. a. Same as strepsipterous. 
Strepsipterous (strep-sip'te-rus), a. [< NL. 
"gtrepsipterus, < Gr. oTpttyeiv (aor. arpeipai), twist, 
turn, + nrepov, a wing.] Having twisted front 
wings, as a stylops; of or pertaining to the 
Strepsiptera; rhipipterous. Also strepsipteran, 
strepsipteral. See cut under Stylops. 
strepsirrhinal, strepsirhinal (strep -si- ri'- 
nal), . [< strepsirrltine + -al.] Same as &?rep- 
sirrliine. 
strepsirrhine, strepsirhine (strep'si-rin), a. 
and n. [< NL. *strepsirrhiims,<. Gr. arpfyetv (aor. 
arpfipai), turn, twist, + pl( (}>iv-), nose.] I. n. 
Having twisted or curved nostrils, as a lemur; 
of or pertaining to the Strepsirrliini ; neither 
catarrliine nor platyrrhine, as a primate. Also 
strcpsorhine. 
II. n. Any lemur or prosimian; a member 
of the Strepsirrliini. 
Strepsirrhini, Strepsirhini (strep-si-ri'm), . 
pi. [NL. (Geoffrey): see strepsirrliine.J The 
lemuroid mammals, or lemurs : so called from 
the twisted nostrils, in distinction from Catnr- 
rliini and Platyrrhini. In these animals the nostrils 
are at the corners of the snout, and somewhat comma- 
shaped, as is usual in mammals, instead of having the more 
human character of those of the higher Primates. The 
term is exactly synonymous with Prosimise or Lemuroidea, 
excepting that in early usages of all three of these names 
of lemurs the so called flying-lemurs (Galeopithecidee) 
were wrongly included, these being insectivorous and 
not primatial mammals, now always excluded from the 
strepsirrhines. Also Strepsirhina, Slrtjmrrhina, and 
Strepsorhiua. 
Streptanthus (strep-tan'thus), n. [NL. (Nut- 
tall, 1825), so called from the greatly twisted 
claws of the petals; < Gr. orpcn-rof, twisted (< 
arptfyuv, twist, turn), + ai>6w;, flower.] A genus 
of polypetalous plants, of the order Crucifcree 
and tribe Arabideee, distinguished from the type- 
genus Arabis by a calyx commonly of large 
size, longer and sometimes connate stamens, 
and petals usually borne on a twisted claw. 
There are about 16 species, natives of North America, and 
chiefly of the western United States. They are smooth an- 
nuals or perennials, with entire or lyrate leaves and com- 
monly bractless flowers, which are purple or sometimes 
white or yellow, and in some species pendulous. S. 06- 
tugtfoliuK, a pink-flowered species, has been called ArJran- 
sa cabbage. 
streptobacteria (strep"to-bak-te'ri-a), n. pi. 
[NL., < Gr. arpeirrdf, twisted, + NL. bacterium.'] 
A supposed bacterium, consisting of a chain of 
short rod-formed bacteria linked together, /.ii'ij- 
ler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), i. 185. 
Streptostylica 
StreptOCarpUS (slrep-to-kiu-'pns). ,i. [XL. 
(Lindley, IS^M. s <> culled t'n.m the spirally 
twisted I'ruit ; < (!r. nT/i^-na. t u isieil, + napir6f, 
1'rnit. | A genus of ganmpctaloiis plants, i.f the 
order (i<-xiin'iiri-;i: tribe >'i/rl,ni <lr< ;i. :i.id suli- 
trilii- ltiili/iiiiiriirpi;i'. u isch:ir:u-ti-ii/cd by (lowers 
with an elongated coiuila-iulir whidi is niuclt ftilarged 
above, am! c-u nlains two perfect stamens and a lin.ar 
ovary imperfectly ftmr-eclk'it by the protrusion <it lubcd 
placentic densely cuvcred on tlicir iiiarcins with ovules, 
and becominjt a spirally twisted capsule which is linear 
and terete and splits Intu valves cnlicrcnt at the base and 
apex. There are about 10 species, natives of South Africa 
ami of Madagascar. They are woolly or downy hcrlis, 
chiefly with spreading radical leaves or with a single, leaf 
(a persistent cotyletlnti), HjmrtiuH -s \\jth a stem h< 
opposite leaves. '1 he handsome flowers are mostly pale 
Eurple or blue ; they form a many-flowered cyme, or are 
orne few or singly upon their peduncle. .S' DumtU, a 
remarkable species from the Transvaal mountains, Is cul- 
tivated for its peculiar solitary grayish green leaf, pros- 
trate on the ground and over ;i feet long, with thick 
fleshy veins and clothed beneath with close reddish down, 
and for its bright-red tubular decurved flowers, of which 
there are sometimes over one hundred un a scape at once. 
Several other species are in cultivation under glass, es- 
pecially S. Wateoni, a hybrid with several large leaves and 
rich crimson flowers, and S. Rexii, with blue llowera. 
They are known as Cape primrnse, 
streptococchemia, streptpcocchaemia (strep"- 
to-Ko-ke'mi-il), n. [NL., < streptococci + 
Gr. aifia, blood, j The presence of streptococci 
in the blood. 
Streptococci (strep-to-kok'si), n. pi. [NL., < 
Gr. OT-pfjrnif, twisted, + KOKKOS, aberry.] Achain 
of micrococci linked together, occurring in 
some specific diseases. Zicylcr, Pathol. Anat. 
(trans.), i. 185. 
Streptoneura (strep-to-nu'ra), . pi. [NL., 
neut. pi. of streptonexrus : see streptoneurous.] 
A branch of anisopleurons Gastropoda, in which 
the long loop of visceral nerves embracing the 
intestine is caught and twisted into afigure-of- 
8 by the torsion which the animal undergoes 
in its development. The Streptaneura are divided 
into two orders, Zygobranchia and Azytiobranchia. They 
include all the anisopleural gastropods except the opis- 
thobranchs and pulmonifers. The nearest synonym is 
Protobranctiiata. 
streptoneural (strep-to-nu'ral), a. [< strepto- 
neurous + -<.] Same as xtreptoneuroiis. 
Streptoneurous (strep-to-nu'rus), a. [< NL. 
"streptoneurus, < Gr. orpeTrrof, twisted, + vei'pov, 
a nerve ] Having twisted (visceral) nerves; 
specifically, pertaining to the Streptoneura, or 
having their characters. 
Streptopus (strep'to-pus), H. [NL. (F. A. Mi- 
chaux, 1803), so called from the abruptly bent 
flower-stalk; < Gr. orpeTn-df , twisted, + Troi'f = E. 
foot.] A genus of monocptyledonous plants, of 
the order Liliace/e and tribe Polygonateie. It is 
characterized by nodding solitary or twin axillary flowers, 
divided into six more or less spreading segment*, with a 
filiform or columnar style which is three-cleft at the apex. 
There are 4 species, natives of Europe, North America, and 
temperate parts of Asia. They are rather delicate plants, 
from a short and densely fiber-bearing or a creeping root- 
stock, with a simple or sparingly branched stem, beat ing 
numerous ovate or lanceolate alternate sessile or clasping 
leaves. The small rose-colored or whitish flowers hang 
upon slender recurved or reflexed peduncles, followed by 
small roundish berries with numerous pale oblong or 
curving striate seeds. They are known by the name 
twisted-stalk, translating the genus name. S. awplexifoliiis 
Is found in Europe, and, together with S roseus, in north- 
ern North America, and southward in the mountains. 
streptospondylian (strep" to-spon-dil'i-an), a. 
Same as slreptospondylous. 
streptospondylous (srrep-to-spon'di-lus), a. 
[< NL. *streptospon<lylus, < Gr. orpfjr-of, twisted 
+ mrdwfc&of, a^vAvAnf, a vertebra.] Having 
the character of the vertebral articulations re- 
versed, or supposed to be so, as in the genus 
Streptospon<li/lnx. 
Streptospondylus (strep-to-spon'di-lus), ii. 
[NL. (Meyer): see streptiisiiondylovs.'] Agenus 
of fossil crocodiles, founded on remains repre- 
sented by vertebrae of the Wealden and Oolitic 
formations. It was originally placed among the opis- 
thoccelian Crocodilia, subsequently among the amphicoe- 
lian. The genus agrees with such foims as Teleogaurvs, 
which have the external nares terminal, and is placed by 
Huxley in the family Teleotaurida. 
Streptpstylic (strep-to-sti'lik), a. [< NL. strep- 
tostylicus, < Gr. or/win-of, twisted, + ari'/of, a 
pillar.] Having the quadrate bone freely ar- 
ticulated with the skull, as in ophidian and 
saurian reptiles ; not monimostylic ; of or per- 
taining to the Streptosti/lica. 
Streptostylica (strep-td-stil'i-ka), n.pl. [NL.. 
neut. pi. of streptostylictis : see streptostylic.'] 
Streptostylic reptiles, a prime division of ordi- 
nary reptiles (as snakes and lizards), having 
an articulated quadrate bone and a pair of 
extracloacal copulatory organs: opposed to 
3Ionimostylic(i. They were divided into OpJii- 
