ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., adj adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act. active. 
ad v adverb. 
AP Anglo-French. 
agri. agriculture. 
AL. Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amer. American. 
aiiiit anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist. 
appar apparently. 
AT Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
arch&ool archaeology. 
arith arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp. carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
cans. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
con] conjunction. ' 
contr. contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
cranlol craniology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def definite, definition. 
derlv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
difl different. 
dim. diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E. East 
E. English(sual{y mcan- 
ing moaern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g L. exempli yratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryoL embryology. 
Eng English. 
engln engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
equiv equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Eth Ethiopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclaiu exclamation. 
f., fern feminine. 
F French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
Ireq frequentative. 
Fries. Frlesic. 
fut future. 
G Qerm&n(usuallymean' 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
.geography, 
geology. 
geology. 
geometry. 
Gothic (Moesogothlc). 
Or Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her heraldry. 
herpet. herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist. history. 
horoL horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hong Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (usually 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otheneise call- 
ed Old Norse). 
Ichth Ichthyology. 
L e L.id ett, that is. 
impers impersonal. 
impf. imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
improp Improperly. 
Ind Indian. 
ind Indicative. 
Indo-Eur. Indo-European. 
indef. Indefinite. 
inf. Infinitive. 
instr instrumental. 
inter] interjection. 
intr., in trans. . . .intransitive. 
IT Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It. Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol llchenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Lith Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
m., maac masculine. 
M Middle. 
mach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle English (other- 
wise catted Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensur mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor meteorology. 
Mex Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
mllit. military. 
mineral. mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medic- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut. neuter. 
K New. 
K North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw. Norwegian. 
numis numismatics. 
O Old. 
obs obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol odontology. 
OF Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGael Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OFruss Old Prussian. 
original, originally. 
th ornithology. 
OS Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteol. osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathol pathology. 
pert perfect. 
Pers Persian. 
pers person. 
persp perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrog petrography. 
Pg Portuguese. 
phar pharmacy. 
Phen Phentcian. 
philol philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
phutoR photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physlol physiology. 
pl.,plur plural 
poet poetical. 
polit political. 
Pol 1'olish. 
poAs possessive. 
pp past participle. 
ppr present participle. 
rr Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
venial). 
pref prettx. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present. 
pret. preterit. 
prlv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, prouun- 
elation. 
prop properly. 
pros prosody. 
Prot. Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psychol psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. qutv) 
vide, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Roman. 
Bom Romanic, Eomanco 
(languages). 
RUBS Russian. 
8. South. 
8. Amer Sooth American. 
8C Jj. Kttic'.t, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Z*. idlnavlan. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
8kt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
superL superlative. 
surg surgery. 
BOTV surveying. 
8w Swedish, 
syn synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratol teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut. Teutonic. 
theat theatrical. 
theoL theology. 
tberap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var variant. 
vet. veterinary. 
v. 1. intransitive verb. 
v. t transitive verb. 
W Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zobgeog zoogeography. 
zooL zoology. 
coot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught. 
& as in ask, fast, ant. 
& as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat. 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it. biscuit. 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
o as in note, poke, floor. 
b as in move, spoon, room. 
o aa in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty : see Preface, pp. 
lx,x> 
u as in pull, book, could. 
U German il, French n. 
oi as in oil, joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Thus: 
4 as in prelate, courage, captain. 
as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
i.i as In singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican, 
e. as in prudent, difference, 
i as in charity, density, 
o as in valor, actor, Idiot, 
ii as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book, 
fl as in nature, feature. 
A mark (~) under the consonants (, d, 
s, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, stt, zA. Thus : 
( as in nature, adventure. 
(J as In arduous, education. 
g as in leisure. 
3 as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
IB as in then. 
6h as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (mou- 
Ute) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent Is not marked if at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read/rom ; I. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
+ read and ; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; L e., etymological! y 
parallel with. 
y read root, 
* read theoretical oralleffed; L e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
1 read obsolete. 
