strub 
Strub (slruli). i '. I. mill /'. ; pret. ami pp. st 
p|ir. striililinii/. [A iliiil. v:ir. of *strit]>. vur. of 
slri/i,\ To ml), or pmctise robbery : slriji of 
something: us. to x//Wi a bird's nest. [Old KIK! 
prov. Hut;. | 
Robert < 'i mil . . . was convicted t 'blng a night-walk- 
er, anil pilft ring itu'l xtrttfitiii^t in tin 1 ni^lit-tiiiie." 
.(. // .1 Iliiinilinn, (Jualter Sessions, p. "!. 
struck (slruk). Preterit anil |iasl participle of 
ttrike. 
strucken (struk'n). Ail old or dialectal past 
|iiirticiple of strike. 
structural (wlmk'tu-ral), . [< structure + -nl.\ 
1. Of or perl n in ing io structure; constructional. 
Tlir xli-iii'tnrnl ililfcri-nccs which separate Man from the 
(iorilla and chimpanzee. 
Huxley, Man's Place in Nature, p. 1^1. 
2. Concerned witli structure or construction ; 
constructive. [Kare.] 
Chaucer. . . hadasfrMcfMra/facultywhiclidistinguisheB 
him from all other English poets, his contemporaries 
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 264. 
3. Iii biol. : (a) Of or pertaining to structure ; 
morphological: as, structural characters ; stntc- 
turiil peculiarities. (6) Possessing or charac- 
terized by structure; structured; organized. 
Structural botany. See botany (a). Structural 
disease, a disease involving visible (prows or microscopic) 
changes in the tissurs jltrrtnl. Also called organic and 
contrasted with functional disease. Structural ge- 
ology, that branch of geology which has to do with The 
position and arrangement of the materials composing the 
crust of the earth, from the point of view of their com- 
position, mode of aggregation, and relations of position, 
as determined by physical conditions, without special ref- 
erence to paleontological characters. Nearly the same as 
tr<tti'ir{t]>hirftl iK'oloiiii, or *lriili</rriiii/i/. Also called ijfit- 
tectonic geology. 
structuralization (strnk'tu-ral-i-za'shon), H. 
[< structural!:*! + -utioii.'} A making or keep- 
ing structural; the act of bringing into or main- 
taining in structural form or relation. Also 
spelled structiiralixatioii. [Kare.] 
There is the materialisation of motives as the basis of 
future function, the strticturalisatiun of simple function 
as the step of an advance t <> a higher function. 
Maudslry, Body and Will, p. 30. 
Structurally (struk'tu-ral-i), atlr. In a struc- 
tural manner; with regard to structure. 
Structure (struk'tur), H. [< F. structure = Sp. 
Pg. estructiira = It. utruttura, < L. structiira, a 
littingtogether, adjustment, building, erection, 
a building, edifice, structured stniere, pp. struc- 
tnx, pile up, arrange, assemble, build. Cf. con- 
struct, instruct, destroy, etc.] 1. The act of 
building or constructing; a building up; edifi- 
cation. [Obsolete or rare.] 
This doon, the sydes make up with structure, 
And footes VIII It hold in latitude. 
Palladius, Husbondrie(E. E. T. S.), p. 176. 
His son builds on, and never is content 
Till the last farthing Is in structure spent 
J. Dryden, Jr., tr. of Juvenal's Satires, xiv. 116. 
2. That which is built or constructed; an edi- 
fice or a building of any kind; in the widest 
sense, any production or piece of work arti- 
ficially built up, or composed of parts joined 
together in some definite manner; any con- 
struction. 
There stands a structure of majestic frame. 
Pope, R. of the L., III. 3. 
The vaulted polygonal chapter-house is a structure pe- 
culiar to England. 
C. H. Moore, Gothic Architecture, p. 168. 
3. An organic form ; the combination of parts 
in any natural production ; an organization of 
parts or elements. 
A structure which has been developed through long-con- 
tinued selection. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 181. 
There can be no knowledge of function without a know- 
ledge of some structure as performing function. 
H. Spencer, Prtn. of Biol., f 25. 
4. Mode of building, construction, or organiza- 
tion ; arrangement of parts, elements, or con- 
stituents: form; make: used of both natural 
and artificial productions. 
Thy House, whose stately Structure so much cost. 
Confrere, Imit. of Horace, II. xlv. 3. 
The antistrophic structure [of Jischylus's odes] being 
,ierhaps a concession to fashion. 
Quarterly Rev., CLX1I. 174. 
Specifically (a) In bial , manner or mode of organiza- 
tion; construction and arrangement of tissues, parts, or 
organs as components of a whole organism ; structural or 
organic morphology ; organization : as, animal or vege- 
table structure ; the xtrtirtiir,' of an animal or a plant: the 
*1i-ii?tiirc of the brain, of a coral, etc. 
Though structure up to n certain point [in the animal or- 
- anisni | i requisite for UTI> tli, structure beyond that point 
impedes growth. //. .tyr/inr, Study of Sociol., p. 64. 
(b) In gtnl., various characteristic features, considered col- 
lectively, of rocks and of rock forming minerals, which fea- 
tures differ much in their nature and origin, stratitlcatiou. 
jointing, cleavage, and foliation are among the principal 
377 
BOO! 
-ii m-rura! peculiarities of rock-masses, which are c!ii< i!y 
to be studied in the Held. Some geologists would limit the 
t< nn driti-tiirr t<> petrographic phenomena of this kind, 
which have he, n <1, ^mited as macroscfrpif nxk-rtruc- 
tures. The minuter structural details of rocks and KM n 
coiujHinenls :ur in part included un<l<T tlie name struc- 
ture, am) in part under that of texture. Thus, a rork 
may have a crystalline, granular, sphei ulilic. prrlitic, 
etc., structure, or a flinty, earthy, glassy, etc., texture, 
lint the usages of geologists differ In the employment of 
terms of this kind, and there can he no precise limit 
drawn Hrp:inttinu r textures from structures. In general, 
however, the structural peculiarities of a rock are Iho-e 
which specially interest the geologist ; the textural lie- 
long more properly to the mineralogist. Microstruetiircs. 
or those details of structure belonging to the constituents 
of rocks which are in general not to he satisfactorily 
studied without the aid of the microscope, are peculiarly 
the field of observation of the lithologist. For macro- 
strilctures, see breccia, cleat*, cleavage, 8, concretionary, 
.fragmentary, foliation, 6, joint, 1, schitt, slate? and slaty, 
mill ^t,,,!,!:,;^^!,! ; for miTostnirt lire* :iii-l l \liin--. ^er 
amyijdaloidal, cryptocrystalline, crystalline, /clsirvhyrc, 
globtilite, granitoid, granophyre and grannjihiirir, holocrys 
talline, mastice, 5, microcrystftlliiir, micnilith and micro- 
lithic, oceltar, pcgmatitic. perlitif, porphyritic, scnriaceow, 
spherulitic, trackytic, oencvlar, ritremis, and ntrophyre. 
Viewed broadly, there are two leading types of structure 
among rocks crystalline or massive, and fragmental. 
A. Oeilrie, in Encyc. Brit., X. 229. 
Banded, columnar, concentric, epidermal, fibrous, 
fluldal structure. See the adjectives. Centric struc- 
ture. V(i '' "" H"r structure, under (tcrllar. Flow-and- 
plunge structure. ee /fowl. Fluxion-structure. 
Same as jluidal structure. QlobulltlC structure, a 
structure characteiized by the predominance of those 
minute drop-like liodies called by Vogelsang glohulites, 
which are the earliest and simplest forms of the devitrifi- 
cation process In a glassy component of a rock. Grani- 
toid structure, the structure of granite; a holocrystal- 
line structure. Tabular Structure. See tabular. 
structure (struk'tur), r. t. ; pret. and pp. utrnc- 
tured, ppr. structuring. [< structure, w.] To fonn 
into a structure ; organize the parts or elements 
of in structural form. [Rare.] 
What degree of likeness can we find between a man 
and a mountain '.'... the one has little internal structure, 
and that Irregular, the other is elaborately structured in- 
ternally in a definite way. 
U. Spencer. Prin. of Sociol., { 186. 
structureless (struk'tur-les), a. [< structure + 
-/rvN.] Without structure; devoid of distinct 
parts; unorganized; unformed; hence, lacking 
arrangement ; informal ; specifically, in biol., 
having no distinction of parts or organs; not 
histologically differentiated; not forming or 
formed into a tissue; homogeneous; amor- 
phous. 
structurely (struk'tur-li), adc. [< structure + 
-ly'*.] In structure'or formation ; by construc- 
tion. [Kare.] 
These aggregates of the lowest order, each formed of 
physiological units united Into a group that is structurely 
single. H. Spencer, Prln. of Biol., i 181. 
structurist (struk'tur-ist), w. [< structure + 
-/.<.] One who makes structures; a builder. 
[Rare.] 
struggle (strug'l), v. i.; pret. and pp. struggled, 
ppr. strum/Hit;/. [Early mod. E. also stroggell, 
slrogell ; < ME. struglen, strogleii, strogeten; per- 
haps a weakened form of 'stroketen, which may 
be a var. of "stronkelcn, the supposed ME. orig. 
of E. stroll, < MD. struyckelen, D. struikelen = 
LG. striikeln == MHG. strucheln, G. strauclieln, 
stumble : see stroll."} To put forth violent ef- 
fort, as in an emergency or as a result of intense 
excitation; act or strive strenuously against 
some antagonistic force or influence ; be en- 
gaged in an earnest effort or conflict; labor or 
contend urgently, as for some object: used 
chiefly of persons, but also, figuratively, of 
things. 
Everie Merchant, viewing their lijnbs and wounds, caused 
other slaves to struggle with them, to trie their strength. 
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 29. 
How nature and his honour struggle In him ! 
Beau, and Ft., Knight of Malta, ii. 5. 
A brave man struggling In the storms of fate, 
And greatly falling with a falling state ! 
Additon, Cato, Prol. 
So saying, he took the boy, that cried aloud 
And struggled hard. Tennyson, Dora. 
The light struggled in through windows of oiled paper, 
but they read the word of God by it. 
Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord. 
So on and on I struggled, thro' the thick bushes and over 
logs. Grace Orccnumod, Recollections of Childhood, p. 28. 
= Syn. Strive, etc. (see attempt); toil, 
struggle (strug'1). . [< struggle, r.] A vio- 
lent effort; a strenuous or straining exertion: 
a strenuous endeavor to accomplish, avoid, or 
escape something; a contest with some oppos- 
ing force : as, a stru</<ili to get free ; the xtruijijlc 
of death: a striimitc with poverty. 
With great hurry and struggle (he] endeavoured to clup 
the cover on again. Bacon, Physical Kalile-. ii. 
strumstrum 
I'lie long and tli B te,.|i I In' now ii and the 
Barons had terminated. Ifaeuuffjy, Hallum's roust. Hist. 
= Syn. Kndeatttr. EjT'>rt, Kxertion, 1'aiit*, Lntmr, Struggle. 
Sc strife. The above are In the order of strength. 
Struggler (strug'ler), . [< Ktrny</le + -r-'.| 
One who or Hint which struggle-; one who 
strives or contend* with violent effort. 
Struldbrug (struld'bru^), . [A made name. | 
In Swift's " Culliver's Travels" (" Voyage to 
Laputa"), one of a small class of immortaK <H 
deathless persons in " Luggnagg," born with an 
indicative sign in the forehead, who aft. r four- 
score live on at public expense in the imbe- 
cility of extreme age. 
Strull (strul), n. [Origin obscure; cf. E. dial. 
struil, strength, agility ; cf. xtruft, a brace.] A 
bar so placed as to resist weight. /,</. 
strum (strum),*.; pret. and pp. vtrumiHcil, ppr. 
stniinmiiiii, [Prob. a var. of thrum with inti n 
sive prefix s (as in splash, plank, etc. : see 
llu'iiiii, ilriiin.'] I. iiitraiis. To play unskilfully, 
or in a vulgar, noisy manner, on a stringed 
musical instrument of the lute or harp kind, 
as a guitar, banjo, or zither, or (by extension) 
on a pianoforte ; thrum. 
"Ah, there is Fred beginning to strum! I must go and 
hinder him from jarring all your nerves," said Rosamond. 
. . . Fred, having opened the piano, . . . was parentheti- 
cally performing "Cherry Ripe !" with one hand. 
George Eliot, Mlddlemarch, xvi. 
II. trims. 1. To play upon carelessly or un- 
skilfully, as a stringed instrument ; produce by 
rough manipulation of musical chords. 2. To 
produce a specified effect upon by strumming 
on a musical instrument. 
To be stuck down to an old spinet to strum my father 
to sleep. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 1. 
Strum (strum), H. [<*<rww, .] A strumming: 
a careless or discordant performance on a 
stringed instrument. 
We heard the occasional strum of a guitar. 
The Century, XXJUX. 487. 
struma (stro'ma), H. ; pi. struma (-me). [NL., 
< L. Htruma, a scrofulous tumor, < struere, pile 
up, build: see structure.] 1. In pathol.: (a) 
Scrofula. (l>) Goiter. 2. In hot., a cushion- 
like swelling or dilatation of or on an organ, as 
that at the extremity of the petiole of many 
leaves, or at one side of the base of the capsule 
in many mosses. 
strumatic (strij-mat'ik), a. [< LL. stritniaticnx, 
pertaining to struma, < L. struma, struma: see 
strvma.] Same as strumose. 
strumiferous (strQ-mif'e-rus). a. [< NL. utrit- 
ma, q. v., + L./erre = E. fceari.] In hot., bear- 
ing st 1 1 1 1 1 1:1 ; strumose. 
strumiform (stro'mi-fdrm), a. [< NL. striimn 
+ L. forma, form.] In hot., having the form or 
appearance of a struma. 
strummer (strum'er), . [< strum + -er l .] One 
who strums ; a careless or unskilful player on a 
stringed instrument. W. Black, House-boat, vi. 
strumose, strumous (stro'mos, -mus), a. [= 
OF. strumeus, estrnmeui, < L. gtrumosus, charac- 
terized by the presence of struma, or of strumie, 
< struma, struma: seestrutaa.] 1. Scrofulous; 
of, pertaining to, resembling, or affected with 
struma. 2. In hot., bearing gtnimte. 
Strumousness (stro'mus-nes), n. The state or 
character of being strumose or strumous. 
strumpet (strum y pet), n. [< ME. strumpet, 
strompct, strumpett ; origin unknown ; perhaps 
orig. "stropete or "strupete, < OF. *strupete. ver- 
nacularly 'strnpee, < L. stuprata, fern. pp. of 
at 'up rare, debauch; cf. OF. strttpe, stupre, de- 
bauchery, concubinage, < L. stuprum', debauch- 
ery, > stuprare O It. strvjiare, stuprare = Sp. 
extrupar = Sp. Pg. estuprar), debauch ; cf. Gr. 
ejTv^tUfstf, maltreat (see stuprum, stuprate). 
Cf. Ir. Gael, xtriopach, stnimpet. The E. dial. 
strum, stnimpet, is prob. an abbr. of strumpet.'] 
A prostitute; a harlot; a bold, lascivious wo- 
man : also used adjectively. 
Shamelesse strumpets, whose vncurbed swing 
Many poore soules vnto confusion bring. 
Times' Whittle (E. E. T. 8.), p. 88. 
The scarfed bark puts from her native bay, 
Hugg'd and embraced by the stnimpet wind. 
Shak., if. of V., II. a 16. 
strumpet (strum'pet), r. t. [< strumpet, .] 1. 
To make a strumpet of; bring to the condition 
ofastrumpet. Shak.,C.ot E.,ii.2. 146. [Rare.] 
2. To call or treat as a strumpet ; give an ill 
name to; slander scurrilously. 
With his untrue reports strumpet your fame. 
Masniuier. 
strumstrum* (strum'strum), . [Imitative re- 
duplication of strum. Cf. tinii-tniu.'] A rude 
