sturdy 
2. Having great force or endurance ; strong in 
2. Having great I ? 6" "phimu, and SjatoOaria. 
attack or resistance; vigorous; hardy; stout, s^ uritmes (stu-ri-6'nez), n. pi. [ML., pi 
lusty; robust: as, a sturdy opponent; Sturdy ML stlirin sturgeon: see sturgeon .] 1. In 
6010 
geons, the Polyodoiuidie. See cuts under paddle-fish, Piv- 
ot 
Cu- 
stutter 
Sturniformes (ster-ni-for'mez), n. pi. [NL.: 
see stiirniform.] A superfamily of sturnoid 
passerine birds, composed of 4 families; the 
sturnoid Passeres. 
vier's system of classification, the first order of g't urn i nae (ster-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Sturnus 
: ame as Chondrostei -, in 
, p. 201. 
that they made him make a retreat. 
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, 11. 
How bow'd the woods beneath their sturdy stroke ! 
Gray, Elegy, 1. 28. 
Three voune sturdy children, brown as berries. 
Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop, xv. 
chondropterygious fishes : same as Chondrostei, 
2. See cuts under paddle-fisli, Pseplniriis, Spatu- 
+ -inx.] A subfamily of Stttmida, containing 
the typical starlings, represented by the genus 
pioneers ; sturdy legs ; a sturdy tree; 
So trete a stordy wyne that it shal smyle, 
And of a rough drinker be clere and best. 
JJ^f -*f*^jL T ^^; tori^e^and sturgeon'.-*. Same as Aeipen- ^^Tid "related' forms; "in some systems the 
^har^fh e de, ate8 ' **. Bonaparte^l H n^^yf^^^^^_^^^ 
And some their gauntlets glide, or bootes with siluer nesh gturioman (stu-n-o'm-an), a. and H. [< NL. 
contriue. -PA-. ^ neld - vn - Sturion-es + -jn.] I. a. Pertaining to the 
But they so belaboured him, being sturdy men at arms, 8 t ur geons, or having their characters ; acipen- 
serine. 
II. n. A sturgeon ; an acipenserid. 
iturionidian (stu"ri-o-nid'i-an), . [< Sturi- 
otl . e!i + -id- + -ian.J A fish of the order Chon- 
drostei; a sturgeon-like fish. Sir J. Bicliurdson. 
[< Sturi- 
3. Firmly fixed or settled; resolute; unyield- 
ing; hard to overcome : used of things. 
The King declareth him the cas 
With sterue loke and stardy JJhere. 
sturk, n. See stirk. 
Sturmian (ster'mi-an), a. [< Sturm (see def. 
more restricted sense. See cut under starling. 
Sturnoid (ster'noid), a. [< Sturnus + -old.} Of 
or pertaining to the family Stuniidfe Sturnoid 
Passerea, one of four groups or series in which A. R. Wal- 
lace (Ibis, 1874, pp. 408-416) distributed the normal oscine 
passerine birds, the others being the typical or turdoid, the 
tanas/raid, and the fortnicarioid Passeres. They are other- 
wise called Sturniformes, and include the starling group, 
a characteristic feature of which is the possession of ten 
primaries, of which the first is spurious. See cuts under 
starling^, Pastor, Scissirostrum, Eulabes, Temenuchus, and 
Buphaga. 
Nothing, as it seemeth, more preuailing or fit to re- 
dresse and edifle the cruell and sturdie courage of man 
then it [music]. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 4. 
There are as in philosophy, so in divinity, sturdy doubts. 
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 19. 
A nation proud of its sturdy^ Justice and ^plain good 
sense. 
it KlOt'tilf Cilcrc * * ***** y-j~- ~ /T --- i_ , , IfUvfltif/u 
Sower, Conf. Amant., viii. -ian.~] Of or pertaining to the French mathe- stumopastor (ster-no-pas'tor), n. [NL. (Hodg- 
"-' -- ' 
J > ^ ,, /1QAQ K~\ i . MUU4 i!V^JC*13uw* \.vmm "y ^. .. ""-/," I. 
matician J. C. F. Sturm (1 Urf-oo; sturmlan SODi ig.^ ag Sternopastor), < Sturnus + Pastor, 
f '^' Mon f n ?. oti ^l^^l^^eo" t ^^^^ol q. v.] A genus of starlings with bare cir- 
..._.,--. j cum orbital spaces and comparatively rounded 
wings. There are several species, as S. contra 
of India, S. superciliaris of Burma, S. jalla and 
tion and its derivative, provided the sign of each is changed 
as we proceed. 
[NL. (Vieillot, 
A remarkable 
s. melanoptera of Java. 
MOCatlKtl/ Ililllttlll S \>UUBU XUJB*. J-OJ-X/y, \ fcJCH'l ^J. ,n VIWJJW 
Sturdy beggar, in old Eng. law, an able-bodied beggar; genus of Icteridx, typical of the subfamily Sturnus (stj^nus), . [NL. (Brisson, 1760 
') livls by begging while capable of earning his Sturnellinx, < * * v " ~l - 
one who 
livelihood. 
Those that were Vagabonds and sturdy Beggars they 
were to carry to Bridewel. 
Strupe, Order of City of London, 1569 (quoted in Ribton- 
[Turner's Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 104). 
= Syn. 2. Stout, Stalwart, etc. (see robust), brawny, sin- 
ewy, muscular, firm. 
sturdy 2 (ster'di), n. [Of. Gael, stuird, stuirdean, 
vertigo, a disease of sheep (< E.); < OF. estor- 
die, giddiness, < estordi, stunned, stupefied: see 
sturdy!.] A disease of sheep caused by the pres- 
ence in the brain of the cosnurus, or cystic lar- 
val form of the dog's tapeworm, Tsenia ecemirus. 
The cysts vary in size from that of a pea to that of a pigeon's stimsh narrow 
egg. The disease is marked by lack or loss of coordina- acute feathers, 
tion in muscular action, evinced in a disposition to stag- The coronal fea- 
ger, move sidewise, or sit on the rump, and also by stupor. 
Sturdy generally attacks sheep under two years old, and is 
rarely cured, since puncturing or trephining gives but tem- 
porary relief. Also called gid and staggers. 
sture, n. A Scotch form of stotur 9 . 
Sturgeon (ster'jon), n. [< ME. sturjoun, stur- 
giun, < AF. sturjoun, OF. esturaeon, later estour- 
owrmnunK, uuuumuug the American meadow- Linnaeus, 1766), < L. sturnus, a starling: see 
starlings or so-called field-larks. The bill is of store 2 and starn 2 .] The representative genus of 
peculiar shape, longer than the head, with straight out- 
lines, abruptly angulated commissure, and flattened cul : 
men extending on the forehead, 
strong, reach- 
ing beyond the 
tail when out- 
stretched, emi- 
nently fitted for 
terrestrial loco- 
motion. The 
wings are short 
and rounded, 
and the tail is 
very short, with 
, 
The feet are large and 
geon, F. esturgeon = Sp. esturion = Pg. csturitto 
= It. storione, < ML. stxrio(n-), sturgin(n-), < 
OHG. sturjo, sturo, MHG. sture, stur, stiir, G. 
star = D. steur = Sw. Dan. stiir = Icel. styrja = 
AS. styria, stiriga, a sturgeon; prob. lit. 'a stir- 
rer' (so called, it has been conjectured, because 
thers are bris- 
tle tipped; and 
the plumage is 
much variegat- 
ed, the under 
parts being yel- 
low with a black 
horseshoe on 
the breast. 
There is one species with several geographical races, or 
several species, inhabiting Mexico, Central America, and 
most parts of North America and the West Indies. - 
Western Field-lark (Slumtlla ntfltcla). 
Sturnitise, formerly employed with latitude, now 
closely restricted to such forms as the common 
stare or starling, S. vulgaris. The plumage is metal- 
lic and iridescent, with distinctly outlined individual fea- 
thers. The feet are short and typically oscine. The tail is 
about half as long as the wings, emarginate, with twelve 
rectrices. The wings are pointed by the second and third 
primaries, the flrst being spurious and very small. The 
hill is not bristled ; feathers flll the interramal space, and 
extend into the nasal fossie ; there is a nasal scale, and 
the tomial edges of the bill are dilated ; the commissure 
is angulated, and the culmen and gonys are both nearly 
straight; the culmen extends on the forehead, parting 
well-marked antite. See cut under starling. 
Sturt 1 (stert), v. [An obs. or dial. var. of sterfl, 
start 1 .'} I. traits. To vex; trouble. Burns. 
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] 
II. intrans. To start from fright; be afraid. 
Burns, Halloween. [Scotch.] 
Sturt 2 (stert), n. [Also dial, transposed strut; 
< stur ft, v.] 1. Trouble; disturbance; vexa- 
tion ; wrath ; heat of temper. [Scotch.] 
Scotland has cause to mak great sturt 
For laiming of the Laird of Mow. 
Raid of the Jteidsurire (Child's Ballads, VI. 187). 
e common 
SSJ5 oflhe etmted 2. In Eng. mining, an extraordinary profit made 
. -v ---- i-_,.x;- _ i ----- 
it stirs up mud- by floundering at the bottom 
of the water), < OHG. storen, MHG. stceren, G. _ _ 
stdren, etc., stir: see stir 1 .] A chondroganoid Sturnellinae (ster-ne-li'ne), n. pi. [NL., < 
fish of the order Chondrostei and family Acipen- sturnella + -.] A subfamily of Icteridee, 
States, and S. neglecta is characteristic of the western 
prairies. The genus formerly included those related South 
American birds in which the yellow is replaced by red, 
now called Trupialis or Pezites. Also called Pedopsaris. 
See also cut under meadow-lark. 
seridse (see the technical names). There are 2 
leading genera, Acipemer and Scaphirhynchops, or ordi- 
a trjfoviter by taking at a high tribute a 
" pitch" which happens to cut an unexpectedly 
large body of ore, so that his profit is corre- 
spondingly great. [Cornwall, Eng.] 
Sturtion (ster'shon), . A corruption of nas- 
turtium. See nasturtium, 2. 
represented by the genera Sturnella and Tru- Sturt's desert-pea. See peal. 
pialis. Cones, 1884. 
Stut 1 (stut), r. i. [Early mod. E. stutte, < ME. 
J/MftCO. WVKKO, w^. I. * ' f-.rrf~, 
sturnelline (ster'ne-lin), a. Of or pertaining to stolen, stutter; = D. stooten, stutter, == 
the genus Sturnella or the subfamily Sturnellinee. 
[NL. (Lesson, 1847), < 
and some parts of Asia, 'as S. platyrhynchus of the former o _ 
country, 5 feet long. (See cut under shovelhead.) The Sturilia (ster'ni-a), n. 
common sturgeon of the Atlantic, anadroraous in Europe L g turnuSj starling: see' 'Sturnus. ,] A'genus'of 
Oriental starlings. The species, of which there are 
few, range from eastern Siberia and Japan through China 
to Burma, the Philippines, Moluccas, etc. The type is S. 
sinensis, the kink of early French ornithologists (kink ori- 
ole of Latham, 1783), with many New Latin synonyms ; its 
plumage is much varied with glossy blackish, greenish, 
and purplish, and different shades of gray, buff, isabel, 
and salmon-color ; the bill is blue and the eyes are white ; 
the length is about 8 inches. This bird is chiefly Chinese, 
but is wide-ranging. S. sturnina (the dominican thrush 
of Latham, with a host of synonyms) extends from Siberia 
Common Sturgeon (Acifetiser stun 
and North America, is A. sturio. Another, of the Atlantic 
coast of the United States, is the short-nosed sturgeon, 
A. trevirostris. The small or Ruthenian sturgeon, or 
.sterlet, of some European waters is A. ruthenus. (See 
sterlet, with cut.) The great white sturgeon, beluga, 
or huso of Pontocaspian waters, is A. huso; this is the 
largest known, 12 or 15 feet or more in length, weighing 
1,000 pounds or more, and an important source of isinglass luccas Borneo and Celebes, 
and of caviar. The white sturgeon of the Columbia and . ' '. , _ , r1 . TT , cu.., 
Sacramento rivers is A. transmontanu*. an important Sturnida (stfer'm-deX . pi. [NL., < Sturnus 
food-flsh, of from 300 to 600 pounds weight. The green 
sturgeon of the same waters is A. inedirostris, supposed to 
be unflt for food. An isolated and very distinct species, 
land-locked in fresh waters of the United States, is A. 
stozan, MHG. stozen, G. stossen, push, 
against, = Icel. stauta, beat, strike, also stut- 
ter, = Sw. stota = Dan. stode, strike against, = 
Goth, stautan, strike: see stot 2 . Hence stut- 
ter 1 .'] 1. To stutter. [Old and prov. Eng.] 
To stut or stammer is a foule crime. 
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 348. 
Nay, he hath Albano's imperfection too, 
And stuttes when he is vehemently mov'd. 
Marston, What you Will, i. 1. 
2. To stagger. 
Stut, to stagger in speaking or going. 
Baret, Alvearie, 1580. 
and northern China through the Malay peninsula, etc. A 4. 4.0. r/ -*rT? <./// viittfn' ( Tr>pl 
third species is S. violacea, with fifteen or more different StUVt, V. [< Mb. Stutten, stltten, <, Icel. 
Latin names and a few English ones; this is especially Jap- make short, < Stuttr, short: see stunt, a., and Ct. 
mese, but migrates in winter to the Philippines, the Mo- stunt, v., stent, .] I. trans. To cut short ; cause 
+ -id*.] A family of oscine passerine birds, 
to cease. Ancren Riwle, p. 72, note f. 
n. in trans. To cease; stop. Seinte Marlterete 
. E. T. S.), p. 6. 
Lake-sturgeon (Acipenstr rubicttndHS). 
rubicundus, variously known as the red, black, stone-, rock-, 
lake-, and Ohio sturgeon; it reaches a length of 6 feet, and 
aweightof from 50 to 100 pounds. Nearly all the sturgeons 
are the objects of important fisheries, for their flesh, for stumiform (ster'ni-form), a. 
various uses of their bony plated skins, and as sources of 
Russian sturgeon, the beluga. -Spoon-billed stur- of or pertaining to the Sturniformes. 
typified by the genus Sturnus; the Old World s tut 3 (stut), n." A variant of stout?. 
starlings. They have ten primaries, of which the first stutter 1 (stut'er), '. [< ME. *stoteren = D. stot- 
teren = MLG. stoterm, LG. stotern, stottern (> 
G. stottern) = Sw. dial, stutra, stutter; freq. 
of stut.'] 1. intrans. To speak with a marked 
stammer; utter words with frequent breaks and 
repetitions of parts, either habitually or under 
special excitement. 
The stuttering declamation of the isolated Hibernian. 
Charlotte Brontii, Shirley, i. 
= Syn. Falter, etc. See stammer. 
II. trans. To utter with breaks and repeti- 
tions of parts of words ; say disjointedly. 
Red and angry, scarce 
Able to stutter out his wrath in words. 
Brou'ning, Ring and liook, II. 22. 
is short or spurious ; the wings are lengthened or moder- 
ate : the frontal antia; extend into the nasal fossae ; there 
are no rictal vibrissee ; and the bill is attypically conic- 
acute, with blunt, rounded, or flattened culmen, ascend- 
ing gonys, and angulated commissure. The plumage is 
mostly of metallic or iridescent hues, sometimes splen- 
didly lustrous or beautifully variegated, or both. The 
family is a large one, widely diffused in the Old World, 
excepting in Australia, and entirely absent from America. 
Both its limits and its subdivisions vary with different 
writers. See cuts under Buphaga, Eulabes, Pastor, star- 
linffl , and Temenuchus. 
[< L. sturnus, a 
