substantive 
L. adjeetivitm, sc. nomcn, an adjective name, a 
noun adjective (an adjective), the name of an 
attribute.] I. a. 1. Betokening or expressing 
existence: as, the substantire verb. 2. De- 
pending on itself; independent; self-depen- 
dent; hence, individual. 
He considered how sufficient anil substantive this land 
was to maintain itself, without any aid of the foreigner. 
Bacon. 
Many . . . thought it a pity that so substantive and rare 
a creature should ... be only known ... as a wife and 
mother. George Eliot, Middlemarch, Finale. 
3. Substantial; solid; enduring; firm; per- 
manent ; real. 
The trait which is truly most worthy of note iu the 
polities of Homeric Greece Is ... the substantive weight 
and influence which belonged to speech as an instrument 
of government. 
Gladstone, Studies on Homer (ed. 1858), III. 102. 
As to ... the substantive value of historical training, 
opinions will still differ. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 35. 
All this shows that he [Racine] had already acquired 
some repute as a promising novice in letters, though he 
had as yet done nothing substantive. Kncyc. Brit. , XX. 204. 
4. Independent ; not to be inferred from some- 
thing else, but itself explicitly and formally 
expressed. 
She [Elizabeth] then, by a substantive enactment, declar- 
ing her governorship of the Church. 
nineteenth Century, XXVI. 881. 
The decisions of the chair . . . could be brought before 
the House only by way of a substantive motion, liable to 
amendment and after due notice. 
Fortnightly nev., N. S., XXXIX. 265. 
5. In gram., of the nature of a noun, usable 
as subject or object of a verb and in other 
noun constructions : as, a substantive word ; a 
substantive pronoun ; a substantive clause. 
Substantive colors, colors which, in the process of dye- 
ing, become fixed or permanent without the intervention 
of other substances, in distinction from adjective colon, 
which require the aid of mordants to fix them. Sub- 
stantive law. See lawi. Substantive verb, the verb 
to be-. 
II. w. 1. In gram., a, noun; a part of speech 
that can be used as subject or as object of a 
verb, be governed by a preposition, or the like. 
The term noun, in older usage, included both the "noun 
substantive" and the" "noun adjective": it is now much 
more common to call the two respectively the substantive, 
or the noun simply, and the adjective. See noun. Abbre- 
viated 8., eubst. 
2f. An independent thing or person. 
Every thing is a total or substantive in itself. 
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 
K. John, being a Substantive of himself, hath a Device in 
his Head to make his Subjects as willing to give him Money 
as he was to have it. Baker, Chronicles, p. 70. 
substantive (sub'stan-tiv), v. t. ; pret. and pp. 
substantived, ppr. substantiving. [< substantive, 
n.~\ To convert into or use as a substantive. 
[Rare.] 
Wherefore we see that the word {CUHOKIOV, as to its 
grammatical form, is not a diminutive, as some have con- 
ceived, but an adjective substantiv'd, as well as TO Oelov is. 
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 264. 
SUbstantively (sub'stan-tiv-li), adv. 1. In a 
substantive manner; in substance; essential- 
ly : as, a thing may be apparently one thing and 
substantively another. 2. In gram., as a sub- 
stantive or noun : as, an adjective or a pronoun 
used substantively. 
substantiveness (sub'stan-tiv-nes), n. The 
state of being substantive. J. H. Newman, 
Development of Christ. Dpct., i. 1. [Rare.] 
substantivize (sub'stan-ti-viz), r. t. ; pret. and 
pp. substantivized, ppr. substantivizing. [< sub- 
stantive + -ize.~\ To make a substantive of; 
use as a substantive. 
Perhaps we have here the forerunners of the substanti- 
vized etrc, pouvoir, vouloir, savoir, etc. 
Amer. Jour. Philol., VIII. 104. 
Substation (sub'sta"shon), n. A subordinate 
station : as, a police substation. 
substernal (sub-ster'nal), a. Situated beneath 
the sternum; lying under the breast-bone, 
substilet, See substyle. 
substitute (sub'sti-tut), v. t.; pret. and pp. sub- 
stituted, ppr. substituting. [< L. substitutus, pp. 
of substituere (> It. sustituire = Sp. sustituir = 
Pg. substituir = F. substituer), place under or 
next to, put instead of, substitute, < sub, under, 
+ statuere, set up, station, cause to stand : see 
statute. Cf. constitute, institute.'] 1. To put in 
the place of another; put in exchange. 
For real wit he is obliged to substitute vivacity. 
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 1. 
2f. To appoint ; invest with delegated author- 
ity. 
But who is substituted 'gainst the French 
I have no certain notice. 
Shalf., 2 Hen. IV., i. 3. 84. 
6032 
Their request being effected, he substituted Mr. Scriv- 
ener his deare friend in the Presidency. 
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 180. 
Substituted service. See service^ . 
substitute (sub'sti-tut), n. and it. [< F. substi- 
tut = Pr. sustituit = Sp. Pg. substituto = It. 
sustituito (= D. substitiutt = G. Sw. Dan. sub- 
stitut, n.), < L. substitutus, pp. of substituere, 
substitute : see substitute, r.] I. a. Put in the 
place or performing the functions of another; 
substituted. 
It may well happen that this pope may be deposed, & 
another substitute in his rome. 
Sir T. More, Works, p. 1427. 
II. H. 1. A person put in the place of an- 
other ; one acting for or in the room of another ; 
theat., an understudy; specifically (milit.), one 
who for a consideration serves in an army or 
navy in the place of a conscript; also, a thing 
serving the purpose of another. 
That controlled self-consciousness of manner which is 
the expensive substitute for simplicity. 
Oeorye Eliot, Middlemarch, xliii. 
2. In calico-printing, a solution of phosphate of 
soda and phosphate of lime with a little glue or 
other form of gelatin, used as a substitute for 
cow-dung Substitutes in an entail, in law, those 
heirs who are called to the succession on the failure of 
others. = Syn, 1. Proxy, alternate. 
substitution (sub-sti-tu'shon), . [< F. substi- 
tution = Sp. sustitucion = Pg. substituydo = It. 
sustituzione, < L. substitutio(it-), a putting in 
place of another, substitution, < substituere, pp. 
substitutus, substitute: see substitute.} 1. The 
act of substituting, or putting (one person or 
thing) in the place of another; also, the state or 
fact of being substituted. 
We can perceive, from the records of the Hellenic and 
Latin city communities, that there, and probably over a 
great part of the world, the substitution of common terri- 
tory for common race as the basis of national reunion was 
slow. Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 75. 
2. The office of a substitute ; delegated author- 
ity. [Rare.] 
He did believe 
He was indeed the duke ; out o' the substitution, 
And executing the outward face of royalty, 
With all prerogative. Shak., Tempest, i. 2. 103. 
3. In gram., the use of one word for another; 
syllepsis. 4. In Bom. law, the effect of ap- 
pointing a person to be heir, in case the heir 
first nominated would not or could not be heir. 
This was called vulgar substitution. Pupilary substitution 
existed where, after instituting his child as heir, the tes- 
tator directed that, if after the child should have become 
heir it should die before attaining puberty, another be 
substituted in its place. This was originally allowed only 
for children under age in the power of the testator, but 
was afterward extended to children who for any reason 
could not make a valid will. 
5. In French law, a disposition of property 
whereby the person receiving it, who is called 
the institute (le greV6), is charged either at his 
death or at some other time to deliver it over to 
another person called the substitute (I'appel4). 
6. In ehem., the replacing of one or more 
elements or radicals in a compound by other 
elements or radicals. Thus, by bringing water and 
potassium together, potassium (K) is substituted for a 
hydrogen atom in water (HgO), yielding KOH, or caustic 
potash. By further action the other hydrogen atom may 
be replaced, yielding potassium oxid (K 2 O). Substitution 
is the principal method employed in examining the chem- 
ical structure of organic bodies. Also called wctalepsy. 
No generalization has, perhaps, so extensively contrib- 
uted to the progress made by organic chemistry during 
the last fifteen years as the doctrine of substitution. 
E. Frankland, Exper. in Chem., p. 210. 
7. In a\g. : (a) The act of replacing a quantity 
by another equal to it ; also, in the language 
of some algebraists, the replacement of a set of 
variables by another set connected with the 
first by a system of equations equal in number 
to the number of variables in each set. See 
transformation (which is the better term). (6) 
The operation of changing the order of a finite 
number of objects, generally letters, that are 
in a row, the change following a rule according 
to which the object in each place is carried to 
some definite place in the row, this operation 
being regarded as itself a subject of algebraical 
operations. For example, supposing we were to start 
with the row a, b, c, d, e, a substitution might consist in 
carrying us to the row b, c, a, e, d. Denoting this substitu- 
tion by S. the repetition of it, which would be denoted by 
82, would carry us to c, a, b, d, e. If T denote the sub- 
stitution of e, d, c, b, a for a, b, c, d, e, then TS would con- 
vert the last row into d, e, a, c, b, while ST would con- 
vert it into d, c. e, a, b. One way of denoting a substitu- 
tion to which the terminology of the theory refers Is to 
write a row upon which the substitution could operate, 
with the resulting row above it. These two rows are 
called the terms of the substitutwn, the upper one the 
numerator, the lower the denominator of the substitution. 
The objects constituting the rows are called the letters of 
substrate 
the substitution. Associate substitution, one of two 
substitutions interchangeable with the same substitu- 
tion. Bifid substitution. See irifid. Circular fac- 
tors cf a substitution, circular substitutions whose 
product constitutes the substitution spoken of, it being 
understood that no two of these affect the positions of 
the same letters. Circular substitution, a substitu- 
tion whose successive powers carry the letters which it 
displaces round in one cycle. Cremona substitution, 
a substitution of a Cremona transformation, especially of 
a quadratic transformation. Derivant substitution, 
a substitution whose inverse multiplied by another sub- 
stitution, and then this product by the derivant substi- 
tution itself, makes a substitution the derivate of that 
other substitution. Derivate of a substitution, the 
product of three substitutions, of which the middle one 
is the substitution spuken of, while the other two are in- 
verse substitutions. Determinant of a linear sub- 
stitution. See determinant. Doctrine of substitu- 
tion, in theol., the doctrine that Christ suffered vicarious- 
ly, as a substitute for the sinner. Elementary sub- 
stitution, a substitution into which only the elements 
o, + l, 1 enter. Identical substitution, a substitu- 
tion which leaves the order of all the letters unchanged. 
Imprimitive substitution, a substitution not primi- 
tive. Index of a system of conjugate substitutions, 
the quotient of the number of permutations of the letters 
by the order of the system. Interchangeable substi- 
tutions, two substitutions which give the same product 
in whichever order they are multiplied that is, which- 
ever is taken first in forming the product. Inverse 
substitutions, two substitutions whose product is an 
identical substitution. Isornorphous substitution 
group, one of two groups of substitutions such that 
every substitution of the one corresponds to a single sub- 
stitution of the other, and every product of two substitu- 
tions to a product of analogous substitutions. Linear 
substitution, (a) A circular substitution between a 
variable, a linear function of it, and the successive itera- 
tions of that function, (b) A linear transformation. 
Order of a substitution, that power of a substitution 
which is an identical substitution. Order of a system 
of conjugate substitutions, the number of substitu- 
tions belonging to the system. Orthogonal substitu- 
tion. See orthogonal. Permutable substitutions, in- 
terchangeable substitutions. Power of a substitution, 
the operation which consists in the repetition of the sub- 
stitution spoken of as many times as the exponent of the 
power indicates. Primitive substitution, a substitu- 
tion whose order is a prime number or a power of a prime 
number. Product of two substitutions, the result of 
performing two substitutions successively upon one row. 
Rational substitution, a circular substitution be- 
tween successive iterations of a rational function, such as 
xm + i = (axm + b) l (cxm + d). Reduced substitu- 
tion, a substitution represented by an integral algebraic 
function having 1 for the coefficient of the highest power 
of the variable, and for the coefficient of the next 
highest power and for the absolute term. Regular sub- 
stitution, a substitution whose circular factors are all 
of the same order. Service by substitution. See sub- 
stituted service, under service!. Similar substitutions, 
two substitutions which have the same number of circu- 
lar factors and the same number of letters in the cycles. 
Substitution product, a chemical compound prepared 
by substituting an element or radical for some member 
of a complex molecule without altering the rest of the 
molecule. System of conjugate substitutions, a 
group of substitutions that is to say, such a collection 
of substitutions that every product of substitutions be- 
longing to it is itself a substitution of the same collection. 
Term of a substitution, one of the two permutations 
whose relation constitutes the substitution. 
substitutional (sub-sti-tu'shpn-al), a. [< sub- 
stitution + -a/.] Pertaining to or implying sub- 
stitution ; supplying, or capable of supplying, 
the place of another. Imp. Diet. 
substitutionally (sub-sti-tu'shon-al-i), adv. In 
a substitutional manner; by way of substitu- 
tion. Eclec. Rev. 
substitutionary (sub-sti-tu'shon-a-ri), a. [< 
substitution + -ary.] Relating to or making 
substitution; substitutional. 
The mediation of Christ in what may ... be called his 
substitutionary relation to men. Prog. Orthodoxy, p. 62. 
substitutive (sub'sti-tu-tiv), a. [< LL. substitu- 
tivus, conditional, < Li substitutus, pp. of sub- 
stituere, substitute: see substitute.] Tending 
to afford or furnish a substitute ; making sub- 
stitution; capable of being substituted. Sp. 
Wilkins. 
substract (sub-strakf ),v.t. An erroneous form 
of subtract, common in vulgar use. Heywood, 
Hierarchy of Angels, p. 469. 
substruction (sub-strak'shon), .. An erro- 
neous form of subtraction. 
SUbstractort (sub-strak'tor), w. An erroneous 
form of "subtracter, subtracter: used in the 
quotation in the sense of ' detractor.' 
By this hand they are scoundrels and subxtractors. 
Shak., T. N.. 1. 3. 37. 
substrate (sub'strat), n. [< NL. substratum.] 
A substratum. 
Albert and Aquinas agree in declaring that the princi- 
ple of individuation is to be found in matter not, how- 
ever, in matter as a form less substrate, but in determinate 
matter (materia signata), which is explained to mean mat- 
ter quantitatively determined in certain respects. 
Encyc. Brit., XXI. 428 
substratet (sub'strat), v. t. [< L. substrata*, 
pp. of siibsternere, strew or spread under, < sub, 
under, + sternerc, spread, extend, scatter: see 
stratum.] To strew or lay under anything. 
