substrate 
The melted (?lnss being supported by the miMmln 
sand. Ili'lll': Works, II. -ff 
SUbstrator (sub-stnl'tor), M. [< L. xiilistrtitti.*. 
pp. ntxiilHt/rriirri; spread under: see tubftrote.] 
Sunn' as 1,-iinliT, 2. 
The mourners or wccpim, the hearers, the tubstralnrit, 
and the co-Btauders. Biiujham, Antiquities, XVIII. i. 1. 
substratum (sub -stra' turn), . ; pi. mihxtrata 
(-til). [NL.,< L. snb.it rat n 111, iiciit. of xiibxtratiis, 
spread under: see substrate, and cf. <rn<i.] 
1. That which is laid or spread under; a stra- 
tum lying under another; in ai/ri., the subsoil; 
heuce, anything which underlies or supports: 
as, a Hiihsinitiim of truth. 
In the living body we observe a numher of activities of 
its material substratum, by which the scries of phenomena 
spoken of as life are conditioned. 
Qegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 13. 
2. In metaph., substance, or matter, as that in 
which qualities inhere. 
We accustom ourselves to suppose some substratum 
wherein they [simple Ideas] do subsist, and from whence 
they do result; which therefore we call substance. 
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxiii., note A. 
substriate (sub-stri'at), a. In entom., having 
indistinct or imperfect strife. 
substruct (sub-strukt'), r. >. [< L. tubttnietut. 
pp. of milixlrucre, build beneath, underbuild, < 
sub, under, + struere, pile up, erect, build: see 
xtritrtiirr.] To place beneath as a foundation; 
build beneath something else. [Rare.] 
substruction (sub-struk'shpn), H. [< F. sub- 
struction = Pg. substrucgSo, { L. substructio(n~), 
an underbuilding, a foundation, < substruere, 
build beneath : see substruct.'} An underbuild- 
ing; a mass of building below another; a foun- 
dation. 
It is a magnificent, strong building, with a substruction 
very remarkable. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 8, 1644. 
substructural (sub'struk'tu-ral), a. [< sub- 
structure + -al.] Of, pertaining to, or of the 
nature of a substructure. 
substructure (sub'struk'tur), n. [< substruct 
+ -tire; cf. structure."} A substruction ; any 
under-structure ; a foundation. 
SUbstylar (sub'sti''lar), a. [< substyle + -a>-3.] 
Of, pertaining to, or consisting of the substyle. 
substyle (sub'stil), . In dialing, the line on 
which the style or gnomon stands, formed by 
the intersection of the face of the dial with the 
plane which passes through the gnomon. 
subsultivet (sub-sul'tiv), a. [< L. subsultus, pp. 
of subsilire, leap up, < sub, under, + salire, leap, 
spring : see salient. Cf. L. subsultim, with leaps 
or jumps.] Moving by sudden leaps or starts; 
making short bounds; spasmodic. 
The earth, I was told, moved up and down like the boil- 
Ing of a pot. . . . This sort of subsultive motion is ever ac- 
counted the must dangerous. 
Bp. Berkeley, Works (ed. 1784X I. 81. 
SUbsultorllyt (sub-sul'to-ri-li), adr. In a sub- 
sultory or bounding manner; by leaps, starts, 
or twitches. Bacon, Nat. Hist., $ 326. 
subsultoryt (sub-sul'to-ri), a. [As subsult-ive + 
-on/.] Same as subsultive. De Quincey, Style, i. 
subsultus (sub-surtus),n.; fl.subsultus. [NL., 
< L. subsilire, pp. subsultus, leap up: see sub- 
sultive.] A twitching, jerky, or convulsive 
movement Subsultus clonus. Same as submdtu* 
CemU'num. Subsultus tenclinum, a twitching of the 
tendons, observed in many cases of low fevers, etc. : it is a 
grave symptom. 
subsume (sub-sum'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. sub- 
sumeii, ppr. subsuming. [< NL. "subsumere, < 
L. sub, under, + sumere, take : see assume.'] In 
logic, to state (a case) under a general rule; 
instance (an object or objects) as belonging to 
a class under consideration. Especially, when the 
major proposition of a syllogism is first stated, the minor 
proposition is said to be xtibtnnncd under it. Modern 
writers often use the word in the sense of stating that the 
object of the verb belongs under a class, even though 
that class be not already mentioned. 
St. Paul, who cannot namethat word "sinners " but must 
straight mbsurne in a parenthesis "of whom I am the 
chief." Hammond, Works, IV. vili. 
Its business [that of the understanding] is to judge or 
mbtfime different conceptions or perceptions under more 
general conceptions that connect them together. 
E. Caird, Phllos. of Kant, p. 292. 
subsumption (sub-sump'shoii), n. [< NL. sub- 
KHIHIltifl(ll-), < 'Mt&MDMre, ]>]>. *KHbxUHI)llHII, SUb- 
sume: eeesubsuinc.] 1. The act of subsuming ; 
the act of mentioning as an instance of a rule 
or an example of a class; the act of including 
under something more general (and. in the strict 
use of the word, something already considered), 
as a particular under a universal, or a species 
under a genus. 
379 
ttOUU 
The first act of consciousness was a sub*umi>ttrm of that 
of which we were conscious under this notion. 
Sir H'. llamiUon. 
2. Thnt which is subsumed; tho minor prem- 
ise of a syllogism, when stated after the major 
premise. 
Thus, if one were to say, " No man is wise In all thiiiK, " 
and another to respond, " But you are a man," this propo- 
sition is a Huhxmnitii'iit under the former. 
Fleming, Vocab. 1'hilos. 
Subsumption of the libel, in Scot* lair, a narrative of 
the alleged criminal act, which mu-t i-pecii\ the maiiniT, 
place, and time of the crime libeled, the person injun !, 
etc. 
SUbsUmptive (sub-sump'tiv), . [< M&MMp- 
t-itin + -ire..] Of or relating to a subsumption; 
of the nature of a subsumption. 
subsurface (sub'ser'fas), o. and n. I. a. Being 
or occurring below the surface. 
II. n. A three-dimensional continuum in a 
space of five dimensions. 
subsynovial (sub-si-no'vi-al), a. Situated or 
occuiTing within a synovial membrane. Bub- 
synovial cysts, cysts caused bydlstention of the synovial 
follicles which open into joints, due to obstruction of their 
ducts. 
subtack (sub'tak), n. In Scots lair, an under- 
lease; a lease, as of a farm or a tenement, 
granted by the principal tenant or leaseholder. 
SUbtangent (sub'tan'jent), n. In analytical 
geom., the part of the"axis of abscissas of a 
curve cut off between the tangent and the or- 
dinate. Polar subtangent, that part of the line 
through the origin of polar coordinates perpendicular to 
the radius vector which Is cut off between the tangent 
and the radius vector. 
subtartareant (sub-tar-ta're-an), a. Being or 
living under Tartarus. 
The sable subtartarean pow'rs. Pope, Iliad, xiv. 314. 
subtectaclet (sub-tek'ta-kl), n. [< L. sub, un- 
der, + tectus, pp. of irgere, cover (see tect, 
thatch), + -acle. ] A tabernacle ; a covering. 
This is true Faith's intlre mbtectade. 
Dames, Holy Roode, p. 20. (Dames.) 
subtectal (sub-tek'tal), n. [< L. sub, under, + 
tectum, roof, < tegere, pp. tectus, cover: see tect, 
thatch.] In ichth., a bone of the skull, generally 
underlying the roof of the cranium behind the 
orbit, and variously homologized with the orbi- 
tosphenoid and with the ahsphenoid of higher 
vertebrates: also used attributively. 
subtegulaneous (sub-teg-u-la'ne-us), a. [< L. 
subtegitlanens, under the roof, indoor, < sub, un- 
der, + tegula, a tile, a tiled roof: see tile.] Un- 
der the eaves or roof; within doors. [Bare.] 
Imp. Diet. 
subtegumental (sub-teg-u-men'tal), a. Situ- 
ated beneath the integument ; subcutaneous. 
subtemperate (sub-tem'per-at), a. Colder than 
the average climate of the temperate zone: 
noting the temperature and also other physical 
conditions of parts of the north temperate zone 
toward the arctic circle. 
subtemporal (sub-tem'po-ral), a. Situated be- 
neath a temporal gyrus of the brain. 
subtenancy (sub'ten'an-si), H. An under-ten- 
ancy; the nolding of a subtenant. 
subtenant (sub'ten'ant), . A tenant under 
a tenant ; one who rents land or houses from a 
tenant. 
subtend (sub-tend'), . t. [< Sp. Pg. mibtender 
= It. suttendere, < L. siibtendere, stretch under- 
neath, < sub, under, + tendere, stretch.] 1. To 
extend under or be opposite to : a geometrical 
term: as, the side of a triangle which subtends 
the right angle. 
In our sweeping arc from jfischybis to the present time, 
fifty years subtend scarcely any space. 
S. Lamer, The English Novel, p. 9. 
2. In hiii.. to embrace in its axil, as a leaf, 
bract, etc. : as, in many Composite the florets 
are subtended by bracts called chaff. 
subtense (sub-tens'), n. [< L. subtensus, sub- 
tentus, pp. of sitbtendere, stretch across: seei<&- 
tend.] Ingeom., a line subtending or stretching 
across ; the chord of an arc ; a line opposite to 
an angle spoken of. 
subtentacular (sub-teu-tak'u-l&r), a. Situated 
beneath the tentacles or tentacular canal of a 
crinoid. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 502. 
subtepid (sub-tep'id), a. Slightly tepid ; mod- 
erately warm. 
subter-. [L. subter, also xnpttr, adv. and prep., 
below, beneath, in cornp. also secretly; with 
compar. suffix. < mill, under, below: see *?>-.] 
A prefix in English words, meaning ' under,' 
' below,' 'less than' : opposed to super-. 
subterbrutish (sub'ter-bro'tish), a. So brutish 
as to be lower than a brute. [Rare.] 
Subtetramera 
O lubter-lrrutiih ! vile! most vile 1 
Carlyle, .sartor Reurtus, I. H. 
subterete (siil>-tc-rr'C). n. Somewhat terete. 
SUbterfluent (sub-ler'Uy-enl), a. [< L. mib- 
lirjlin-ii(t-)n, ppr. of xiiliti-rjliiirr; flow beneath, 
< xiilifi r, bfiM-iith, + Jliii-n; flow: SIT Jhn-nt.\ 
liiinning under or beneath. !i/>. Hid. 
SubterfluOUS (sub-ter'flii-us), n. [< L. as if 
Hx, < xiihti rllm n; flow beneath: see 
-jliii /it.] Same as subterjliu n I. 
subterfuge (sub'ter-fuj), n. [< i\ Kuliti-rl'u</<- = 
S|>. Pg. subterfni/iti = It. mitti-rfii/iin, < LL. unit- 
ii-i-l'iii/iiiHi, a suV)terfuge, < L. xubtfrfti</< r< . tin- 
by stealth, escape, avoid, < subti-r. sccn-tly, + 
fxi/irr, flee.] That to which a person tvt-nrl> 
for escape or concealment; a shift; an evasion; 
artifice employed to escape censure or the force 
of an argument. 
By forgery, by tuMer/uge of law. 
Camper, Task, II. 670. 
We may observe how a persecuting spirit In the times 
drives the greatest men to take refuge in the meanest arts 
of tubterfuffe. I. D'lsraeli, Calam. of Authors, II. 276. 
-Syn. Shift, etc. (see cnuton), excuse, trick, quirk, 
shuttle, pretense, pretext, mask, blind. 
subterminal (sub-ter'mi-nal), a. Nearly ter- 
minal ; situated near but not at the end. En- 
cyc. Brit., XXIV. 186. 
subternatnral (sub-ter-nat'u-ral), a. Below 
what is natural ; less than natural ; subnatural. 
If we assume health as the mean representing the 
normal poise of all the mental faculties, we must be con- 
tent to call hypochondria tubternalural, because the tone 
of the instrument Is lowered. 
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser, p. 87. 
subterposition (suVter-po-zish'on), n. The 
state of lying or being situated under some- 
thing else; specifically, in geol., the order in 
which strata are situated one below another. 
subterrane (sub'te-ran), a. and n. [= OF. sub- 
terrain, soiibterrain, F. souterrain = Sp. subter- 
rdneo = Pg. subterraneo = It. sntterraneo, < L. 
subterraneus, underground, < nub, under, 4- ter- 
ra, earth, ground: see terrane.'} I. a. Under- 
ground; subterranean. 
A subterrane tunnel. Annaliof Phila. and l'mu.,1. 412. 
II. n. A cave or room under ground. [Poeti- 
cal and rare.] 
subterranealt (sub-te-ra'ne-al), a. [< subter- 
rane + -/.] Same as subterranean. Bacon, 
Physical Fables, xi. 
subterranean (sub-te-ra'ne-an). . [< subter- 
rane + -an.] Situated or occurring below the 
surface of the earth or under ground. 
His taste In cookery, formed In subterranean ordinaries 
and a la mode beefshops, was far from delicate. 
Macaulay, Samuel Johnson. (Encyc. Brit., XIII. 721.) 
Subterranean forest, a submarine, submerged, or 
buried forest. See submarine foreit and forest-bed group, 
both under forest, and submerged forest, under submerge. 
SUbterraneityt (sub*te-ra-ne'i-ti ), n. [< subter- 
rane + -ity,] A place under ground. [Rare.] 
We commonly consider gubterranettie* not In contem- 
plations sufficiently respective unto the creation. 
Sir T. Browme. Vulg. Err., U. 1. 
subterraneous C sub-te-ra'ne-us), a. [< L. Kub- 
terraneus, underground : see gubterrane.'] Same 
as subterranean. 
subterraneously (sub-te-ra'ne-us-li), adv. In 
a subterraneous manner; under the surface of 
the earth; hence, secretly; imperceptibly. 
Preston, Intent on carrying all his points, skilfully com- 
menced with the smaller ones. He winded the duke cir- 
cuitously he worked at him mbterraneoutly. 
I. D'lsraeli, Curios, of Lit, IV. 88. 
subterranyt (sub'te-ra-ni), a. and n. [< L. *n6- 
terraneus, underground : see subterrane.'} I. a. 
Subterranean. 
They [metals] are wholly tubterrany; whereas plants 
are part above earth, and part under earth. 
Bacon, Nat. Hist., | 603. 
II. M. That which lies under ground. 
We see that in tubterranie* there are, as the fathers of 
their tribes, brimstone and mercury. 
Bacon, Nat Hist, | 3A4. 
subterrene (sub-te-ren'), a. [< LL. subterratiix. 
underground, < L. sub, under, + terra, earth, 
ground: see terrene.] Subterranean. 
For the earth is full of subterrene flres, which have 
evaporated stones, and raised most of these mountains. 
Sandy*, Travailes, p. 235. 
subterrestrial (sub-te-res'tri-al), a. [< L. sub, 
under, + terra, earth, ground, ) terrestris,otihe 
earth: see terrextrial.] Subterranean. 
The most reputable way of eutring Into this mbter- 
rettrial country is to come In at the fore-door. 
Tom Brmm, Works, II. 209. (Daviet.) 
Subtetramera (sub-te-tram'e-ra), n.pl. [NL., 
neut. pi. of 'niibtetrameriiK: see subtetranierotis.] 
