suflc 
There are frequent Suflc allegories, just as in the Makh- 
aui. Encyc. Brit., XVII. 522. 
sufism, sofisin (so'fizm, so'fizm), n. [Also *- 
ftism : < iin + -/*/.] The mystical system of 
the sutis. 
The system of philosophy professed by Persian poets 
and dervishes, and in accordance with which the poems 
of Hafts are allegorically interpreted, is called Sufitm. 
Enajc. Brit., XI. 368. 
SUfistic (sij-fis'tik), . [Also sufiistic; < sufi + 
-int + -('(-.] Same as suflc. 
The point of view indicated by the Sufiistic system of 
philosophy. Encyc. Brit., XI. 388. 
SUg(sug), . [Origin obscure.] An unidentified 
parasite of the trout, probably an epizoic crus- 
tacean. Also called trout-louse. 
Many of them [trout] have sticking on them Sugs, or 
TrouMice, which is a kind of Worm, in shape like a Clove, 
or Pin with a big head, and sticks close to him and sucks 
his moisture. /. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 81. 
SUg-. See sub-. 
Sugantia (su-gan'shi-a), n. pi. A variant of 
Suqentia. 
sugar (shug'ar), n. [Early mod. E. also suger; 
< ME. suger, sugar, sugre, Sucre, < OF. sucre, F. 
surre = Pr. sucre = Sp. azucar = Pg. assucar 
(with Ar. article at) = It. zucchcro = D. striker = 
MLG. sucker = OHG. zucura, MHG. zuker, zuck- 
er, G. sucker = Icel. sykr = Sw. soaker = Dan. 
sukker = OBulg. sakaru Sery. chakara, zaka- 
ra, chukar = Bohem. cukr = Little Russ. cukor, 
cukur = Russ. sakhary = Pol. citkier = Hung. 
zukur (Slavic, etc., partly after G.), < ML. suc- 
carum, succarium, sucarium, also zuccarium, 
zuccara, zucara, also suctura, etc., altered forms, 
in part appar. simulating L. gnccus, SUCKS, juice 
(see suck*), of saccharum, L. saccharon, < Gr. 
odicxap, aaK.xa.jMv, < Ar. sakkar, sokkar, sukkar, 
with the article as-sokkar,<. Pers.fentr=Hind. 
shakkar,(. Prakrit sakkara, sugar, < Skt.farkara, 
candied sugar, orig. grit, gravel ; cf. Skt. karka- 
ra, hard, L. calculus, a pebble (see calculus).] 
1. The general name of certain chemical com- 
pounds belonging to the group of carbohydrates. 
They are soluble in water, have a more or less sweet taste, 
and are directly or indirectly fermentable. According to 
their chemical nature they are divided into two classes, 
the saccharoses and glucoses. See saccharose and glucose. 
2. A sweet crystalline substance, prepared 
chiefly from the expressed juice of the sugar- 
cane, Saccharum officinarum, and of the sugar- 
beet, but obtained also from a great variety of 
other plants, as maple, maize, sorghum, birch, 
and parsnip. The process of manufacturing cane-sugar 
generally begins with extracting the juice of the canes, 
either by passing them between the rollers of a rolling- 
mill (see sugar-mill), or by the use of raspers or " defl- 
brators " reducing the canes to pulp and expressing the 
juice by subjecting the pulp to the action of powerful 
presses. Maceration of the canes in steam or water, as a 
preparation for extraction of the juice, is also practised to 
some extent. Another method, now coming extensively 
into use, is that of diffusion, iu which the canes or beets 
are cut in small pieces, and the sugar is extracted by re- 
peated washings with hot water. (Compare diffusion ap- 
paratus (under diffusion), and osmose.') The extraction of 
the juice by the crushing and expressing action of rollers 
in sugar-mills is, however, still more extensively practised 
than any other method. The juice is received in a shallow 
trough placed beneath the rollers, and defecated by adding 
to it while heated below the boiling-point either milk of 
lime, lime-water, bisulphite of lime, lime followed by sul- 
phur dioxid, sulphur dioxid followed by lime, alkaline 
earths, sulphur compounds, or chlorine compounds, milk 
of lime being more generally used than any of the other 
substances named. (Compare defecator.) The saccharine 
liquor is concentrated by boiling, which expels the water ; 
lime-water is added to neutralize the acid that is usually 
present ; the grosser impurities rise to the surface, and are 
separated in the form of scum. When duly concentrated 
the syrup is run off into shallow wooden coolers, where it 
concretes ; it is then put into hogsheads with holes in the 
bottom, through which the molasses drains off into cis- 
terns below, leaving the sugar in the state known in com- 
merce by the name of raw sugar, or muscovado. Sometimes 
the molasses is immediately separated from the sugar by 
centrifugal force. The raw sugar is further purified by 
solution in water and filtration, first through cotton bags, 
then through layers of animal charcoal, boiling down under 
diminished pressure, and crystallization. Thus clarified, it 
takes the names of lump-sugar, loaf-sugar, refined sugar, 
etc., according to the different degrees of purification and 
the form in which it is placed on the market. The manu- 
facture of sugar from beet-root is carried on to a very 
considerable extent in France, Germany, Austria, Belgium 
the Netherlands, Russia, etc. The sugar is mostly ex- 
tracted from the roots by diffusion, and the subsequent 
defecation and concentration are carried out in a manner 
entirely analogous to that described for these operations 
in the manufacture of cane-sugar. In the United States 
and in Canada great quantities of sugar are obtained from 
the sap of the sugar-maple, Acer saccharinum. (See cut 
under Acer.) The Gulf States and the West Indies are the 
principal sources whence the supplies of cane-sugar are 
derived ; the sugar used on the continent of Europe is 
chiefly obtained from the beet. Sugar was only vaguely 
known to the Greeks and Romans ; it seems to have been 
introduced into Europe during the time of the crusades. 
The cane was grown about the middle of the twelfth cen- 
tury in Cyprus, whence, some time later, it was trans- 
6046 
planted into Madeira, and about the beginning of the six- 
teenth century it was thence carried to "the Jew World. 
For the chemical properties of pure cane-sugar, see sac- 
charose, 3. 
This Manna is clept Bred of Aungeles ; and it is a white 
thing, that is fulle swete and righte delicyous, and more 
swete than Hony or Sugre. 31andeville, Travels, p. 152. 
When shall we have any good sugar con.j over? The 
wars in Barbary make sugar at such an excessive rate, you 
pay sweetly now, I warrant, sir, do you not? 
Dekker and Webster, Northward Ho, ii. 1. 
2. Something that resembles sugar in any of its 
properties. 3. Figuratively, sweet, honeyed, 
or soothing words; flattery employed to dis- 
guise something distasteful Bastard, beet-root, 
black, centrifugal sugar. See the qualifying words. 
Brown sugar, common dark muscovado sugar. Cof- 
fee-crushed sugar, a commercial name for crushed su- 
gar in which thelumps are of convenient size for table use 
in sweetening coffee and tea. Confectioners' sugar, a 
highly refined sugar pulverized to an impalpable powder, 
used by confectioners for various purposes. Crushed 
SUgar,a commercial name for loaf-sugar broken into irreg- 
ular lumps. Cut sugar, a commercial name for loaf-su- 
gar cut into prismatic form, generally cubes. Diabetic 
sugar. See diabetic. Ergot-sugar, a sugar obtained 
from ergot. Its crystals are transparent rhombic prisms. 
It is soluble in both water and alcohol, and the solution is 
capable of undergoing alcoholic fermentation. Gelatin 
sugar. Same as glycocott. Granulated sugar, (a) A 
sugar which, by stirring during the crystallization of the 
concentrated syrup, is formed into small disintegrated crys- 
tals or grains, instead of compacting into a crystalline cake 
or mass as in loaf-sugar. (6) The coarse grainsordustof re- 
fined sugar formed during theoperations of crushing or cut- 
ting loaf-sugar, and separated from the lumps by screen- 
ing. Inverted sugar. Same as imxrt-sugar. Liquid 
sugar, a name sometimes given to uncrystallizable glu- 
cose; this substance, however, is capable of solidifying 
into an amorphous mass. Malado sugar, sugar con- 
glomerated into a sticky mass, the crystalline form of the 
sugar being masked by the presence of a quantity of high- 
ly concentrated invert-sugar which cements the crystals 
together : distinguished from muscovado sugar, in which 
the sugar has a distinctly crystalline form the small crys- 
tals, however, being more or less colored by invert-sugar 
and adhering impurities. Maple sugar. See maple 1. 
Pulverized sugar, a commercial name for refined sugar 
ground to a fineness intermediate between that of granu- 
lated sugar and confectioners' sugar. Rotatory power 
of sugar. See rotatory polarization, under rotatory. 
Starch-sugar. Same as dextrose. Sugar of acorns, 
quercite. Sugar of Barbaryt, the finest sugar, which 
was formerly supposed to be brought from Barbary, before 
the trade of the West Indies was fully established, (ffares.) 
Ah sweet, honey, Barbary sugar, sweet master. 
Marston, What you Will, ii. 3. 
Sugar of lead. See lead". Sugar of milk, lactose, 
sugar (shug'ar), r. [< ME. sugren, < OF. merer, 
sugar; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To sea- 
son, cover, sprinkle, mix, or impregnate with 
sugar. 2. Figuratively, to cover as with sugar ; 
sweeten; disguise so as to render acceptable 
what is otherwise distasteful. 
We are oft to blame in this 
'Tis top much proved that with devotion's visage 
And pious action we do sugar o'er 
The devil himself. SAa*., Hamlet, ill. 1. 48. 
II. intrans. 1 . To sweeten something, as tea, 
with sugar. [Rare.] 
He sugared, and creamed, and drank, and spoke not. 
Miss Edgeworth, Helen, xxxvi. (Dames.) 
2. To make (maple) sugar. [U.S. and Canada.] 
To sugar off, in maple-sugar tnanuf., to pour the 
syrup into molds to granulate, when sufficiently boiled 
down. The sugaring off is the last process, and is usually 
attended with some sortof frolic in the sugar-camp. [U. S. 
and Canada.] 
SUgar-apple (shug'ar-ap'l), n. See Rollinia. 
SUgar-bafcert (shug v ar-ba"ker), . One whore- 
fines sugar. 
You know her mother was a Welsh milliner, and her 
father a sugar-baker at Bristol. 
Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 2. 
SUgar-bean (shug'ar- ben), n. A variety of 
Phaseolus lunatus (see bean), cultivated par- 
ticularly in Jamaica. The species is probably 
a native of tropical America, but is widely 
diffused in cultivation. 
SUgar-beet (shug'ar-bet), n. See beefl. 
SUgarberry (shug'ar-ber"i), .; pi. sugarberries 
(-iz). Same as hdckberry, 2. 
sugar-bird (shug'ar-berd), n. 1. Any bird of 
the family Ccerebidse, as the Bahaman honey- 
creeper, Certhiola bahamensis: so called from 
its habit of sucking the sweets of flowers. See 
cut under Carebinee. 2. A honey-eater or 
honey-sucker; one of various tenuirostral birds 
of the Old World which suck the sweets of 
flowers. See Nectariniidse, Meliphagidse. 3. A 
translation of the Indian name of the American 
evening grosbeak or hawfinch, Coecothraustfs 
or Hesfieripliona respertina, which is specially 
fond of maple sugar. [Local, U. S.] 
sugar-bush (shug'ar-bush), n. 1. Same as 
sui/ar-orchard. 2. See Protea. 
sugar-camp (shug'ar-kamp), n. A place in or 
near a maple forest or orchard where the sap 
Sugar-cane (Saccharwn qfficina: 
a, part of the inflorescence ; b, a spikelet. 
sugar-huckleberry 
from the trees is collected and manufactured 
into sugar. [U. S. and Canada.] 
SUgar-candiant(xliug'ar-kan'di-an). n. Sugar- 
candy. 
If nor a dram of treacle sovereign, 
Or aqua-vitie, or suyar-candian, 
Nor kitchin cordials can it remedy, 
Certes his time is come. 
Bp. Hall, Satires, II. iv. 30. 
SUgar-candy (shug'fir-kan'di), n. Sugar clari- 
fied and concreted "or crystallized. Compare 
candy 1 . 
sugar-cane (shug'iir-kan), w. A saccharine 
grass, Sacrharum officinarum, the original source 
of manufactured 
sugar, and still 
the source of most 
of the supply. 
The sugar-cane is a 
stout perennial with 
the habit of Indian 
corn and sorghum, 
growing from ti to 20 
feet high ; the leaves 
are broad and flat, 3 
feetormorelong; the 
joints of the stalk are 
about 3 inches long 
near the foot, becom- 
ing longer upwardly, 
at length producing 
a very long joint 
called the "arrow," 
which bears a large 
panicle. Sugar-cane 
is propagated almost 
wholly by cuttings, 
the power to perfect 
seed being nearly 
lost through cultiva- 
tion. Seedlings, how- 
ever, have recently 
been observed in Barbados. The first growth from the 
cuttings is called plant-cane. The succeeding years the 
root sends up ratoons, which form the crop for one, 
two, or sometimes more years, its value decreasing from 
exhaustion of the soil. The cane requires a rich moist 
soil, preferring the vicinity of the sea. The plant is not 
known in a wild state, but is supposed to have originated 
in southern Asia, perhaps in Cochin-China or Bengal. Its 
cultivation in those regions began very early, and now ex- 
tends throughout the tropics, the stalk being chewed 
where not otherwise used. It is grown in the United 
States in several southern States, but only in Louisiana 
In sufficient amount for the export of sugar. African 
sugar-cane, an African vari- 
ety of the common sorghum, 
called imphee. Chinese 8U- 
gar-cane. SameassoTv/Awm, 
i. Sugar-cane beetle, a 
scarabaeid beetle, Ligyrus ru- 
giceps, which damages sugar- 
cane in Louisiana by boring 
into the canes in the early 
spring and gnawing off the 
buds. It also damages sor- 
ghum and corn in the south- 
ern United States. Sugar- 
cane borer, the larva of a 
crambid moth, Chilo sac- 
charalis, which bores sugar- 
cane in the southern United 
States, the West Indies, and 
elsewhere. 
sugar-coated (shug'ar- 
ko'ted), a. Coated with sugar: as, a sugar- 
coated pill ; hence, made palatable, in any sense. 
sugared (shug'ard), p. a. Sweet; alluring; 
honeyed : formerly much used in jpoetry to ex- 
press anything unusually attractive: as, sug- 
ared conceits. 
This messinger connyng and gentile was, 
Off hys mouth issued sugred swete langage. 
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6029. 
A sugared kiss 
In sport I suckt, while she asleep did lie. 
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 539). 
sugar-grass (shug'ar-gras), H. 1. The common 
sorghum, particularly its Chinese variety. 2. 
The grass Pollinia Cumingii, var. fulra. ' [Aus- 
tralia.] 
SUgar-gum (shug'ar-gum), n. An Australian 
gum-tree, Eucalyptus corynocalyx, which grows 
120 feet high, and affords a durable timber, 
used for railroad-ties, posts, etc. The foliage 
is sweetish, and, unlike that of most eucalypts, 
attracts cattle and sheep. 
sugar-house (shug'ar-hous), . A manufactur- 
ing establishment in which saccharine juices 
are extracted from cane, etc., and treated to 
make raw sugar. In some such establishments the 
process of refining is carried further ; but they are more 
properly called refineries. Sugar-house molasses, ii 
very dark and concentrated low-grade molasses containing 
much caramel, formerly largely produced at sugar-houses 
(whence the name), but now, under improved methods of 
manufacture, much reduced in quantity, and little used 
except in the manufacture of some proprietary medicines 
and in some chemical industries. 
sugar-huckleberry (slrag'in--huk"l-ber-i), . 
See huckleberry. 
