sulphate 
iind in larger doses as an emetic. In overdoses it acts as 
an irritant poison. Copper sulphate, or blue vitriol, is 
made on an enormous scale, and is used In preparing pig- 
ments (Scheele's green, Paris green, etc.), in calico-print- 
ing, in electrometallurgy, and in horticulture, particularly 
by vineyardists, as a fungicide. It is used in medicine, 
chiefly as a feeble escharotic for exuberant granulations, 
and as a local stimulant. Aluminium sulphate, called 
concentrated alum or sulphate of alumina, is used as u 
mordant and makeweight and for preparing alums. Fer- 
rous sulphate, or green vitriol, is used as a mordant and 
for the manufacture of Inks, Prussian blue, etc. The al- 
kaloids morphine, atropin, quinine, etc., are generally ad 
ministered in the form of sulphates. Carbyl sulphate. 
Same as ethionic anhydrid (which see, under ethinnic). 
Ethyl sulphate. See mlphitric ether, under sulphuric. 
Precipitated sulphate of Iron. See precipitate. Sul- 
phate of indigo. See indigo. 
sulphate (ral'fltt). r. ; pret. and pp. milphateil. 
ppr. sulphating. [< sulphate, .] I. trans. 1. 
To form a deposit of lead sulphate on, as a lead 
plate or plates of a secondary battery or a sec- 
ondary cell. 2. To convert (red lead used as 
a coloring material, as on placards) into lead 
sulphate by means of dilute sulphuric acid. 
Sulphated oil. See castor-oil. 
II. intraiis. To form a sulphate (especially a 
lead sulphate) deposit. 
Tiie sodium salt diminishes the chance of objectionable 
sulphating in the cell. Philos. Mag., XXX. 162. 
SUlphatic (sul-fat'ik), tt. [< sulphate + -ic.] Ke- 
lating to, containing, or resembling a sulphate. 
sulphatite (sul'fa-tit), n. [< sulphate + -ite"*.] 
A name sometimes given to native sulphuric 
acid, present in certain mineral waters. 
sulphert, An obsolete spelling of sulphur. 
sulphid, sulphide (sul'fid, -fid or -fid), . [< 
xitlph(nr) + -id 1 , -K/e 1 .] A combination of sul- 
phur with another more electropositive ele- 
ment, or with a body which can take the place 
of such an element. Also sitlphurrt, hi/drosul- 
phid, hydrosulphuret.- Allyl, golden, hydrogen, 
etc., sulphid. See the qualifying words. 
sulphindigotic (sul-fin-di-got'ik), . Same as 
sulphoindigotic. 
sulphion (sul'fi-ou), it. [< sulph(ur) + -ion.'] A 
hypothetical body consisting of one equivalent 
of sulphur and four of oxygen : so called in ref- 
erence to the binary theory of salts. Graluiiu. 
sulphionide (sul'fi-o-nid or -nid), n. [< sulphion 
+ Gr. tWof, form, resemblance : see -ide 1 .] In 
the binary theory of salts, a compound of sul- 
phion with a metal, or with a body representing 
a metal : as, sulphionide of sodium, otherwise 
called sodium sulphate. Graham. 
sulphite (sul'fit), n. [= F. sulfite; as sul- 
ph(ur) + -ite 2 .] A salt of sulphurous acid. The 
sulphites are recognized by giving off the suffocating smell 
of sulphurous acid when acted on by a stronger acid. A 
very close analogy exists between them and the carbonates. 
Sulphite pulp, in paper-manu/., pulp made from 
wood, straw, esparto, and other vegetable products, by 
the action of a solution of a sulphite of an alkaline earth, 
as lime, or of an alkali, as soda, that contains an excess 
of sulphurous acid. 
sulpho-acid (sul'f6-as"id), n. [< sttlph(ur) + 
acid.~\ In client., an acid which contains the 
group S0. 2 .OH united to carbon. Also called 
nulphonie acid. The term has also been used for a class 
of acids in which sulphur is substituted for oxygen, now 
called thio-acidi: as, thiosidphuric acid, H^OD, which 
may be regarded as sulphuric acid in which one oxygen 
atom has been replaced by sulphur. 
sulphocyanate (sul-fo-si'a-nat), n. [< sulpho- 
cyan-ic + -atel.] A salt of sulphocyanic acid. 
SUlphocyanic (sul"fo-sl-an'ik), u. [< sulphocy- 
an(ogen) + -ic.] Of, pertaining to, or containing 
sulphur and cyanogen, or derived from sulpho- 
cyanogen. Sulphocyanic acid, CNHS, an acid occur- 
ring in the seeds and blossoms of cruciferous plants, and 
in the saliva of man and the sheep. It is a colorless liquid 
of a pure acid taste, and smells somewhat like vinegar. It 
colors the salts of peroxid of iron blood-red. It yields salts 
called sidphocyanates, or sometimes milphoci/anides. Also 
called rkodanic acid. 
sulphocyanide (sul'fo-si-a-uid or -mil), . [< 
sulphocyan-ic + -ide?.~\ Samesssulphoeyanate. 
sulphocyanogen (suFfo-si-an'o-jen), n. [< sul- 
ph(ur) + cyanogen,.'] A compound of sulphur 
and cyanogen, (CN) 2 S, also called sulphocyanic 
anhydrid. It is obtained in the form of a deep-yellow 
amorphous powder, insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether, 
but soluble in strong sulphuric acid. 
sulphohalite (sul'fp-ha-lit), n. [< sulph(ur) + 
Gr. ci/lr, salt, + -ite 2 .] A mineral occurring in 
transparent rhombic dodecahedrons of a pale 
greenish-yellow color. It consists of the sulphate 
and chlorid of sodium in the ratio of 3 to 2. It is found 
at Borax Lake, in the northwest corner of San Bernardino 
county, California. 
sulphohydrate (sul-fo-hi'drat), . [< sulph(ur) 
+ hydr(ogen) + -ate*.] A compound consist- 
ing of any element or radical united with the 
radical SH, which contains one atom of sulphur 
and one of hydrogen: as. calcium sulpholiydrate, 
Ca(SH) 2 . Also siilpJiydrate. 
6052 
sulphoindigotic (sul-fo-in-di-got'ik),a, 
/jli(ui-) + indigo + -/-ic.'] Pertainingto, derived 
from, or containing sulphuric acid and indi- 
go. Also sitlphindigotic Sulphoindigotic acid, 
CgHsNO.SO.T, an acid formed by the action of sulphuric 
acid on indigo. When 1 part of pure indigo is added to 
8 parts of sulphuric acid, the addition of water causes the 
deposition of a purple powder called sulphopurpuric acid, 
while a blue solution is obtained. The blue solution con- 
tains two acids, sulphoindigotic acid and hyposulphoin- 
digotic acid. 
sulphonal (sul'fo-nal), n. Diethyl sulphon-di- 
methyl-methane,' (CS 3 )QC.(C 2 H B SO 2 ) 2 , a hyp- 
notic of considerable value. 
sulphonate (sul'fo-nat), 71. [< sulphon-ic + 
-ate^.] A salt of sulphonic acid. 
sulphonation (sul-fo-na'shon), 71. [< sulpho- 
nate + -ion.] The act of introducing into a 
compound, bv substitution, the acid radical 
SOoOH. 
.sulphonic (sul-fon'ik), a. [< sulph(ur) + -on-ic.] 
Containing the acid radical SO 2 OH Sulphonic 
acid. Same as sulpho-acid. 
sulphopurpuric (sul"fo-per-pu'rik), a. [< sul- 
ph(ur) + purptiric.] Noting an acid obtained 
by the action of sulphuric acid on indigo. See 
sulphoindigotic acid, under sulphoindigotic. 
sulpho-salt (sul'fo-salt), n. [< sulph(ur) + 
tatfl.] A salt of a sulpho-acid. Also sulphur- 
salt, sulphosel. 
sulphosel (sul'fo-sel), 71. [< sulph(ur) + F. sel, 
< L. sal, salt: see salt 1 .] Same as sulpho-salt. 
sulphovinate (sul-fo-vi'nat), n. [< sulphorin-ie 
+ -/#!.] A salt of* sulphovinic acid. 
sulphovinic (sul-fo-vin'ik), a. [< sulph(ur) + 
L. I'inum, wine, -f -ic.] Pertaining to, de- 
rived from, or containing sulphuric acid and 
alcohol, or spirit of wine Sulphovinic acid, 
CgHsHSOi, ethyl hydrogen sulphate, or ethyl sulphuric 
acid, a colorless oily liquid with strong acid properties, 
prepared by the action of oil of vitriol on alcohol. It may 
be regarded as sulphuric acid in which one hydrogen atom 
has been replaced by the radical ethyl CoH B . It is a 
monobasic acid, and forms a series of crystallizable salts. 
sulphur (sul'fer), 71. and a. [Early mod. E. sid- 
pher, sulfer; < ME. sulphur, soulfre = D. solfer, 
OF. soulfre, souffre, soufre, later also sulphur, F. 
xoufre = Pr. solfre, sulpre, solpre = Cat. sofre = 
OSp. cufre, aqufre, Sp. azufre = Pg. xofre, enxo- 
fre, also sulfur, = It. solfo = G. sulfur, < L, sul- 
fur, also sulphur, sulpur, sulphur ;"cf. late Skt. 
yulvari (according to a favorite fancy, lit. 'hos- 
tile to copper,' < fulra, copper, + -art, enemy), 
sulphur (prob. a borrowed word). The AS. 
name was stcefel = D. zwacel = OHG. sieeval, 
sivebal, MHG. sioevel, swebel, G. schwefel = Sw. 
swafvel(<. D.) = Goth, swibls, sulphur ; prob. not 
akin to the L. name.] I. n. 1. Chemical sym- 
bol, S; atomic weight, 31.98. An elementary 
substance which occurs in nature as a brittle 
crystalline solid, with resinous luster, almost 
tasteless, and emitting when rubbed or warmed 
a peculiar characteristic odor. It is a non-con- 
ductor of electricity. Its specific gravity is 2.05. It is In- 
soluble in water, nearly so in alcohol and in ether, but quite 
soluble in carbon disulphid, petroleum, benzin, etc. It 
burns in the air with a blue flame, and is oxidized to 
sulphur dioxid or sulphurous acid. It melts at 238 F., 
and boils at824 F., giving off a dense red vapor. Sulphur 
exists in two distinct crystalline forms, and also as an 
amorphous variety ; these modifications are characterized 
by differences in specific gravity, in solubility in various 
liquids, and in many other respects. Between its melting- 
point and 280 F. it is most fluid, and when cast in wooden 
molds it forms the stick-sulphur or brimstone of com- 
merce. Between 430 and 480 it becomes much less liquid, 
and can with difficulty be poured. If poured Into water, 
it forms a ductile mass called plastic sulphur, which may 
be used for taking impressions of coins, etc. On stand- 
ing it becomes hard and brittle. From 480 to its boiling- 
point it is liquid again. Sulphur occurs in great abun- 
dance and purity in the neighborhood of active and ex- 
tinct volcanoes. As an article of commerce, most of It is 
brought from Sicily. It is also widely distributed in com- 
bination with other elements, chiefly in the form of sul- 
phates and sulphids, and it is now extensively obtained 
from the native snip]] ids of Iron and copper for use in the 
manufacture of sulphuric acid. It also occurs sparingly 
in animal and vegetable tissues. Sulphur combines with 
oxygen, hydrogen, chlorin, etc., to form important com- 
pounds, of great use in the arts. It is used in the pure 
state extensively in the manufacture of gunpowder and 
matches, and for vulcanizing rubber. Refined sulphur, 
prepared by sublimation from the crude substance, Is 
used in medicine as a laxative, diaphoretic, and resolvent ; 
it is also largely employed in skin-diseases, both internal- 
ly and externally. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth 
century casts or copies of antique gems were frequently 
made by pouring into a mold melted sulphur colored with 
metallic oxids. 
2f. The supposed substance of lightning. 
To tear with thunder the wide cheeks o' the air, 
And yet to charge thy sulphur with a bolt 
That should but rive an oak. Shak., Cor., v. 3. 152. 
3. In zool., one of many different pieridine but- 
terflies ; a yellow pierian. These butterflies are of 
some shade of yellow, olanching to nearly white, or deep- 
ening to orange, and more or less marked with black. 
sulphureously 
They represent several genera. Coliaa vhilodicc of the 
United States is the clouded sulphur ; Cattia'ryai mbule 
is the cloudless sulphur. The former is one of the com- 
monest of North American butterflies, often seen in flocks 
along roads, settling about mud-puddles and other moist 
spots. Its larva feeds upon clover. See cuts under Colias, 
1'ieris, and cabbage-butterfly. Anisated sulphur bal- 
sam, an electuary composed of oil of anise 5 parts, sul- 
phur balsam 1 part. Barbados sulphur balsam, a 
balsam composed of sulphur boiled with Barbados tar. 
Clouded, cloudless sulphur. See def. a. Crude 
sulphur, the product of the distillation of native sul- 
phur. Flowers of sulphur, a yellow powder formed by 
condensing the vapor of sulphur. Liver Of sulphur. 
See Kr2. Milk of sulphur, a white impalpable pow- 
der made by dissolving sulphur in a solution of milk of 
lime and adding muriatic acid. Hydrogen sulphid is set 
free, and sulphur is precipitated. Precipitated sul- 
phur. See precipitate. Roll- or stick-sulphur, sul- 
phur refined and cast in wooden molds. Ruby sul- 
phur. Same as realyar. Soft sulphur, an allotropic 
form of sulphur produced by heating ordinary sulphur to 
390 F. and pouring it into water. It remains for some 
days soft and waxy, and then resumes a hard, brittle con- 
dition. Stones of sulphurt, thunderbolts. 
The gods throw stones of sulphur on me, if 
That box I gave you was not thought by me 
A precious thing. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 6. 240. 
Sulphur balsam, a balsam composed of 1 part of sulphur 
dissolved in 8 parts of olive- or linseed-oil. Sulphur- 
bath, a bath to which a pound of the flowers of sulphur 
has been added: used in the treatment of skin-diseases, 
Sulphur group, the elementary substances sulphur, 
selenium, and tellurium : all have a strong attraction for 
oxygen. Sulphur ointment. See ointment. Vegeta- 
ble sulphur. Same as lycopode. 
II. a. Of the color of brimstone, or stick-sul- 
phur; of a very greenish, excessively luminous, 
and highly chromatic yellow: used in zoology 
in many obvious compounds: as, sulphur-bel- 
lied; sulphur-crested. A color-disk of two thirds bright 
chrome-yellow and one third emerald-green gives a some- 
what dull sulphur-yellow. 
sulphur (sul'fer), r. t. '[< sulphur, (.] To 
apply sulphur to; also, to fume with sulphur; 
sulphurate. 
Immediately after or about the time they blossom, the 
vines are sulphured, to keep off the Oidium, which disease 
is still active in Portugal. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 60S. 
sulphurate (sul'fu-rat), a. andi. [< L. sulfura- 
tus, sulphuratus, impregnated with sulphur, < 
sulfur, sulphur: see sulphur.'] I. a. Mingled 
with sulphur; of the yellow color of sulphur. 
A pale sulphurate colour. 
Dr. B. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 189. 
II. . A sulphid: as, sulphurate of anti- 
mony, 8b 2 S<j. 
sulphurate (sul'fu-rat), t>. t. ; pret. and pp. stil- 
plntrated,fyr. sulphurating. [< sulphur + -ate 2 .~] 
To impregnate or combine with sulphur; also, 
to subject to the action of sulphur. 
sulphuration (sul-fy-ra'shon), 71. [< L. stilfu- 
ratto(n-), sulphuratio(n-), a vein of sulphur, < 
sulfuratus, sulphuratus, impregnated with sul- 
phur: see sulphurate.'] 1. The act of dressing 
or anointing with sulphur. Bentley, On Free- 
thinking, $ 50. 2. The act or process of 
impregnating, combining, or fumigating with 
sulphur; specifically, the subjection of a sub- 
stance, such as straw-plait, silks, and woolens, 
to the action of sulphur or its fumes for the 
purpose of bleaching; also, the state of being 
impregnated with sulphur. Also sulphnrtza- 
tion, sulphui-isation. 
sulphurator (sul'fu-ra-tor), n. [< sulphurate 
+ -or 1 .] Au apparatus for impregnating with 
sulphur or exposing to the action of the fumes 
of sulphur, especially for fumigating or bleach- 
ing by means of burning sulphur. 
sulphur-bottom (surfer-bof'um), n. The sul- 
phur-bellied whale of the Pacific, a rorqual, 
Balanoptera (or SiVbaldius) sulphurea. Also sul- 
phur-u-lialc. 
sulphur-concrete (surfer-kou // kret), n. A 
mixture of sulphur with pulverized stoneware 
and glass, melted and run into molds. At 230 
F. it becomes exceedingly hard, remains solid in boil- 
ing water, and resists water and acids. It is used to ce- 
ment stones, melting readily at about 248 F. 
sulphureity (sul-fu-re'i-ti), . [< sulphure-ouK 
+ -ity.~\ The state of being sulphureous. B. 
Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1. [Rare.] 
sulphureous (sul-fu're-us), a. [< L. sulfureun, 
sitlphureus, of or like sulphur, < sulfur, sulphur: 
see sulphur.'] 1. Consisting of sulphur; having 
the qualities of sulphur or brimstone; impreg- 
nated with sulphur; sulphurous. 
He belches poison forth, poison of the pit, 
Brimstone, hellish and sulphureous poison. 
Randolph, Muses' Looking-Glass, iv. 5. 
The room was filled with a sulphureous smell. 
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 105. 
2. In lot., sulphur-colored; of a pale bright 
yellow. 
sulphureously (sul-fu're-us-li), adr. In a sul- 
phureous manner; especially, with the odor of 
