sultry 
3. Associated with oppressive heat. 
What time the gray-fly winds her sultry horn. 
Milton, Lycidas, 1. 28. 
The reapers at their sultry toil. 
Tennyson, Palace of Art. 
sum 1 (sum), n. [Early mod. E. summe, somme, < 
ME. summe, sommc,< OF. somme, F. somme = Sp. 
Kitma = Pg. summa = It. somma = D. G. Sw. sum- 
ma = Dan. sum, < L. summa, the highest part, 
the top, summit, the chief point, the main thing, 
the principal matter, the substance, comple- 
tion, issue, perfection, the whole, the amount, 
sum, fern. (so. pars) of summits, highest, su- 
perl. of superus, superior, higher, < super, over, 
above : see super-. Of. supreme.] 1. The high- 
est point; the top; summit; completion; full 
amount; total; maximum. 
Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought 
My story to the sum of earthly bliss. 
Milton, P. L., viii. 622. 
2. The whole ; the principal points or thoughts 
when viewed together; the substance. 
And in this moone is eke castracion 
Of hyves ronke of hony flld, the some 
Wherof is this signiflcacion. 
Pattadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 162. 
That Is the sum of all. Leonato. 
Shaic., Much Ado, 1. 1. 147. 
The summe of what I said was that a more free per- 
mission of writing at some times might be profitable. 
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus. 
3. The aggregate of two or more numbers, 
magnitudes, quantities, or particulars ; the re- 
sult of the process of addition: as, the sum of 
5 and 7 is 12 ; the sum of a and 6 is a + 6. 
They soluble in sortes, summes 1 ulle huge, 
Sowdanes and Sarezenes owt of sere landes. 
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 606. 
You know how much the gross man of deuce-ace 
amounts to. Shot., L. L. L., i. 2. 49. 
An Induction is not the mere sum of the Facts which 
are colligated. The Facts are not only brought together, 
but seen in a new point of view. 
Whewell, Philos. of Induct. Sciences, I. xxxix. 
Public events had produced an immense sum of misery 
to private citizens. Macmday, Machiavelli. 
Hence 4. The whole number or quantity. 
The stretching of a span 
Buckles in his sum of age. 
Shak., As you like it, Hi. 2. 140. 
5. A quantity of money or currency ; an in- 
definite amount of money. 
Than he fot horn of florens a full fuerse soume. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 12610. 
I did send to you 
For certain sums of gold, which you denied me. 
Shak., J. C., iv. 3. 70. 
6. An arithmetical problem to be solved, or an 
example of a rule to be worked out ; also, such 
a problem worked out and the various steps 
shown. 
His most judicious remarks differ from the remarks of 
a really philosophical historian as a sum correctly cast 
up by a book-keeper from a general expression discovered 
by an algebraist. Macaulay, History. 
7. In the calculus of finite differences, a func- 
tion the result of operating upon another func- 
tion with the sign of summation, and express- 
ing the addition of all successive values of that 
function in which the variable differs from 
unit to unit from zero or other constant value 
to one less than the value indicated ; also, a 
special value of such a function. Thus, the sum 
of rx is 
Sr* = 
or, since the summation may commence at any other in- 
tegral value of x, Sr* = r*\ (r 1) + C, where C is an 
arbitrary constant or periodic function having for its pe- 
riod a submultiple of unity. Algebraic sum. See al- 
aeomic.A. round sum, a good round sum, a large 
amount of money. 
Bethinke thee, Gresham, threescore thousand pounds, 
A good round sum : let not the hope of gaine 
Draw thee to losse. 
Heywood, If you Know not Me (Works, ed. 1874, I. 252). 
Gaussian sum. See Gaussian. Geometrical sum, a 
sum of vectors ; the vector whose origin is the origin of 
the first of the added vectors, and whose terminal is the 
terminal of the last of the added vectors when the ter- 
minal of each except the last is made the origin of the 
next. In sum, in short ; in brief. 
In sum, she appeares a saint of an extraordinary sort, 
in so religious a life as is seldom met with in villages now- 
a-daies. Evelyn, Diary, October 26, 1685. 
Logical sum, the aggregate of a number of propositions, 
or that which is true if any one of the aggregants is true, 
and false only if all are false ; also, the aggregate of terms, 
or that which includes all that any one of the aggregants 
includes, and excludes only what all exclude. Lump, pe- 
nal, etc., sum. See the qualifying words. Pyramidal 
sum, the sum of a number of quantities, A, B, C, D . . 
having the form A + 3B + 6C + 10D + . . Triangu- 
6054 
lar sum, the sum of several quantities, A, B, C, D, . . . 
having the form A + 2B + 3C + 4D + 
sum 1 (sum), v.; pret. and pp. summed, ppr. sum- 
ming. [Early mod. E. also summe; < OF. som- 
mer = Sp. sumar = Pg. summar = It. somma-re, 
< ML. summarc, sum up, charge, exact, < L. sum- 
ma, sum: see sum 1 , n.~] I. trans. 1. To combine 
into a total or sum ; add together; ascertain the 
totality of : often followed by up. 
You cast the event of war, my noble lord, 
And summ'd the account of chance, before you said, 
"Let us make head." Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1. 167. 
The sands that are vpon the shore to summe, 
Or make the wither'd Floures grow fresh againe. 
Heywood, Hierarchy of Angels, p. 559. 
Sum up at night what thou hast done by day ; 
And in the morning, what thou hast to do. 
Q. Herbert, The Temple, The Church Porch. 
2. To bring or collect into a small compass ; 
condense in a few words : usually with up : as, 
to sum up evidence ; to sum up arguments. 
To sum up all the Rage of Fate 
In the two things I dread and hate 
May'st thou be false, and I be great. 
Prior, To a Young Gentleman in Love. 
Since by its fruit a tree is judged, 
Show me thy fruit, the latest act of thine ! 
For in the last is summed the first and all. 
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 178. 
Faith in God, faith in man, faith in work this is the 
short formula in which we may sum up the teaching of 
the founders of New England, a creed ample enough for 
this life and the next. 
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 229. 
3f. In falconry, to have (the feathers) full grown 
and in full number. 
With prosperous wing full summ'd. 
Milton, P. R., 1. 14. 
Hence 4f. To supply with full clothing. 
No more sense spoken, all things Goth and Vandal, 
Till you be summ'd again, velvets and scarlets, 
Anointed with gold lace. 
Fletcher, Wit without Money, Hi. 1. 
5. In the calculus of finite differences, to find 
the general expression for the aggregate of: 
said of the result of adding successive values of 
a given function in each of which the variable 
is increased over the last by unity. See sum; 
n., 7. To sum UP evidence, to recapitulate to the jury 
the facts and circumstances which hav been adduced in 
evidence in the case before the court, giving at the same 
time an exposition of the law where it appears necessary : 
said of the presiding judge on a jury trial, or of counsel 
arguing for his client at the close of the evidence. See 
summing-up, under summing. 
II. intrans. To make a recapitulation ; offer 
a brief statement of the principal points or 
substance : usually with up. 
The young lawyer sums up in the end. 
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 316. 
sum 2 t, ft. An obsolete spelling of some*. 
-sum. See -some. 
sumac, sumach (su'mak), re. [Formerly also shu- 
mac, shumack, shumach; earlier sumak, sumake, 
sumaque; = D. smak = G. sumak, sumach = 
Sw. sumach = Dan. sumak, < OF. sumac, sumach, 
F. sumac, sommac = Sp. zumaque = Pg. sumagre 
= It. sommaco, < Ar. summdq, sumac. Of. F. 
sommail, < Ar. samagil, sumac.] 1. One of nu- 
merous shrubs or small trees of the genus Ehus. 
See def. 2, and phrases below. 2. A pro- 
duct of the dried and ground leaves of certain 
shrubs or trees of the genus Ehus or of other 
genera, much used for tanning light-colored 
leathers and to some extent for dyeing. The lead- 
ing source of this product is the tanners' or Sicilian sumac, 
Rhus Coriaria, of southern Europe, cultivated in Sicily 
and also in Tuscany. The Venetian sumac, smoke-tree, 
or wig-tree, R. Cotinus, is grown in Tyrol for the same 
purpose. (See smoke-tree and scotino.) In Spain various 
species supply a similar substance, and in Algeria the 
leaves of R. pentaphylla, five-leaved or Tezera sumac, are 
applied to the manufacture of morocco. In France a tree 
of another genus, Coriaria myrttfolia, myrtle-leaved su- 
mac, furnishes a similar product. (See Coriaria.) In the 
United States, particularly in Virginia, the leaves of sev- 
eral wild sumacs are now gathered as tan-stocknamely, 
of the dwarf, the smooth, the stag-horn, and perhaps the 
Canadian sumac. These contain more tannin than the 
European, but, at least with careless gathering, they make 
an inferior leather. Canadian sumac, a low straggling 
bush, Rhus Canadensis (R. aromatica), found from Canada 
southward. Its leaves when crushed are pleasantly scent- 
ed ; those of the western variety, trilobata, unpleasantly. 
Also called fragrant sumac. Chinese sumac. See Ai- 
lantus. Coral-sumac, the poisonwood, Rhus Metopium : 
so named from its scarlet berries. See poisonu-ood, 1. 
Curriers' sumac. See Coriaria. Dwarf sumac, Rhus 
copattina, of the eastern half of the United States, in the 
north a shrub, southward a small tree. It has dark shin- 
ing leaves, with the common petiole winged between the 
leaflets. It yields tanning material (see def. 2), and its 
drupes are used like those of the smooth sumac. Also 
black or mountain sumac. Jamaica sumac. Same as 
coral-sumac. Laurel sumac, the Californian Rhus lau- 
rina, a large evergreen much-branched and very leafy 
shrub, exhaling an aromatic odor. This and R. integri- 
folia, forming dense smooth thickets along cliffs near the 
Sumatran 
sea in the same region, and a few species elsewhere, have 
simple leaves. Poison sumac. See poison-sumac. 
Scarlet sumac, the smooth sumac, in allusion to its leaves 
in autumn. Sicilian sumac. See def. 2. Smooth 
sumac, a shrub, Rhus glabra, common in barren or rocky 
soil in the eastern 
half of the United 
States. The leaves 
are smooth, some- 
what glaucous, 
whitened beneath. 
It bears a large 
panicle of small 
crimson drupes, 
which are pleasant- 
ly acid, and offici- 
nally recognized as 
astringent and re- 
frigerant. A strong 
decoction or di- 
luted fluid extract 
forms an effec- 
tive gargle. Also 
Pennsylvania, up. 
land, or white su- 
mac. Stag-horn 
or stag's-horn 
sumac, a shrub or 
small tree, Rhus 
typhina, of eastern 
North America. It 
is a picturesque 
species with irreg- 
ular branches (sug- 
gesting the name), 
abundant long pinnate leaves, and in autumn pyramidal 
panicles of velvety crimson drupes. Its branchlets and 
leafstalks are densely velvety-hairy. Its wood is satiny. 
yellow streaked with green, occasionally used for inlaying. 
Its fruit is of a similar quality with that of li. glabra, both 
sometimes called vinegar-tree. Its bark and foliage are 
sometimes used for tanning and dyeing. Swamp-su- 
mac. Same as poison-sumac. Tanners' or tanning 
sumac, specifically, Rhus Cfiriaria, a tree resembling the 
stag-horn sumac. The curriers' sumac is also so called. 
Varnish sumac, the Japan lacquer- or varnish-tree. See 
lacquer-tree. Venetian, Venice, or Venus's sumac. See 
def! 2. Virginian sumac, a foreign name of the stag- 
horn sumac. West Indian sumac, a small tree, Brunei- 
lia comocladtfolia of the Simarubacese, resembling sumac. 
sumac-beetle (su'mak-be"tl), . A chrysome- 
lid beetle of the United States, Blepharida rhoix. 
Smooth Sumac (Rfius glabra). 
Jumping Sumac-beetle (Blepkarvta rhoix). 
a , egg ; i>, egg-masses covered with excrement ; c, larva : d, co- 
coon ; e, pupa ; /, beetle. (Lines show natural sizes of a, c (separate 
figure), e, f; other figures natural size. } 
which, both as larva and adult, feeds upon the 
foliage of sumac. The larva covers itself with its 
own excrement, like certain others of its family. More 
fully called jumping sumae-beette. 
sumach, n. See sumac. 
sumackt, sumakt. Obsolete forms of sumac. 
sumaget, n. See summage. 
Sumatra (so-ma'tra), n. [So called from the 
island of Sumatra.} A sudden squall occurring 
in the narrow sea between the Malay peninsula 
and the island of Sumatra. 
Sumatra camphor. Same as Borneo camphor 
(which see, under camphor). 
Sumatran (so-mii'tran), a. and . [< Sumatra 
(see def.) + -an.] I. a. Of or relating to Su- 
matra, a large island of the Malay archipelago, 
lying west of Borneo and northwest of Java, 
or of or relating to its inhabitants Sumatran 
broadbill, Corydon sumatranm, a bird of the family Eu- 
rylxmidffi. Sumatran monkey, Seinnopithecus melalo- 
Shus, of a yellowish-red color above, with blue face and 
lack crest. Sumatran rhinoceros, Rhinoceros suma- 
trenste, a hairy species with two short horns. 
II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Sumatra. 
