summer-room 
summer-room! (sum'er-rom), n. A summer- 
house. 
On the summit of this Hill his Lordship is building a 
Summer-room. 
Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, I 335. (Davieg.) 
summersault, . See somersault. 
summer sautt, n. Same as somersault. 
summer-seeming (sum'er-se"ming), a. Appear- 
ing like summer; full-blown; rank or luxuriant. 
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. 86. 
summerset, n. and v. See somerset 1 . 
summer-shine (sum'er-shm), n. The summer 
color or dress of a bird or insect. [Rare.] 
A eay insect in his summer-shine. 
Thomson, Winter, 1. 644. 
summer-Stir (sum'er-ster), v. t. To summer- 
fallow. [Eng.] 
summer-Stone (sum'er-ston), n. Same as skew- 
corbel (which see, under skew 1 ). 
summer-swelling (sum'er-swel"ing), a. Grow- 
ing up in summer. 
Disdain to root the summer swelling flower. 
Shak., T. O. of V., ii. 4. 162. 
summertide (sum'er-tld), n. and a. [< ME. 
somertide, sumertid; < summer^- + tiile^.'] I. n. 
Summer-time. 
Most cheffest time was of somertide 
That ther hys wacche gan so to prouide. 
Ram. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5522. 
Lulled by the fountain in the summer tide. 
Wordsworth, Hart-Leap Well, ii. 
II. a. Of or pertaining to summer-time. The 
Atlantic, LX1V. 124. 
summer-time (sum'er-tlm), n. [< ME. somer- 
time; < summer^ + time.'] The summer season ; 
summer. 
In Somer tyme him liketh wel to glade ; 
That when Virgiles [Pleiads] downe gooth gynneth fade. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 184. 
The genial summer-time. Longfellow. 
summer-tree (surn'er-tre), n. 1. In carp., a 
horizontal beam serving to support the ends of 
floor-joists, or resting on posts and supporting 
the wall of the stories above ; a lintel. Also 
called brest-summer. 2. In masonry, the first 
stone laid over a column or beam. E. H. 
Knight. 
summerward, summerwards (sum'er-ward, 
-wardz), adv. [< summer + -ward, -wards."] 
Toward summer. The Century, XXXVIII. 774. 
[Bare.] 
summery (sum'er-i), a. [< summer + -i/ 1 .] Of' 
or pertaining to summer ; like summer ; sum- 
mer-like. 
Gave the room the summery tone. 
The Atlantic, LX. 2B2. 
Slimming (sum'ing), n. [Verbal n. of sum 1 , t'.] 
The act of one who sums, in any sense of the 
verb sum; specifically, the act or process of 
working out an arithmetical problem. 
Mr. Tulliver . . . observed, indeed, that there were no 
maps, and not enough summing. ... It was a puzzling 
business, this schooling. 
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, Ii. 7. 
Summing up. (a) A summary ; a recapitulation ; a com- 
pendious restatement. 
Not a history, but exaggerative pictures of the Revolu- 
tion, is Mazzini's summing-up. The Century, XXXI. 408. 
(6) In law: (1) The address of the judge to the jury on a 
trial, after the close of the evidence and generally after ar- 
guments of counsel, usually recapitulating the essential 
points of the case and the evidence, and instructing them 
on the law. This is the English usage of the phrase, and 
corresponds to the charge or the American use of the word 
instructions. (2) The argument of counsel at the close of 
evidence on a trial either before a jury or before a judge 
or referee. This is the American usage of the phrase, 
summist (sum'ist), . [= Sp. sumista, < ML. 
stimmista, < L. stimma, sum: see sum* and -ist.~\ 
One who forms an abridgment or summary; spe- 
cifically, a medieval writer of a compendium 
(Latin summa), especially of theology, as St. 
Thomas Aquinas. 
A book entitled "The Tax of the Apostolical Chamber 
or Chancery," whereby may be learned more sorts of wick- 
edness than from all the summists and the summaries of 
all vices. Bp. Bull, Corruptions of Ch. of Borne. 
Hugo [of St Victor (1097-1141)], by the composition of 
his Summa Sententiarum, endeavoured to give a method- 
ical or rational presentation of the content of faith and 
was thus the first of the so-called Summists. 
Encyc. Brit,, XXI. 425. 
summit (sum'it), n. [< F. sommet, dim. of OP. 
som, top of a hill, < L. summum, the highest 
point, neut. of summits, highest: see sum 1 . The 
older word in E. is summity.] 1. The highest 
point; the top; the apex. 
Flx'd on the summit of the highest mount. 
Shale., Hamlet, iii. 3. 18. 
2. The highest point or degree ; the utmost ele- 
vation; the maximum; the climax. 
6056 
From the summit of power men no longer turn their 
eyes upward, but begin to look about them. 
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 233. 
3. In math. : (a) A point of a polyhedron where 
three or more surfaces (generally planes) meet. 
(6) A point at which a penultimate curve cuts 
two coincident parts of the same degenerate 
curve. Thus, if a double line be a degenerate conic, 
there are two points on it at which it is intersected by a 
true conic differing infinitely little from it ; and these are 
called summits, = Syn. 1 and 2. Apex, vertex, acme, pinna- 
cle, zenith. 
summitless (sum'it-les), a. [< summit + -less.] 
Having no summit. Sir H. Taylor. 
summit-level (sum'it-lev"el), . The highest 
level ; the highest of a series of elevations over 
which a canal, watercourse, railway, or the like 
is carried. 
summityt (sum'i-ti), n. [< ME. summyte, < OF. 
sommite, F. sommite = Sp. sumidad = Pg. sum- 
midade = It. sommita,< LL. summita(t-)s, height, 
top, < summus : see sum!.] The highest point ; 
the summit. 
But see wel that the chief roote oon directe 
Be hool translate unto his summyte 
Withouten hurte and in no wise enfecte. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 214. 
On the North-east corner and summity of the hill are 
the mines of huge arches sunk low in the earth. 
Sandys, Travailes, p. 116. 
To remove themselves and their effects down to the 
lower summity. Sictfl, Battle of the Books. 
summon (sum'qn), v. t. [Early mod. E. also 
somniOH; < ME", somonen, somonyen, somenen, 
sompnen, < OF. somoner, sumoner, semoner, also 
semonre, semondre, somoundre, F. semondre = Pr. 
semondre, somondre, somonre, summon,< L. SUHI- 
monere, submonere, remind privily, < sub, under, 
privily, + monere, remind, warn: see monisli, 
admonish. The ME. forms were partly con- 
fused with ME. somnen, somnien, < AS. samnian, 
gather together : see sam. Hence ult . summons, 
sumner, etc.] 1. To call, cite, or notify by au- 
thority to appear at a place specified, to attend 
in person to some public duty, or to assume a 
certain rank or dignity ; especially, to command 
to appear in court: as, to summon a jury; to sum- 
mon witnesses. 
Tho by-gan Grace to go with Peers the Plouhman, 
And consailede hym and Conscience the comune to someny. 
Piers Plowman (C), rail. 214. 
Some trumpet summon hither to the walls 
These men of Anglers. Shak., K. John, ii. 1. 198. 
The parliament is regularly to be summoned by the 
king's writ or letter. Blackstone, Com., I. ii. 
Thomas Fane married Mary, daughter of Henry, Lord 
Abergavenny, 1574, heir general of Abergavenny. She 
was summoned to the barony of Le Despenser (Dispensa- 
rius), 1604, and her son was created Earl of Westmorland. 
Jf. and Q., 7th ser., V. 891. 
2. To call; send for; ask the presence or at- 
tendance of, literally or figuratively. 
But the kynge leodogan ne cometh not, and all this 
chiualrie haue I yow somoumed, and thertore I owe to 
haue guerdon. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 567. 
To summon timely sleep, he doth not need 
Aethyop's cold Rush, nor drowsie Poppy-seed. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3. 
Lord Lonsdale had summoned the peers to-day to ad- 
dress the King not to send the troops abroad in the pres- 
ent conjuncture. Walpole, Letters, II. 28. 
3. To call on to do some specified act; warn; 
especially, to call upon to surrender: as, to 
summon a fort. 
Coal-black clouds that shadow heaven's light 
Do summon us to part and bid good night. 
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 534. 
Summon the town. Shak., Cor., i. 4. 7. 
The Bridge being thus gained, the Duke of Exeter was 
sent, and with him Windsor the Herald, to summon the 
Citizens to surrender the Town. Baker, Chronicles, p. 173. 
4. To arouse ; excite into action or exertion ; 
raise : with up. 
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. 
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 1. 7. 
Do we remember how the great teacher of thanksgiv- 
ing summons up every one of his faculties to assist him 
in it? Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. i. 
= Syn. 1 and 2. Invite, Convoke, etc. (see cZ(i), convene, 
assemble. 
summont (sum'on), n. [< summon, v. Cf. sum- 
mons.] An invitation, request, or order. 
Esther durst not come into the presence till the sceptre 
had given her admission ; a summon of that emboldens 
her. Sev. T. Adams, Works, III. 250. 
summonancet, n. [ME. somonaunce, < OF. *so- 
monance, < somoner, summon: see summon.'] A 
summons. 
I have, quod he, a somonaunce of a bille. 
Chaucer, Friar's Tale (Harl. MS.), 1. 288. 
summoner (sum'on-er), . [Formerly also sum- 
ner; < ME. somotiour, somenour, somnotir, somp- 
Suinner's method 
tiour, Komner, < OF. "yomonour, xcmoneor, one 
who summons, < somoner, semoner, summon: 
see summon.] 1. One who summons, or cites 
by authority ; especially, one employed to warn 
persons to appear in court ; also, formerly, an 
apparitor. 
A somonour is a rennere up and doun 
With mandementz for fornicacioun. 
And is ybet at every townes ende. 
Chaucer, Prol. to Friar's Tale, 1. 19. 
Marc. My lady comes. What may that be ? 
Clau. A sumner, 
That cites her to appear. 
Fletcher, Valentinian, ii. 2. 
2f. In early Eny. law, a public prosecutor or 
complainant. 
summoning (sum'on-ing), n. [Verbal n. of 
summon, v.] 1. The act or process of calling or 
citing; a summons. 
Reluctantly and slow, the maid 
The unwelcome summoning obey'd. 
Scott, L of the L., ii. 21. 
2. See the quotation. 
According to the authors just named [Livy and Diony- 
sins], the whole body of free Romans, burgesses and non- 
burgesses, was divided into a certain number of classes 
(i. e., summoninys, probably from calare), numbered ac- 
cording to the amount of fortune possessed by each citi- 
zen. Encyc. Brit., VI. 195. 
summons (sum'onz), n. ; pi. summonses (-ez). 
[< ME. somons, 'somouns, < OF. *somounse, se- 
monse, F. semoncc (= Pr. somonsa, somosta, se- 
mosta), a summons, admonition, orig. fern, of 
semons, pp. of somoner, semondre, summon: see 
summon, .] 1. A call, especially by authority 
or the command of a superior, to appear at a 
place named, or to attend to some public duty; 
an invitation, request, or order to go to or ap- 
pear at some place, or to do some other specified 
thing ; a call with more or less earnestness or 
insistence. 
Music, give them their summons. 
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2. 
As when the Master's summons came. 
Whittier, Lucy Hooper. 
That same day summonses were issued to fifty gentle- 
men to receive knighthood, in anticipation of the king's 
coronation. J. Qairdner, Rich. III., ii. 
Then flew in a dove, 
And brought a summons from the sea. 
Tennyson, In Memoriam, ciii. 
2. In laic, a call by authority to appear in a 
court or before a judicial officer; also, the docu- 
ment by which such call is given; a citation to 
appear before a judge or magistrate. Specifically 
(a) A writ calling on a defendant to cause an appearance 
to the action to be entered for him within a certain time 
after service, in default whereof the plaintiff may proceed 
to judgment and execution, (b) A notice of application 
to a judge at chambers, whether at law or in equity, (e) 
A citation summoning a person to appear before a police 
magistrate or bench of justices, or before a master or 
referee in a civil case, (a) In Scots law, a writ issuing 
from the Court of Session in the sovereign's name, or, if in 
a sheriff court, in the name of the sheriff, setting forth the 
grounds and conclusions of an action, and containing a 
warrant or mandate to messengers-at-arms or sheriff- 
offlcere to cite the defender to appear in court. 
3. Milit., a call to surrender omnibus sum- 
mons, a name sometimes given in present English prac- 
tice to an order or process of the court calling the parties 
in for directions of an interlocutory nature : an expedient 
intended to supersede or merge in one application to 
the court the various incidental motions which under 
the former practice might be made successively. Origi- 
nal summons, in modern English practice, a summons 
by which proceedings are commenced without a writ. A 
proceeding so commenced is, however, sometimes deemed 
an action. Privileged summonses. See privilege. 
summons (sum'onz), v. t. [< summons, n.] To 
serve with a summons ; summon. [Colloq.] 
I did not summons Lord Lansdown. 
Swift, to Mrs. Johnson, March 22, 1711-12. (Seager's 
[Supp. to Johnson.) 
On behalf of " I'll summons you " it may be urged that 
it is not thereby intended to use the verb to summon, but 
the noun summons in its verb form, just as people also 
say, " I'll county court you." 
N. and Q., 7th ser., VII. 471. 
summula (sum'u-la), n.; pi. summulse (-le). A 
small tractate giving a compend of a part of a 
science. The Summulee Logicales of Petrus Hispanus 
constituted the common medieval text-book of logic. It 
was written about the middle of the thirteenth century by 
the doctor who afterward became Pope John XXI. It is 
noticeable for the number of mnemonic verses it contains, 
and for its original development of the Parva Logiealia. 
summulist (sum'u-list), . A commentator of 
the Sumniul/e Logicales of Petrus Hispanus. 
summum bonuni (sum'um bo'num). [L. : sum- 
mum, ueut. of summus, highest (see sum 1 ); tto- 
nitin, neut. of bonus, good: see 6oHi(S.] The 
chief or highest good. 
sumnert (sum'ner), . An obsolete form of 
ttitmuioner. 
Sumner's method. In ('., the method of 
finding a ship's position at sea by the projec- 
