syllable 
In this w..rd Idayly) tile Ills! nillnl/lf for Mo vmlilll :tn,l 
sharjir .H i ' iitr- ,-,ikr to tir alwayes long, tilt; second for 
his flat iicccntH sake to IM :i] v\ :m -^ -.hurt. 
full, nlanii, Arte of Kng. Poenle, p. 87. 
2. Ill iiiii.ti<; our of I In- nrbitttirv (oiiilmiiitinn- 
of eonsoimiil* and vowrls used In solini/.atioii. 
- 3. TllC least rXplVSMOll 111" hllltfllajir HI' 
thought ; a pnrticl> . 
srili, Knorh. Noah .>rrn, \ hi ;ih:nri, .loi, mill the rest 
that livi'il lirfurr iiny *iiU/rltl<' of ttu- law of Ood was written, 
itiit they nut sin an much an wu do in every action nut 
ciimnianded? -, Ecclcs. Polity, II. 4. 
I iiiitrk you tu u HifUoltlt- ; you say 
iln- fault was his, not yours. 
h'rd, five's Macrihrr \ i 
Aretlnian. Belgian, flxed, homophonous syllables. 
see tlie adjectives. - Ouldonlan syllables. same as 
A retinian tyllabletf. 
syllable (sil'a-bl), r.; prt-t. and pp. 
pin-, xyllabliHg. [Formrrly \*t>.iitltihle; < ME. 
sitiibli-H ; < syllable, n.'\ I. Iraux. 1. To divide 
into syllables. 
A Is the Frensh slaltYs rilabUil be 
M<ire breueloker and shorter also 
Then Is the English lines vntu see, 
That eoniiiei iK'ii'li il hi <m [one] may lines to [two], 
/.. nf I'artenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 8681. 
2. To pronounce syllable by. syllable ; articu- 
late; utter. 
Aery tongues that syllable men's names 
(in sands, and shores, ami depart wildernesses. 
Mittnil, I'tunns, 1. 208. 
II. iiitrnii/i. To speak. 
She stood . . . mjllaMing thus, "Ah, Lyclus bright ! 
Anil will you leave me on the hills alone?" 
Keats, Lamia, i. 
syllabled(sil'a-bld),n. [<yllabie + -e<W.] Hav- 
ing syllables: generally used in compounds: as, 
a four-syllabled word. 
Sirach (as we will call the book) consists of e\e\i-Bytla- 
bletl verses. The Academy, Feb. 15, 1890, p. 119. 
syllable-name (sil'a-bl-nam), . In music, the 
name given in solmization to a given tone : op- 
posed to letter-name. 
syllable-stumbling (sira-bl-stum'bling), . 
Stuttering; a difficulty of a spasmodic charac- 
ter in pronouncing particular syllables. 
syllabling (sira-bTing), u. [Verbal n. of sylla- 
ble, t'.j The act or process of forming into syl- 
lables; syllabication; utterance; articulation. 
The charge Is proved against the guilty in high and in 
low places, unless indeed words be but empty air, and 
sinless, therefore, the mere syllabling* of sedition. 
Noetet Ambrotianx, Feb., 1882. 
ISlL':: 
nil-hull other IHTSOIIS or things to which it does 
not apply properly or strictly. This figure includes 
zeugma and also the fisttu of words in two senses at once 
the literal ami the metaphorical, as in the following pas- 
sage, where the word ann-trr is used In both senses : "The 
jmlu'iiieni. of the Lord are true and righteous altoge- 
thei ; . . . sweeter also than honey and the honey-comb." 
(I's. xix. i), 10.) Also sometimes used as equivalent to 
gyneniit. 
If such want be in sundric clauses, and of sellerall con- 
gruitles or sence, and the supply be made to seme them 
all. It Is by the ngure OMrim*, whom for that respect we 
rull tin- [double supplie|. 
l'(iti,-iil,nm, Arte of Eug. I'oesle, p. 1:17. 
(6) A figure by which one word is referred to 
another in the sentence to which it does not 
grammatically belong, as the agreement of a 
verb or an adjective with one rather than an- 
other of two nouns with cither of which it 
might agree: as, rrj rt rrgiim li'iih. 
sylleptic isi-lcp'tik), a. [< xyiii/m-- < i'i>i-) + 
-ie.] 1. Containing or of the nature of syllep- 
sis. In//>. I 'at. 2. Explaining the words of 
Scripture so as not to conflict with modern 
science. 
sylleptical (si-lep'ti-kal), a. [< xylli-i>tir + -til.] 
Same us nyllcptic. ////. Did. 
sylleptically (si-lep'ti-kal-i). </r. By way of 
syllepsis. Iiiijt. Diet. 
syller, . Sec .v///r. 
SyllidSB (sil'i-de), . ;/. [NL., < Nylli* + -idee..] 
A family of errant marine worms, typified by 
the genus tiyllis, and containing also the genera 
(rritbea, Dujardinia, and Rrhmanliti. Among these 
worms both sexed and sexless forms occur ; and such het - 
eromorphlsiu Is associated with a mode of propagation 
by the spontaneous division of an asexual Individual into 
two or more parts, which may severally become sexual per- 
sons. Many of the species are phosphorescent. See cut 
under Autolyttt*. 
syllidian (si-lid'i-an). . A worm of the family 
.sy/i</. 
Syllis (sil'is), n. [NL. (Savigny).] A genus 
of polychaetous annelids, typical in some sys- 
tems of the family Syllidse. A utolytus is a syno- 
nym. 
sylloge (sil'o-ge), ii. [< Gr. cmXXojtf, a gather- 
ing, summary (cf. <Ti'/./ojof, an assembly, con- 
course), < avttoYlfeiv, gather together: see syllo- 
gism.] A collection. 
Of the documents belonging to the later period a very 
comprehensive though not quite complete yUixjf is given. 
Encye.BrU., XIII. 131. 
syllogisation, syllogise, etc. See 
tion, etc. 
syllabub (sil'a-bub), . Same as xillibub. syllogism (sil'o-jizm), . [Formerly also sitto- 
syllabus (sil'a-bus), n.; pi. syllabuses, syllabi 1"'. nMogume; < ME. sMogisme, siloyuinie, < 
(-bus-ez, -bi). [= P. syllabus, < L/L. syllabus, < 
9~CZI* ~\. 
LGr. *9tiU/JSf, a taking together, a collection, 
title of a book,< Gr. avM.a/i[iAvt:tv, take together: 
see syllable. ] 1 . A compendium containing the 
heads of a discourse, the main propositions of 
a course of lectures, etc.; an abstract; a table 
of statements contained in any writing, of a 
scheme of lessons, or the like. 
All these blessings put into one fyttabug have given to 
baptism many honourable appellatives in Scripture and 
other divine writers. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), 1. 122. 
Turning something difficult in his mind that was not 
in the scholastic yllab\tg. 
Didetiu, Our Mutual Friend, IL 11. 
2. In the Kom. Calk. ('A., a summary statement 
and enumeration of the points decided by an 
act or decree of ecclesiastical authority; spe- 
cifically, a catalogue formulating eighty here- 
sies condemned by Pope Pius IX. in 1864, an- 
nexed to the encyclical letter Quanta Cura. 
See the quotation. 
It* full title Is : A Syllalnu, containing the Principal 
Errors of our Times, which are noted in the Consistorial 
Allocutions, in the Encyclicals, and in other Apoatolleal 
Letters of our Most Holy Lord, Pope Plus IX. ... It Is 
divided into ten sections. The first condemns pantheism, 
naturalism, and absolute rationalism ; the second, mod- 
erate rationalism ; the third, Inditferentism and latitudi- 
narianism : the fourth, socialism, communism, secret so- 
cieties, Bible societies, and other "pests of this descrip- 
tion" ; the fifth, errors concerning the Church and her 
rights ; the sixth, errors concerning civil society ; the sev- 
enth, errors of natural and Christian ethics ; the eighth, 
errors concerning Christian marriage ; the ninth, errors 
concerning the temporal power of the pope ; the tenth, 
errors of modern liberalism. Among the errors con- 
demned are the principles of civil and religious liberty, 
and the separation of church and State. 
7'. Hehaf, ill Johnson's Univ. Cyc., IV. 688. 
^SyTL 1. Compendium, Epitmne. See abridgment, 
Syllepsis (si-lep'sis), . [= K. .<i///ryu,r, < L. 
iill<-)uiiii, < Gr. ai'Mipliif, a taking or putting 
together, comprehension, < aiMafijidvfiv, take 
together: see syllable.'] In rhft. and groin.: 
(a) A figure by which a word is used in the 
same passage both of the person to whom or the 
lliinir to wliic'li it properly applies, and also to 
OP. syllogisme, xillogimne, P. syllogwme = 8p. 
Mogismo = Pg. syllogismo = It. sillogismo, gifo- 
gixHio, < L. syllogism us, < Gr. ay/Jj>-yiafi6^, a reck- 
oning all together, a reasoning, a conclusion, 
< or/'Joj'ifEoftji, bring together premises, infer, 
conclude, < avv, together, + /afifraOai, reason, < 
Myof, word, something spoken : see Logos.] 1. 
A logical formula consisting of two premises 
and a conclusion alleged to follow from them, 
in which a term contained in both premises 
disappears: but the truth of neither the prem- 
ises nor the conclusion is necessarily asserted. 
This definition includes the modvt poneng (which see, 
under modtu), the formula of which is that from the fol- 
lowing from an antecedent of a consequent, together with 
the antecedent, follows the consequent. This depends 
upon two principles first, the principle of identity, that 
anything follows from itself; and, secondly, the principle 
that to say that from A it follows that from B follows C 
is the same as to say that from A and B follows C. Under 
the former principle comes the formula that the follow- 
ing from an antecedent of a consequent follows from itself, 
and this, according to the second principle, is identical 
with the principle of the rnrxfu* ponenf. Bat the syllo- 
gism is often restricted to those formnlie which embody 
the nota notfe (or maxim, nota w.ttt est nitta rei tptn'tw), 
which may be stated under the form from the following 
of anything from a consequent follows the following of 
the same thing from the antecedent of that consequent. 
Under this form it is the principle of contraposition. The 
simplest possible of such syllogisms is like this : Enoch 
was a man ; hence, since being mortal is a consequence of 
being a man, Enoch was mortal. All syllogisms except 
the modvt poneitt involve this principle. A syllogism 
which involves only this principle, and that in the sim- 
plest and directest manner, like the last example, is called 
a tylloatem in Barbara. In such a syllogism the premise 
enunciating a general rule is called the major premite, 
while that which subsumes a case under that rule is called 
the minor premixe. A syllogism whose cogency depends 
only upon what is within the domain of consciousness is 
called an explicatory (or analytic) n/tlogitm. A syllogism 
which supposes (though only problematically) a generaliz- 
ing character in nature Is called an ampiiatirr(or nynHietic) 
fyUogitm. (See explicative inference (under \t\ferenct\ and 
iiitluctitm, 5.) Analytic syllogisms are either necessary or 
probable. Necessary syllogisms are either non-relative or 
relative. Non-relative syllogisms are either categorical 
or hypothetical, but that is a trifling distinction. They 
are also either direct or Indirect. A direct syllogism is 
one which applies the principle of contraposition in a 
direct and simple manner. An Indirect syllogism is either 
syllogism 
minor or major. A miiioi imlireet *yltoJMu is oneMliirh 
from tllu major |.leiui<< of a din el ior le- indirect) syl- 
logism and a consequence whleh would follow fi< 
om'liiMiim infers that the same conse.jnt m.- unuM fol 
low from the minor premise. The following i- an ev 
ample: All men ;uv mort:il ; In. i l.hjiili w< i< 
mortal, the Bible errs; hence, If l.noeh and l.hjah 'i' 
men, the f'.ihle err*. A major indirect syllogism i- <>n<- 
uhii'h from tin minor pn-iuisr of another Mvllogifcin and 
a conei|iii'ncr fi Hie <on, ]ii-ion infers that the same 
thing would follow from the major premise. Example 
All patriarchs are men ; but if all patriarchs die, the Kihl, 
em ; hence. If all men die, the bible errs. Such Inver- 
sions may be much complicated : thus, No one translated 
is mortal ; hut If no mortals go to heaven, I am much 
mistaken : hence, if all who go to heaven are translated. 
1 am mm h mistaken. To say that from a pro|K>sition It 
would follow that I err when 1 know 1 am nuht would 
amount to denying that proposition, and, conversely, to 
ih nt it positively would amount to saying that. If it were 
true, I should be wrong when I know I am right. A de- 
nial is thus the precise logical equivalent of that conse- 
auence. An indirect syllogism In which the contraposi- 
on involves such a consequence is said to be of the sec- 
ond or third figure, according as its Indirection ls of the 
minor or major kind. The fourth figure, admitted by 
some logicians, depends upon cuntrtpmitlon of the same 
sort, bat more complicated, like the last example. The 
first figure comprises, in some sects of logic, the direct 
syllogism only; In others, the direct syllogisms together 
with those which are otherwise assigned to the fourth 
figure. (See Jlyure, 9.) The nsmes of the different varie- 
ties, called nutodi of tyllogim, are given by Petrus His 
panus In these hexameters: 
Barbara: Celarent: Darll: Ferio: Barallpton: 
Celantes: Dabltis: Fapesmo: FrUesomorum. 
Cesare : Camestres : Festino : Baroco : Oaraptl : 
Kelapton: Dlsamls: Datlsl : Bocardo: Ferison. 
(See these words, and mood*, '>.) Probable deductive syl- 
logisms are really direct statistical inferences (which see, 
under inference). The following is an example : In the 
African race there are more female than male births ; t In- 
colored children under one year of age in the United States 
at the time of the census of 1880 form a random sample 
of births of Africans ; hence, there should be more females 
than males under one year of age among the colored pop- 
ulation of the United States in 1880. The conditions of 
the validity of such a syllogism are two : first the char- 
acter forming the major term (here that of the relative 
numbers of females and males) must be taken at random 
that is, it must not be one which is likely to be sub- 
ject to peculiar uniformities which could affect the con- 
clusion ; second, the minor term, or sample taken, must 
be numerous and a random sample that is. not likely to 
be of a markedly different character from that which is 
general In the class sampled. The conclusion Is probable 
and approximate that is, the larger the sample is the 
smaller will be the probable error of the predicted ratio. 
Synthetical or ampliative syllogisms are Indirect probable 
syllogisms. The major indirect probable syllogism is In- 
duction (which see). The following is an example: The 
colored children under one year of age in the United States 
in 1881* form a random sample of births of Africans ; but 
if there ought to have been more males than females 
among those children, the colored population of the 
United States is very different from the bulk of Africans : 
hence, if In the African race in general there are more 
male than female births, the colored population of the 
United States is very different from the bulk of Africans. 
It must be remembered that an observation of a ratio is 
never exact, but merely admits some values and excludes 
others ; its denial excludes the former, and admits the 
latter. The denial of a statistical rule Is thus itself a 
statistical rule; and hence such forms as the following 
are indirect probable syllogisms : American colored chil- 
dren under one year of age in 1880 form a sample of Afri- 
can births ; among these the females are In excess ; hence, 
in African births generally the females are probably in 
excess. The minor indirect probable syllogism is hypo- 
thetic inference. (See hypoUutit, 4.) Relative syllogisms 
are those which involve other than merely transitive 
relations. These were first studied by De Morgan, and 
afterward by an American logician, but were involved 
In much difficulty until another American student, O. H. 
Mitchell, furnished in 1882 the clue to their nnravelment. 
Every relative syllogism has at its core a non-relative syl- 
logism, hut this is generalized in a peculiar way namely, 
every relative term refers to two or more universes, which 
may be coextensive, or may be entirely unlike as uni- 
verses of material things, of space, of time, of qualities, 
etc. A relative proposition refers to some or all of each 
of several universes, and the order of the reference is 
material. (See proponiKoii, 3.) Transpositions, identifica- 
tions, and diversifications are performed upon principles 
now clearly made out. An important circumstance In 
regard to relative syllogism is that the same premise may 
be repeatedly introduced with new effect. Among rela- 
tive syllogisms are comprised all the elements of mathe- 
matical reasoning, especially the Fermatlan inference, 
the syllogism of transposed quantity, and the peculiar 
reasoning of the differential calculus. 
Many times, when she wol make 
A fulle good nlogisme, I drede 
That afttrward there shall indede 
Follow an cvell conclusions 
Kom, ufthe Rote, L 4457. 
The doctrine of tyUoyigm* comprehendeth the rules of 
Judgment upon that which Is invented. 
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 
2. Deductive or explicatory reasoning as op- 
posed to induction and hypothesis: a use of the 
term which has been common since Aristotle. 
Allow some principles or axioms were rightly induced, 
yet nevertheless certain it is that middle propositions can- 
not be deduced from them in subject of nature by tyllo- 
!ri*m that Is, by touch and reduction of them to principles 
In a middle term. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, Ii. 
Affirmative syllogism, a syllogism the conclusion of 
which is an affirmative proposition Apodictic lyllo- 
