Synetherinse 
tsjil prehensile and all four feet four-toed : so 
named (after Syuetherina of Gervais, 1852) by 
J. A. Allen in 1877. Also called Spltiiiguriii/e 
and Cercolabinse. 
synetherine (si-ueth'e-rin), a. and 11. I. a. Of 
or pertaining to the Synet/ieriiue ; sphingurine; 
cercolabine. 
II. n. A synethere. 
Syngamidae (sin-gam'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Syn- 
gaiiiHS + -f'fte.] A family of nematoid worms, 
typified by the genus Syngamus. 
Syngamus (sing'ga-mus), . [NL. (Siebold), < 
Gr. aiv, together, '+ fa/iof, marriage.] In Ver- 
mes, a genus of nematoids or strongyles, be- 
longing to the family Strongylidse, or made type 
of the Syngamidee: same as Sclerostoma, 1. 
They infest various animals. S. trachealis 
causes in fowls the disease called gapes. 
Syngenesia (sin-je-ne'si-a), n. pi. [NL., (. Gr. 
civ, together, + -yeveaif, "generation. Cf. syn- 
genesis,] The nineteenth class of plants in 
the sexual system of Linnseus, the Compositse 
of the natural system, the name alluding to 
their united anthers, which thence are now 
called syngenesious. There are, according to him, 6 
orders, namely Polygamia scqualia, Polygamia superflua, 
Polyyamia fntstranea, Polyyamia necewaria, Polyyamia 
seyrei/ata, and ifonogamia. The thistle, tansy, daisy, south- 
ernwood, sunflower, and marigold are examples. See Com- 
posttse, and cut under gtamen. 
syngenesian (sin-je-ne'shan), a. [< Syngenesia 
+ -an.'] In bot., of or pertaining to the class 
Syngenesia. 
syngenesious (sin-je-ne'shus), a. [As Syngene- 
sia + -ous.~\ 1. In bot., united by the edges in- 
to a ring, as the 
anthers of Com- 
positse, etc. ; 
also (said of 
stamens or of 
flowers), having 
the anthers so 
united. 2. In 
ornith., syndac- 
tyl, as the foot 
of a kingfisher. 
See cut under 
gyndactyl. 
syngenesis (sin- 
}en ' e - sis), n. 
[NL., < Gr. avv, 
together, + yive- 
air, generation.] 
Reproduction in which a male and a female take 
part, one furnishing spermatozoa and the other 
an ovum, so that the substance of the embryo is 
actually derived from both parents. This is the 
rule, perhaps without exception, in sexual generation, and 
opposes the view of the spermists, that the embryo comes 
from the male element, for the development of which the 
female furnishes only the nidus, and that of the ovulists, 
that the embryo is derived entirely from the female, the 
male principle affording only the requisite stimulus to 
development. As a doctrine or theory, one form of syn- 
genesis supposes every germ to contain the germs of all 
generations to come, and is opposed to epiytiiesis. 
The theory of syngenesis, which considers the embryo to 
be the product of both male and female, is as old as Em- 
pedocles. G. II. Leices, Aristotle, p. 363. 
Growth, therefore, was, on this hypothesis [of Button's], 
a process partly of simple evolution, and partly of what 
has been termed syityettfyis. Huxley, Evol. in Biol. 
syngenetic (sin-je-net'ik), a. [< syngenesis, af- 
ter genetic.] Reproduced by means of both 
parents, male and female ; of or pertaining to 
syngenesis: as, a syngenetic process; a synge- 
netic theory. 
Syngeneticeaa (sin"je-ne-tis'e-e), n. pi. [NL. : 
see sijngenctic.'} A small fami'ly of phseosporous 
algte of doubtful nature, embracing two genera 
Hydrurus, with a slimy filamentous thallus 
a foot long, growing in fresh running water, 
and Chromopliyton, which is epiphytic within 
the cells of Sphagnum and other aquatic mosses. 
syngenite (sin'je-mt), n. [So called because 
related to polykalitc ; < Gr. avyycvf/c, born with, 
congenital, < aiv, with, + ylyveaBai, be born.] A 
hydrous sulphate of calcium and potassium, oc- 
curring in monoclinic crystals which are color- 
less or milky-white. It is found in cavities in 
rock-salt at Kalusz in Galicia, Austria-Hun- 
gary. Also called kalnszite. 
Syngnatha(sing'na-thii), . pi [NL. (Latreille, 
1802), < Gr. aisv, together, + }>>oft>f, jaw.] An 
order of myriapods, the carnivorous centipeds ; 
the Chilopoda: so called from the conformation 
of the mouth-parts in comparison with Chilog- 
nutha. 
Syngnathi (sing'na-thl), n. pi [NL.. pi. of 
SyngnaOuts, q. v.] IB iel<tli.,u suborderof loplio- 
Syngenesious Flowers of Sentcio Jacobxa 
i, floret, magnified ; z, section of floret, 
magnified. 
6136 
branch fishes having a fistulous snout and no 
ventral fins, as the pipe-fishes, sea-horses, and 
related forms. See Hippocampidse, Syngnath- 
idx. 
Syngnathidae (sing-nath'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Syiii/iiatlius + -idx.~\ A family of lophobran- 
chiate fishes, typified by the genus SyngHaOms, 
to which different limits have been assigned, 
(o) In the earlier systems, including the sea-horses or 
Hippocampiilse with the true Syngnathidse. (b) In (Jill's 
system of classification, limited to those pipe fishes which 
have the body long and straight and the tail not prehen- 
sile, thus excluding the Hippocampidse. See cut under 
pipe-fish. 
syngnathoid (sing'na-thoid), a. and n. [< Syng- 
natlius + -aid.'] I. a. Pertaining to the Syny- 
natliidse, or having their characters. 
II. n. A fish of the family SyngnatJiidse. 
syngnathqus (sing'na-thus), a. [< NL. *syng- 
nti tints, adj., < Gr. oi'v, together, + -yvdSof, jaw.] 
1. In Myriapoda, of or pertaining to the Syng- 
iiatha; chilopod, as a centiped. 2. In ichtli., 
having the jaws united and drawn out into a 
tubular snout, at the end of which is the mouth ; 
of or pertaining to the Syngnaihidse. 
Syngnathus (sing'na-thus), n. [NL. (Artedi, 
1738; Linnaeus): see syngnaflious.] A genus 
of fishes, typical of the family Syngnathidse. 
It originally included all the species of the modern fami- 
lies Syngnathidx and Hippocampidse, but it is now re- 
stricted to about 30 species of the former family. See 
cut under pipe-fish. 
syngonidium (sing-go-nid'i-um), .; pi. syngo- 
iiidia (-a). [NL., < Gr. evv, together, + NL. 
gonidium, q. v.] In hot., a platygonidium ; an 
agglomeration of gonidia connected together 
by a membrane. 
Syngonieae (sing-go-m'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. 
Engler, 1887), < Syngonium + -ex.] A subtribe 
of plants, of the order Aracese and tribe Colo- 
canioidex, consisting of two American genera, 
Syngouium (the type) and Porpliyrospatha. 
syngonimium (sing-go-nim'i-um), n. ; pi. syngo- 
nimia (-a). [NL., < 'Gr. avv, together, + NL. 
gonimiuin, a. v.] In l>ot., an agglomeration of 
gonimia. See gonimium, gonidium. 
Syngonium ( sing-go 'ni-um), 11. [NL. (Schott, 
1820), so called from the united fruit; < Gr. 017- 
yovof, born together, cognate, < avv, together, + 
yiyveadai, be born.] A genus of monoeotyledo- 
noiis plants, of the order Aracese, type of the 
subtribe Syngoiiiex. It is characterized by a climb- 
ing shrubby stem, stamens connate into a prismatic body, 
and coherent ovaries with anatropous basilar ovules soli- 
tary in their one or two cells. The fruit is a mucilagi- 
nous syncarp, composed of coalescent berries with black 
obovoid seeds without albumen, and mainly composed of 
the large embryo. There are about 10 species, natives of 
tropical America, from the West Indies and Mexico to 
Brazil. They are irregular climbers, rooting at the nodes, 
and there bearing long-stalked leaves, the earlier arrow- 
shaped, the later three- to nine-divided. The flowers are 
produced on a monoecious spadix.thestaminate part club- 
shaped and much longer, borne in a still longer spathe, 
which consists of an ovoid persistent tube and a shell- 
shaped, finally reflexed, and deciduous upper section. 
S. auritum, long cultivated under the name Caladium, is 
known in Jamaica as fivefinger, from its five- parted leaves. 
syngrapn (siug'graf ), n. [< L. amtgrqpka, < Gr. 
av)-)'pail>>/, a written contract, a bond, a cove- 
nant, < m;; j'pdtof, note down, draw up (a con- 
tract, etc.), < aiv, together, + ypdfaiv, write.] 
A writing signed by both or all the parties to 
a contract or bond. 
I went to court this evening, and had much discourse 
with Dr. Basiers, one of his Majesty's chaplains, the greate 
traveller, who shew'd me the synyraphg and original sub- 
scriptions of divers Eastern Patriarchs and Asian Churches 
to our Confession. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 29, 1662. 
synidrosis (sin-i-drp'sis), 11. [NL., < Gr. avv, 
with, together, + <<Sp<jf, sweat, perspiration.] 
A concurrent sweating. 
Synistatat(sin-is-ta'ta), n.pl. [NL. (Fabricius, 
1775), irreg. < Gr. awiaT(avai), set together (see 
system), + -ofa 2 .] A division of insects with 
biting mouth-parts, containing those whose 
maxilleB are connate with the labium, and cor- 
responding in part to the Neuroptera. 
synizesis (sin-i-ze'sis), n.; pi. syntheses (-sez). 
[< L. synizesis, < Gr. avvi&aif, a collapse, a con- 
traction of two vowels into one, < avvi&veiv, col- 
lapse, shrink up, < c'w, together, -f- t^avctv, set- 
tle down, sink in, < l^fiv, seat, place, sit down.] 
1. In med., closure of the pupil ; an obliteration 
of the pupil of the eye, causing a total loss of 
vision. 2. In gram., the combination into one 
syllable of two vowels that would not form a 
diphthong. 
synnett, . Same as sennet 1 . 
synneurosist (sin-nu-ro'sis), . [NL., < Gr. avv- 
mbpuaif, a joining, union by sinews, < aim, to- 
gether, + vevpw, a sinew, tendon, nerve : see 
nerre."] In anat., connection of parts, as mov- 
Synocil of a Sponge (highly magnified, 
in section). 
sy, synocil : t, an undifierentiated tissue- 
cell ; f, multipolar ganglion-cells. 
synod 
able joints, by means of ligaments: same as 
ni/ndi:i>lli>Kis. [The word belongs, like aponeurosii, to a 
nomenclature in which nerve was not distinguished from 
sinew, tendon, or ligament.] 
synocha (sin'o-kji), . [NL., fern. (sc. fcbris, 
fever) of synochits, continued: see syiiochus.~] 
A continued fever. 
synochal (sin'o-kal), a. [< synocha + -of.] In 
iiifd., of or pertaining to synocha Synochal 
fever. Same as synocha. 
synochoid (siu'6-koid), a. [< synoclms + -old.'] 
Of the nature of or resembling synoehus Syn- 
ochoid fever. See/cuerl. 
synoehus (sin'o-kus), n. [NL., < Gr. abvoxPC, 
joined together, continued, < awtx ca >> n ld to- 
gether, in pass, be continuous, < avv, together, 
+ exeiv, hold.] A continued fever. 
synocil (sin'o-sil), H. [< Gr. avv, with, + -o- + 
NL. cil(ium), on model of cnidoeil.'] A fila- 
mentous forma- 
tion of certain 
sponges, sup- 
posed to be a 
sense-organ, per- 
haps of the na- 
ture of an eye. It 
consists of a collec- 
tion of multipolar 
cells, each having 
one of the poles 
drawn out into a 
long filament, these 
filaments being bun- 
dled in a cylinder or 
narrow cone suggest- 
ing the rod-and-cone 
layer of the retina. 
R. von Lendenfeld. 
synocreate (si- 
nok're-at), a. [< 
Gr. ai'v, together, 
+ E. ocreate.] In 
bot., uniting together on the opposite side of 
the stem from the leaf, and inclosing the stem 
in a sheath: noting stipules so characterized. 
Compare ocrcate, 2. 
synod (sin'qd), n. [Early mod. E. also synodc, 
sinode; < F\ synode = Sp. sinodo = Pg. synodo 
= It. sinodo, < L. synodus, < Gr. ai-vofiof, a com- 
ing together,, an assembly, meeting, synod, < 
avv, together, + <5<iof, way, road. Cf . exode, exo- 
dus.'} 1. An assembly of ecclesiastics or other 
church delegates duly convoked, pursuant to 
the law of the church, for the discussion and 
decision of ecclesiastical affairs; an ecclesias- 
tical council. Synods or councils are of five kinds- 
ecumenical, general, national, provincial, and diocesan. 
For definition of their several characteristics, see coun- 
cil, 7. 
Why should you have a Synod, when you have a Convo- 
cation already, which is a Synod? 
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 108. 
Twice a year, in accordance with the canonical institu- 
tions of Christian antiquity, had it been ordered of old in 
an English Council that every bishop and his priests should 
meet together in synod; the common form of proceeding 
which was used in these early clerical gemotes is believed 
to be still extant It. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xix. 
They [the bishops] had large estates which they held of 
the king, seats in the national council, preeminence in the 
national synod, and places in the general councils of the 
church. Stubbs, Const. Hist., 378. 
Specifically 2. In Presbyterian churches, the 
court which ranks above the presbytery, and 
either is subordinate to a general assembly (as 
in most of the larger denominations) or is it- 
self the supreme court of the church. In the for- 
mer case the presbyteries of the whole church are grouped 
into synods, each of which comprises all the parishes or 
congregations of a particular district. The members of 
the synod are in most cases the members of all the pres- 
byteries within its bounds ; but in some churches the court 
is composed of delegates from the presbyteries. 
3. A meeting, convention, or council. 
Had a parliament 
Of fiends and furies in a synod sat, 
And devis'd, plotted, parlied, and contriv'd, 
They scarce could second this. 
IJeyvmod, Fair Maid of the West (Works, ed. 1874, II. 350). 
Well have ye judged, well ended long debate, 
Synod of gods ! MUton, P. L., ii. 391. 
4. In astron., a conjunction of two or more 
planets or stars. 
To the blanc moon 
Her office they prescribed ; to the other five 
Their planetary motions and aspects, 
In sextile, square, or trine, and opposite. 
Of noxious efficacy, and when to join 
In synod unbenign. Milton, P. L., x. 661. 
Holy Governing Synod (of all the Russias), a synod 
which is the highest ecclesiastical authority in the Rus- 
sian Church. It consists of several metropolitans and 
other prelates and officials the chief procurator of the 
synod representing the czar. It was instituted by Peter 
the Great in 1721, to supply the place of the patriarch 
of Moscow. The last patriarch had died about 1700, and 
Peter would not allow the appointment of a successor, 
