taxin 
It Is slightly soluble in water, dissolves easily In alei.ln.l, 
ether, and dilute aeids, and is precipitated in white bulky 
flocks from the aeid solutions liy alkalis, 
taxine (tak'sin), n. [< TUSH*- + -/<'.] Of or 
pertainino; to the genus THSHX or the Tiu'in-i n: 
The debris of fosslltoa-tw woods, mineralised after long 
maceration ill water. IMnnum, IJeoI. Hist, of Plants, p. -JL'. 
Taxineae (tak-sin'e-G), n. pi. [NL. (L. C. Ki.-h- 
ard, IH'JG), < Tturiix + -iimi:] 1. Same as Tn.r- 
iiri:-r. 2. Same as TtiSf.T. litirlirl. 
taxing-district (tak'sing-dis'trikt), M. Seerft.v- 
taxing-master (tak'sing-mas ter), w. An of- 
ficer of a court of law who examines bills of 
i-osts and allows or disallows charges. 
taxis (tak'sis), H. [= F. liisix, < Gr. Taj-if, an 
orderly arrangement, order, < Taaaetv, set in or- 
der, arrange : BOO tactic.} 1. In surg., an oper- 
ation by which parts which have quitted their 
natural situation are replaced by manipula- 
tion, as in reducing hernia, etc. 2. In anc. 
arch., that disposition which assigns to every 
part of a building its just dimensions. It is 
synonymous with tirdonnancc in modern archi- 
tecture. 3. In llr. unlit/., a division of troops 
corresponding more or less closely to the mod- 
ern battalion; also, a larger division of an 
army, as a regiment or a brigade. 4. In :<>!.. 
classification; taxonomy; taxology. 5. In 
gram, and rliet., arrangement; order. 
The double taxis (grammatical and logical) of the Latin. 
Amer. Jour. Philol., VI. 381. 
Taxites (tak-si'tez), n. [NL., < Taxus + -ites.~\ 
In tjeol., a generic name given by Brongniart to 
fossil leaves and stems resembling, and sup- 
posed to be closely related to, the living ge- 
nus Taxtts. Various fragments of fossil plants have been 
described as Taxitex, chiefly from the Tertiary: some of 
these are now referred to Sequoia, and in regard to all or 
most of them there is considerable uncertainty. 
taxless (taks'les), a. [< tax + -less.] Free 
from taxes; untaxed. 
If, Tithe-less, Tax-less, Wage-less, Right-less, I 
Haue eat the Crop, or cam rd the Owners die. 
Sylvester, Job Triumphant, Hi. 
taxman (taks'man), . A collector of taxes. 
The Atlantic, LXYlI. 434. [Rare.] 
Taxodiese (tak-so-di'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (Parla- 
tore, 18G4), < Taxodium + -ca.] The name used 
by De Candolle for a tribe of conifers, nearly 
the same as the subtribe now known as Taxo- 
dinse. Bentham and Hooker (1880), retaining the name 
Taxodiea, altered the tribe by excluding the genera Cun- 
iifn : iliiimiii and Sciadopityi and by including Cephaln- 
taxus; and in this form the tribe coincides with the Taxo- 
itinnr of Goebel (1882), except that the latter excludes 
Cephalutaxus. 
Taxodinse (tak-so-di'ne), n. pi. [NL. (A. W. 
Eichler, 1887), < taxodium + -inse.] A subtribe 
of conifers, classed under the tribe Abietinete, 
and including 12 species, belonging to 7 genera, 
differing widely both in characters and in lo- 
cality, some of them among the most remark- 
able of all known trees. Several Inhabit Japan or 
China or both, as Glyptoflrobus, Including two small spe- 
cies, and Sciodopitys, Cunninghamio, and Cryptomeria, all 
monotyplc genera of lofty trees. A second group, of three 
species of small or middle-sized trees, the genus Athro- 
taxis, occurs in Tasmania and Victoria, The remaining 
or \orth American group consists of the two genera Tor-o- 
dium and Sequoia, each of two species, all attaining either 
an immense height or girth or both. See Taxodium (the 
type), also Sequoia, Sciadopit yx, and Cunninghamia. Com- 
pare Taxodiete. 
Taxodium (tak-so'di-um), n. [NL. (L. C. Rich- 
ard, 1810), < Gr. r<i<or, yew, + tlfof, form.] A 
genus of coniferous trees, of the tribe Abie- 
tinea, type of the subtribe Taxodinee. It is char- 
acterized by a globose or obovoid cone composed of scales 
with an entire margin, at the apex woody, dilated, and 
truncate, on the back umbonate or mucronate, and includ- 
ing the two irregularly three-angled seeds, which contain 
six to nine cotyledons. There are two species, natives of 
the United States and Mexico. They are loosely branched 
trees, bearing alter- 
nale, somewhat spi- 
rally set leaves, lin- 
ear anil spreading in 
two ranks, or small, 
appreased, and scale- 
like on the flower- 
ing branches. The 
slender leaf bearing 
brandies resemble 
pinnate leaves, and 
fall off in autumn 
like the leaves of the 
larch. The Mowers 
are monoecious, lioth 
sexes on the same 
branches, the stami- 
nate forming droop- 
ing spiked panicles, 
while the female 
form sessile globose 
ainents scattered 
singly or in pairs, and 
T-bandage 
closely crowded nilli spiially set scales, 'tile fruit Is a taXOnOHiy (Ink-soil Yl-llli). II. [Prop. /(/.//!.. i- 
hao! I..IIH.I cone, an Inch long, w llh its MT> thick angular Hl y. < [-\ (us,,,,,,,,,,, . /,;., hnniiii. :i lid prop, tiu unill- 
iiiii; < <ir. rii;if. orderly arrangement, -f , 
distribute, dispense, arrange, > i '"/'"! . a law.] 
The laws ami principles of taxology. or their 
appli'-al i'.n I" I In- classifying of oojectn of nat- 
ural history; that department of M-ienee which 
treats of classification ; the practice of classi- 
fying according to certain principle-.. 
The systematic statement ami generalization of the 
facUof Morphology, In such a manner as to arrange liv- 
ing beings In groups according to tin it .1. _]"- of like- 
ness. Is Taxonomy. Huxley, Anat. Invert, p. 16. 
taxor (tak'sor), n. Same as taxer. S. Dutrrll, 
Taxes in England, I. '.Mi. 
taxpayer (taks'pa'er), w. One who is as- 
sessed and pays a tax or taxes.- Taxpayers' act, 
a statute In some" of tin- I'nlted States enabling a court 
of equity to enjoin malfeasance of municipal and town 
and county officers at suit of one or more taxpayers. 
Taxpayers' action, an action brought by one or more 
taxpayers to enjoin official malfeasance. 
tax-sale (taks'mll), . A sale of land by pub- 
lie authority for the non-payment of taxes as- 
se*scd thereon. 
Taxus (tak'sus), n. [NL. (Tournefort, 1700), 
< L. taxvs = Gr. rafof, a yew-tree.] A genus 
of conifers, the yews, type of the tribe Taxese 
and suborder Taxncrir. It Is characterized by most- 
ly dioecious flowers, the female solitary and consisting of 
a single erect ovule on a small annular disk, which soon 
becomes cup-shaped and fleshy, and finally forms a pulpy 
berry inclosing the seed, but free from it and open at the 
truncate apex. The small globular male flowers are soli- 
tary In the axils, surrounded by a few Imbricated scales, 
with a short stalked stamen-column, five to eight round- 
ish depressed and furrowed anthers, which become almost 
umbrella-shaped ami four- to six-lobed after maturlly, 
and bear three to eight cells connate Into a ring. The 
ripened seed Is hard, woody, and nut-like, somewhat vis- 
cous when fresh, and contains an embryo of two cotyle- 
dons. There are 6 or 8 species, by some considered all va- 
rieties of one. natives all of the northern hemisphere and 
widely dispersed. They are evergreen trees or shrubs, 
bearing short-petioled flat linear rigid leaves which are 
somewhat spirally inserted, but usually spread falcately 
into ranks. The genus Is remarkable for the great varia- 
tion within the same species, T. baccata, the yew, seldom 
exceeding 15 or 20 feet in height in England, but in the 
Himalayas becoming a naked trunk 30 feet high and often 
in In girth, its top reaching 70 or, it Is said, sometimes 100 
feet in height T. brerifolia is similarly a low shrub In 
Montana, but a stately tree sometimes 75 feet high near 
the Pacific. T. Canadensis, the ground-hemlock, formerly 
regarded as a variety of the British species, usually a pros- 
trate shrub, extends from New Jersey and Iowa northward, 
generally under evergreens. The other North American 
species, T. Floridana of West Florida and T. ijlobom at 
Mexico, are small trees, as are those of Japan, where T. 
cunpidata is cultivated and many curious varieties have 
been produced. The genus is similar to Taxodium in its 
slow growth, and remarkable for the great bulk attained 
by older trees, as the celebrated Ankernyke yew near 
stain. 's. In England, within sight of which the Magna 
Charta was signed, which is 27J feet In girth ; the Tisbury 
yew in Wilts, 37 feet ; and the Fortlngall yew In Perthshire, 
&6J ; the first of these was estimated by Asa Gray to be at 
least 1,100 years old, and the second 1,600. See yew, and 
compare hemlock-spruce. 
taya (ta'ya), ii. Same as tannier. 
tayel, See tad. 
taylet, and v. An old spelling of taifl, tail"*. 
taylort. " An obsolete spelling of tailor. 
Taylorism (ta'lor-izm), n. [< Taylor (see def.) 
+ -ism.'] A phase of New England Calvinism, 
deriving its name from Dr. N. W. Taylor of 
New Haven, Connecticnt (1786-1858). it was a 
modification of the earlier New England Calvinism, in that 
it insisted upon a renl freedom of the will, a natural ability 
of moral choice, and a distinction between depravity as a 
tendency to sin and sin itself, the latter consisting wholly 
in a voluntary choice of evil. It was sharply opposed to 
Tylerism. 
Puritan theology had developed in New England Into 
Edwardism, and then into Uopkinsianisin, Emmonsism, 
and Taylorism. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 700. 
Taylor machine-gun. See machine-gun. 
Taylor's theorem. See theorem. 
tayo i(ta'yo), M. [S. Amer.] A garment worn by 
Indians of South America, resembling an apron, 
sometimes consisting entirely of a deep fringe 
made of strings of beads, teeth, bones, etc. 
tayra, ". See taira. 
taysaam (ti'sam), n. An intermediate quality 
or Chinese raw silk, produced in the district of 
Nanking. 
taytt, See taifl. 
tazelt (ta'zl), M. An old spelling of tea:el. 
tazza (tat'sft), . [It., a cup, a bowl, = F. 
tasse, cup: see tass*.] 1. A shallow or sau- 
cer-shaped vessel mounted on a foot. 2. A 
saucer-shaped receptacle or bowl, as the bowl- 
part of the vessel defined above, or a larger 
group containing several different bowls. 
tazzlet, . Same as tea;el. 
T-bandage (te'ban'dSj), H. A bandage com- 
posed of two strips fastened in the shape of the 
letter T. 
[..Hate stalked si-ales gaping apart at malm it), but i 
Mot after the fall of the seeds, which are large, iblnlng, and 
'i.i i:n''-, .n s '.i ct.i ky "n Itic siirl:.- ""., f !i- LaM 
or red cypress of the I'nited States, Is characteristic of 
>. .111 hern's* amps heal' t lie sea-coast. occupying largr : 
to the exclusion of other trees, and extending otten into 
deep uahr around lake-margins. It occurs from Dela- 
ware to Texas, and also In the Mississippi and Ohio val- 
leys to Indiana and Illinois. It often reaches (great size, 
sometimes i. vi feet iii height and : :i in girth, and furnishes 
a valuable wood which Is soft, close, easily worked or split, 
and very durable, and Is much employed for cooperage, 
railway lien, fences, posts, and shingles. It Is almost 
indestructible in water or in contact with earth, but Is 
often injured, especially >ie>"iid tin- Mississippi, by a fun- 
gus, a species of U/eilalea. Two varieties arc distin- 
guished 1>y lumbermen the white cyiirms, with light- 
brown wood, and the black cypress, with (lark-brown 
harder and more durable wood, at first heavier than 
water ; the sap-wood of both Is nearly white. The tree is 
also the source of an essential oil, a superior turpentine, 
and a medicinal resin, and from the beauty of Its feathery 
foliage It Is valued for lawn cultivation. It Is especially 
remarkable for its habit, when growing underwater, of 
throwing up large smooth conical projections known as 
cypress-knees, commonly 2 (somellmes 7) feet high, cov- 
ered with reddish bark like the roots, and hollow, a* hi 
the base of the tree Itself. They are by some supposed to 
be aerating organs, by others to serve as braces to afford 
a stable lateral support in the yielding bottom, and liy 
others to be undeveloped or arrested tree-trunks. (C 
pare cypress-knee, knee, 3(d\ and cypress'.) The tree itself 
often rises out of water as a straight gray shaft 80 or 90 
feet high before dividing Into Its flat spreading top, I Is 
base ribbed by large projecting buttresses, each con- 
tinuous below with a strong and branching root, from hori- 
zontal branches of which the knees arise. The tree is 
also remarkable for its great longevity, growing rapidly 
at first, in cultivation sometimes adding an inch in diame- 
ter a year, but soon becoming as slow-growing as the yew, 
and adding only an inch in twelve to thirty years. The 
other species, T. mucronatttm, the Mexican cypress, or 
ahuehete, forms extensive forests in the Sierra Madre, at 
elevations from 4,000 to 9,000 feet, itself often reaching 
70 to 100 feet high, with longer and pendulous branchlets 
and more persistent greener leaves. It attains even a 
greater size and age than T. distichum; the celebrated 
cypress of Montezuma, in the gardens of Chapultepec, va- 
riously estimated from 700 to 2,000 years old, Is 41 to 45 
feet in girth and about 120 feet high ; one at Atllxco is 
about 70 feet, and another, near Oaxaca, 112 feet in girth ; 
the latter was estimated by A. de Candolle and Asa dray 
to be at least 4,000 years old. A third species, T. hetero- 
phyllum (for which see water-pine, under pinei\ is now 
separated as Olyptostrobut hettrophyllut, on account of its 
obovoid cone and stalked seeds. The genus Is of great 
antiquity geologically, being found in the Cretaceous and 
in great abundance in the Tertiary of nearly all parts of 
Taxoideae (tak-soi'de-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. W. 
Eichler, 1887), < Taxus + Gr. fi<5of, form, + -<VF.] 
1. A tribe of conifers, of the suborder Taxa- 
cese (the suborder Taxoidese of Eichler), dis- 
tinguished from Taxese, the other tribe within 
that suborder, by the absence of any brac- 
teoles around the ovules. It includes about :.i spe- 
cies, of 4 genera, two of which are monotypic, Saxe-gothiea, 
a small yew-like tree of Patagonia, and Microcaehrys, a 
prostrate shrub of Tasmania. For the others, see Podo- 
carpus and Dacrudium. The tribe as now received coin- 
cides with the Podocarpea of previous authors with the 
addition of Dacrydium. 
2. Eichler's second suborder of conifers, the 
same as the Taxacea, and including Eichler's 
tribes Taxoideas and Taxese. 
taxology (tak-sol'o-ji), n. [Prop. * taxiology ; < 
Gr. raf /c, order, arrangement, < raaativ, arrange, 
+ -foyia, < Uyuv, speak: see -oloyy.] The sci- 
ence of arrangement or classification ; what is 
known of taxonomy. 
taxonomer (tak-son'o-mer), n. [< taxonom-y + 
-er l .~\ Ataxonomist! A. Newton, Encyc. Brit., 
XVIII. 4. 
taxonomic (tak-so-nom'ik), a. [< taxonom-y + 
-ic.] Pertaining' to taxonomy; classificatory ; 
systematic or methodical, as an arrangement 
of objects of natural history in order: as, taxo- 
tiomie views; the taxonomic rank of a group. 
If ... the student will attend to the facts which con- 
stitute the subject-matter of classifications, rather than to 
the modes of generalizing them which are expressed in 
taxonomic systems he will find that, however divergent 
these systems may be, they have a great deal in common. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 681. 
taxonomical (tak-so-nom'i-kal),n. [< taxonom- 
ic + -al.] Same as taxonomic. Encyc. Brit., 
XXIV. 652. 
taxonomically (tak-so-nom'i-kal-i), ode. As 
regards taxonomy, or systematic classification. 
Science, XXIV. 147. 
taxonomist (tak-son'o-mist), n. [< taxonom-y + 
-tsf.] One who classifies objects of natural his- 
tory according to some system or approved 
scheme ; one who is versed in taxonomy. 
Our knowledge of the anatomy, and especially of the 
development, of the Invcrtebrata is increasing with such 
prodigious rapidity that the views of Taxonomigts In re- 
gard to the proper manner of expressing that knowledge 
by classification are undergoing, and for some tinu- I" 
come are likely to undergo, incessant modifications. 
' i, Anat. Invert., p. 561. 
