ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
.,ad] adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ice accusative. 
accuiu accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
a<lv adverb. 
AC Anglo-French. 
agri. agriculture. 
A I, Anglo- Latin. 
alt algebra. 
AOILT American. 
anat. anatomy. 
no. ancient. 
antlq antiquity. 
aor aortat 
appar apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch. architecture. 
arctuool archaeology. 
arith arithmetic. 
art article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
aitrol astrology. 
attron astronomy. 
attrlb attributive. 
aug. augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
blol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot. botany. 
Bru. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
brjol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat. Catalan. 
Calh Catholic. 
cats. causative. 
cenun ceramics. 
of. L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Chil Chaldee. 
chtm chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
fin i! i chronology. 
eoloq colloquial, colloquially. 
con commerce, commer- 
cial. 
'coup composition, com- 
pound. 
con par. comparative. 
coich conchology. 
conj .conjunction. 
ccutr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Crn Cornish. 
cmniol craniology. 
cnuiiom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D Dutch. 
Din Danish. 
dt dative. 
dif definite, definition. 
darlv derivative, derivation. 
did dialect, dialectal. 
6a different. 
din diminutive. 
diitrib distributive. 
dnm dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E East 
i;. English (i;.<maKym<in- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eecles ecclesiastical. 
ocon. economy. 
e.g. L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt. Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryoL embryology. 
Eng English. 
cngin ........... engineering. 
entom .......... entomology. 
Epli ............ Episcopal. 
cqulv ........... equivalent. 
csp ............. especially. 
Eth ............ Ethioplc. 
cthnog ......... ethnography. 
ethnol. ........ ethnology. 
etym. .......... etymology. 
Ear. ........... European. 
l.m ........ exclamation. 
1, fern .......... feminine. 
f ............... French (luuattymean- 
inff modern rench). 
Flem ........... Flemish, 
fort ........... fortification. 
freq ............ frequentative. 
Fries. .......... Friesic. 
fut ............. fatnre. 
............... Qmaim(utuaUi/TMan- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael ............ Gaelic. 
galv. ........... galvanism. 
gen. ........... genitive. 
geog ............ geography. 
fed. ........... geology. 
geom ........... geometry. 
Goth ........... Gothic (Moesogothic). 
Or. ............ Greek. 
gnuninflj*. 
gun. ........... gunnery. 
Heb ............ Hebrew. 
her. ............ heraldry. 
herpet ........ herpetology. 
Hind ........... Hindustani 
hist ............ history. 
horol ........... horology. 
hort ............ horticulture. 
Hung ........... Hungarian. 
hydraul. ....... hydraulics. 
hydros. ........ hydrostatics. 
Icel ............ Icelandic 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, nthtrwite call- 
ed Old Norse). 
Ichth ........... Ichthyology. 
t e ............. L. id erf, that Is. 
impers. ........ Impersonal. 
i i apt. .......... Imperfect. 
Impv ........... Imperative. 
improp ......... Improperly. 
Ind ............ Indian. 
Ind ............. indicative. 
Indo-Eur. ...... Indo-European. 
Indef. .......... indefinite. 
Inf. ............ infinitive. 
Instr ........... Instrumental. 
inter] ....... ...Interjection. 
mtr., Intrans ---- Intransitive. 
Ir. ............. Irish. 
Irreg ........... Irregular, Irregularly. 
It ............. Italian. 
Jap ............. Japanese. 
L. .............. Latin (tistutlly mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett ............ Lettish. 
LG ............. Low German. 
llchenol ........ lichenology. 
lit .............. literal, literally. 
lit .............. literature. 
Llth ............ Lithuanian. 
lithog. ......... lithography. 
lithol. .......... Hthology. 
LL. ............ Late Latin. 
in., masc ....... masculine. 
M .............. Middle. 
inai-h. .......... machinery. 
mammal ........ mammalogy. 
inatiuf. ......... manufacturing. 
math ........... mathematics. 
MD ............. Middle Dutch. 
HE. ............ Middle English (pther- 
wue called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech. .......... mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med ............ medicine. 
mensur ......... mensuration. 
meUl ........... metallurgy. 
metaph ......... metaphysics. 
meteor. ........ meteorology. 
Hex. ........... Mexican. 
MGr. ........... Middle Greek, medle- 
val Greek. 
MHG ........... Middle High German. 
mlllt .......... military. 
mineral ........ mineralogy. 
JIL. ............ Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG. .......... Middle Low German. 
mod. ........... modern. 
mycol .......... mycology. 
myth. .......... mythology. 
n ............... noun. 
n., neut. ....... neuter. 
K .............. New. 
N .............. North. 
N. Amer. ....... North America. 
nat ............. natural. 
naut ............ nautical. 
nar ............. navigation. 
NGr ............ New Greek, modern 
NHG ........... New High German 
(Mtually timply 0., 
German). 
NL. ............ New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom ............ nominative. 
Norm .......... Norman. 
north .......... northern. 
Norw. ......... Norwegian. 
* ......... numismatics. 
O .............. Old. 
obs. ............ obsolete. 
obstet .......... obstetrics. 
OBulg .......... Old Bulgarian (otlier- 
wite called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat .......... Old Catalan. 
Ot> ............. Old Dutch. 
ODan. .......... Old Danish. 
odontog ........ odontography. 
odontoL ........ odontology. 
OF. ............ Old French. 
OFlem ......... Old Flemish. 
OGaeL ......... Old Gaelic. 
OHG ........... Old High German. 
Olr. ........... Old Irish. 
Olt ............ Old Italian. 
OL. ............ Old Latin. 
OLG ........... Old Low German. 
ONorth ......... Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss ......... Old Prussian. 
orig ............ original, originally. 
ornith. ......... ornithology. 
OS ............. Old Saxon. 
OSp ............ Old Spanish. 
osteoL ......... osteology. 
OSw ............ Old Swedish. 
OTeut .......... Old Teutonic. 
p. a. ........... participial adjective. 
paleon ......... paleontology. 
part ........... participle. 
pass. ........... passive. 
pathoL ......... pathology. 
pert. ........... perfect. 
Pers. ........... Persian. 
pers ............ person. 
persp. .......... perspective. 
Peruv .......... Peruvian. 
....... petrography. 
....... Portuguese. 
hen Fbenlcian. 
philnl. philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photng photography. 
pbren phrenology. 
ptiys. physical. 
physlol physiology. 
pl.,plur. plural. 
poet poetical. 
pollt political 
PoL Polish. 
poas. pocaeulve. 
pp past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr. Provencal (unaHy 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pros. present. 
pret preterit 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron. pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros. prosody. 
Prot Protestant 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
<|. v L. quod (or pL qua) 
vide, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg. regular, regularly. 
rej>r representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Rom Roman. 
Bom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ. Russian. 
a South. 
8. Amer South American. 
sc. L. tcilicct, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Bcand Scandinavian* 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
sub] subjunctive. 
superL superlative. 
surg. surgery. 
surv surveying. 
8w. Swedish. 
ayn. synonymy. 
Syr Syriac. 
technoL technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratoL teratology. 
term. termination. 
Tent Teutonic. 
theat theatrical 
thrill. theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxlcoL toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typog typography. 
uli. ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var. variant. 
Tet veterinary. 
T. L Intransitive verb. 
T. t. transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach. Wall achian. 
W. Ind. West Indian. 
fJBjjjtOg. zoogeography. 
tool zoology. 
loot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a aa in fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
ft as in for, father, guard. 
& as in fall, talk, naught. 
a as in ask, fast, ant 
fi as In fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
r as In mete, meet, meat 
e as In her, fern, heard. 
I as in pin, It, biscuit. 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as In not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
o as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
n as in tub, son, blood. 
as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
Ix, x). 
u as in pull, book, could. 
U German U, French n. 
oi as in oil, joint, boy. 
on as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xL 
Thus: 
* as in prelate, courage, captain. 
as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
as In singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates that, even In the 
mouths of the best speakers, Its sound Is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun,- etc.). See Preface, p. xi.. Thus : 
a as In errant, republican, 
e. as In prudent, difference, 
i as in charity, density. 
as in valor, actor, idiot, 
ji as in Persia, peninsula. 
1 as In the book. 
Cl as in nature, feature. 
A mark (~) under the consonants t, d, 
t, 2 Indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure, 
cj as In arduous, education. 
; as In leisure, 
z as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
Til as in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (mon- 
Qle) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent Is not marked If at It* 
regular Interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from ; I. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; I. e., from which Is derived. 
+ read and ; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
read cognate with; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root 
* read theoretical or alleged; L e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
