to 
Third son to the third Edward King of England. 
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4. 84. 
An olde Cubbord. . . . A Carpett to the same of yelowe 
& tawnie satten embroderyd. 
Quoted in //. Hall's Society in Elizabethan Age, App. I. 
Heels to his shoes so monstrously high that he had three 
or four times fallen down had he not been supported by 
his friend. Steele, Tatler, No. 48. 
In nine days the Maharajah Dhuleep Singh once shot at 
F.lveden 2530 partridges to his own gun. 
Quarterly Rev., CXXVII. 386. 
15. In a great variety of cases to supplies the 
place of the dative in other languages : it con- 
nects transitive verbs with their indirect or 
distant objects, and adjectives, nouns, and neu- 
ter or passive verbs with a following noun which 
limits their action. 
Better bowe than breke ; obey to thi bettere. 
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 65. 
Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by ? behold, and see 
if there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow. Lam. i. 12. 
Drink to me only with thine eyes. 
B. Jonson, The Forest, To Celia. 
This grand Conspiracy is discovered by Waltheoff to 
Lanfrank Archbishop of Canterbury. 
Raker, Chronicles, p. 25. 
I am come to town, and to better hopes of seeing you. 
Gray, Letters, I. 8. 
Abs. Pray, sir, who is the lady ? 
Sir A. What 's that to you, sir ? 
Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1. 
After adjectives, it points to the person or thing with re- 
spect to which, or in whose interest, a quality is shown or 
perceived : as, a substance sweet to the taste ; an event 
painful to the mind. 
16. To is used as ordinary "sign" of the infini- 
tive (like the corresponding^!* in German, a and 
de in French, a and di in Italian, ait in Swed- 
ish, etc.). In Anglo-Saxon, the verbal noun after to took 
a special dative form e. g., to ctanne, ' to or for eating ' 
distinguishing it from the simple infinitive, as etan ; but 
this distinction of form has been long since lost, and the 
two constructions have also been confounded and mixed. 
And hopen that he be to comynge [i. e., to come] that shal 
hem releue. Piers Plou-man (C), xviii. 313. 
Thanne longen folk to gon on pilgrimages. 
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 12. 
A sower went forth to sow. Mat. xiii. 3. 
Ay, but to die, and go we know not where ; 
To lie in cold obstruction and to rot ; 
This sensible warm motion to become 
A kneaded clod. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. 118. 
I am to blame to be so much in rage. 
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, iv. 3. 
He [the Almighty] is sharply provoked every moment, 
yet he punisheth to pardon, and forgives to forgive again. 
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 26. 
Many would like to make it a penal offence to preach 
discontent to the people. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 167. 
(a) To is not used before the infinitive after the ordinary 
auxiliaries, as do, will, can, may, etc. ; also not after vari- 
ous other verbs, as, see, hear, let, etc. ; while after a few 
it is sometimes omitted or sometimes retained against 
more common usage to the contrary. After a noun or an 
adjective to is always used. 
Being mechanical, you ought not [to] walk 
Upon a labouring day without the sign 
Of your profession. Shak., J. C., i. 1. 3. 
We are ready to try our fortunes 
To the last man. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2. 43. 
(b) To was formerly used even after another preposition, 
especially for, and is still so used dialectally and vulgarly : 
as, what are you going for to do ? Rarely after other prep- 
ositions, as from; but very commonly after about, about 
to signifying immediate futurity : as, he is about to go. 
For not to have been dipt in Lethe lake 
Could save the sonne of Thetis from to die. 
Spenser, Ruins of Time, 1. 429. 
What went ye out for to see ? Mat. xi. 9. 
(c) After be and have, the infinitive with to denotes some- 
thing future, especially with the implication of duty or 
necessity: as, it is still to do (or to be done); I have it to 
do (or have to do it). 
We are still to seek for something else. Bentley. 
(d) Colloquially, an infinitive after to, when it is a repeti- 
tion of a preceding infinitive, is often omitted : as, I don't 
go because I don't wish to. 
You carry your business cares and projects about, in- 
stead of leaving them in the City, ... or seeming to. 
Dickens, Little Dorrit, xxxiii. 
One can persuade himself, if he is determined to, that 
certain of Shakspere's sonnets are of a biographical char- 
acter. R. B. Stoddard, The Century, XXII. 913. 
Jack Barrett went to Quetta 
Because they told him to. 
R. Kipling, Story of Uriah. 
17. In various obsolete, provincial, or collo- 
quial uses: after; against; at; by; for; in; 
of; on; with; before; etc. 
And go honte hardliche to hares and to foxes, 
To bores and to bockes that breketh a-doune menne 
hegges. Piers Plowman (C), ix. 28. 
Heo that trespasseth to trouthe. 
Piers Plowman (A), Hi. 274. 
To thee only trespassed haue I. 
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 252. 
My lorde to mete is he. 
Lytell Qeste of Robyn Hode (Child's Ballads, V. 82). 
6360 
I mind when there wasn't a master mariner to Plymouth 
that thought there was aught west of the Land's End. 
Kingsley, Westward Ho, xxx. 
He talks to himself, and keeps mainly to himself. 
0. IK. Holmes, Professor, ii. 
John Kartor reed iij. yerdes of brod clothe, russet, to 
make a longe gowne to Sir John Walkyngton. 
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.). p. 321. 
Kutte nouhte youre mete eke as it were Felde men, 
That to theyre mete haue suche an appetyte. 
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 7. 
Alle kynne creatures that to Crist beleuith. 
Piers Plomnan (A), xi. 239. 
Therinne caste the calx of gold and sette it to the strong 
sunne in somer tyme, 
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 9. 
Dickie he took good notice to that. 
Dick o' the Cow (Child's Ballads, VI. 72). 
Your most princely answer was, smelling to the gold 
Non olet, it smells not of the means that have gotten it. 
Scott, Fortunes of Nigel, xxxi. 
Thei . . . don me faste Fridaies to bred and to water. 
Piers Plowman (C), vil. 155. 
To knele on his knes to the cold erth, 
And grete all his goddes with a good chere. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 798. 
We may hafe a desyre and a guet gernynge for to be 
present to Hym. 
Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 34. 
There 's naething the matter to thee. 
Lang Johnny Mair (Child's Ballads, IV. 275). 
You shall have no currant-jelly to your rice. 
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, p. 511. 
Stay, Amarillis, stay I 
You are too fleet ; 'tis two hours yet to day. 
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 3. 
At twenty minutes to three, Her Majesty . . . entered 
the House. First, Year of a Silken Reign, p. 36. 
Till tot. See ti2.-To a hair. See A<nVi._To boot. 
See oootl. To one's face, in presence and defiance of one. 
Weep'st thou for him to my face? 
Shak., Othello, v. 2. 77. 
To one's hand. See hand. To one's teeth. See toot*. 
To the echo, the full, the halves, etc. See the nouns. 
To wit. See wit, . To you, a phrase of salutation or 
courtesy, equivalent to my service or my respects to you, 
or to the same to you. [Colloq.] 
"I should wish you to find from themselves whether 
your opinions is correct." "Sir, to you," says Cobbs ; "that 
shall be done directly." Dickens, Holly Tree, ii. 
Would to God, would to Heaven and similar precative 
phrases, are modern adaptations, with to inserted to note 
the direction of the wish or aspiration (perhaps after such 
phrases as " I make my vow to God," "I vow to God," etc.), 
of the earlier Middle English phrase wolde God, where God 
is the subject, and wolde the optative (subjunctive) imper- 
fect of u-Ul as a principal verb ; literally, "(I wish that) God 
mould witt (that ...)." The words wolde God (in three 
syllables) could easily slide into the more modern-seeming 
would to God, where to is grammatically inexplicable. 
II. adv. 1. To a place in view; forward; on. 
To, Achilles ! to, Ajax ! to .' Shak., T. and C., it 1. 119. 
2. To the thing to be done : denoting motion 
and application to a thing. 
I will stand to and feed, 
Although my last. Shak., Tempest, iii. 3. 49. 
"These plain viands being on table, I thought you might 
be tempted." " Thank 'ee, Mrs. Sparsit," said the whelp. 
And gloomily fell to. Dickens, Hard Times, ii. 10. 
3. To its place; together: denoting the join- 
ing or closing of something separated or open: 
as, shut the door to. 
Christ is brought asleep, and laid in his grave ; and the 
door sealed to. 
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc. , 1850), p. 102. 
He that hath received his testimony hath set to his seal 
that God is true. John Hi. 33. 
Can honour set to a leg? Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 1. 133. 
4. In a certain direction : as, sloped to. 
Found in the nest three young owls with their feathers 
turned wrong end to, . . . looking the very personification 
of fierceness. Amer. tfat., XXIII. 19. 
Goto. See go. To and again. See again. To and 
backt. See oocii. To and fro. See fro. To bring 
to, to come to, to fall to, to heave to, to lie to, etc. 
See the verbs. 
III.t conj. Till. 
Pursue to [var. till\ thow a name hast wonne. 
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 2310. 
The rede see is ryght nere at hande, 
Ther bus vs bide to we be thrall [taken captive]. 
York Plays, p. 90. 
Theys knyghtis never stynte ne Mane, 
To thay unto the cete wanne. 
MS. Lincoln A. i. 17, f. 116. (Halliu-elt.) 
t0 2 t. An old spelling of too 1 , toe, two. 
to 3 (to), n. [Jap., < Chinese tow, a peck (or bush- 
el).] A Japanese grain and liquid measure 
containing 1097.52 cubic inches, or a little less 
than half an imperial bushel. 
to- 1 . A prefix of Anglo-Saxon origin, being the 
preposition and adverb to 1 so used : as in to- 
natne. In to-day, to-morrow, to-month, to-night, to-year, 
it is not properly a prefix, but the preposition coalesced 
with its noun. In to-ward it is the adverb as the principal 
element, with suffix -iron?. 
toad-back 
to--. [< ME. M-, te-, < AS. Id- = OS. ti- = OFries. 
to-, te-, ti- = MLG. LG. te- OHG. sir-, zar-, 
zur-, zi-, za-, ze-, MHG. ser-, ztir-, ZH-, G. zer- = 
Goth, ticis-, apart, = L. dis-, apart, away (see 
dis-, (lia-). Parallel with this prefix is a noun- 
prefix OHG. zur- = Icel. tor- = Goth, tuz- = Gr. 
ova- = Skt. (Iii,?-, evil, heavy (see dys-); ult. 
connected with two, hoi-.'] A prefix of Anglo- 
Saxon origin, meaning 'apart, away,' and de- 
noting separation, negation, or intensity, it is 
common In Anglo-Saxon and Middle English, but is al- 
most wholly obsolete in English. A relic of its use re- 
mains in the archaic all to used as a quasi-adverb in all to 
break, all to split, ail to broken, etc., where the adverb is 
really all, and to is properly a prefix of the vert), tobreak, 
losplit, etc., in early modern English separated from the 
verb (being in Middle English, like other prefixes, com- 
monly written separate), and often written with all as one 
word, alto, taken as an adverb qualifying the verb. (See 
all, adv., i.) Such verbs are properly written without a 
hyphen ; examples are tobeat, tobcar, tobite, toblast. toblow, 
tobursl (tobrest), tobruise, todeal, tofall. This prefix is often 
confused, by readers and editors of Middle Kn^lish texts, 
with the preposition to, the sign of the infinitive. 
toad (tod), n. [Early mod. E. also tode; also 
Sc. tade, taid, taed, ted; < ME. tode, toode, fades, 
tadde, < AS. tddige, tddie,toa.A; root unknown. 
The Dan. tudse, Sw. tdssa, toad, are prob. un- 
related. Hence, in comp., tr<dpok',q.v.~] 1. A 
batrachian or amphibian of the family Bufo- 
nidee or some related family. Toads are generally 
distinguished among the salient tailless batrachians from 
the frogs, in that they are not aquatic (except when 
breeding), and lack the symmetry and agility of frogs ; 
but the strong technical differences between the bufoni- 
form and raniform amphibians are not always reflected 
in the various applications of these popular names. (Com- 
pare the common use of frog and toad in tree-frog, tree- 
toad, and in nurse-frog and obstetrical toad.) Toads have a 
stout clumsy body more or less covered with warts, gener- 
ally large parotoids (see cut under parotoid), no teeth, 
the hind feet scarcely or not webbed, and the hind limbs 
not fitted for extensive leaping. They are perfectly harm- 
less, notwithstanding many popular superstitions to the 
contrary. They feed mainly on insects, and some are 
quite useful in gardens. They are tenacious of life, like 
most reptiles, but there is no truth in the stories of their 
living in solid rock. The fable of the jewel in the toad's 
head may have some basis of fact in the piece of glisten- 
ing cartilage which represents an unossifled basioccipital. 
There are numerous kinds of toads, found in nearly all 
parts of the world. They are mostly of the genus Bufo, 
as well as of the family Bufonidie, though several other 
families include species to which the popular name ap- 
plies. In Europe the common toad is B. mdgaris; the 
Common American Toad (Bii/o lentiginosus}. 
rush-toad or natterjack is B. calamita. The commonest 
toad of America is B. lentiginosius, which sports in many 
color-variations. See phrases below, and cuts under tad- 
pole, Brachycephalus, Hylaplesia, and agua-toad. 
2. Figuratively, a person as an object of dis- 
gust or aversion: also used in deprecating or 
half-affectionate raillery. Compare toadling. 
"Yes," responded Abbot, "if she were a nice, pretty 
child, one might compassionate her forlornness; but one 
really can not care for such a little toad as that. " 
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, iii. 
Accoucheur toad. Same as obstetrical toad. Cell- 
backed toad, a toad which carries its eggs and tadpoles 
in holes in the back ; specifically, the Surinam toad. See 
cuts under Pipa and Nototrema. Homed toad (or frog), 
the popular name of all the small lizards of western North 
America with a flattened rounded form, the head horned, 
the back warty, and the habits sluggish. They are neither 
toads nor frogs (batrachians), but lacertilians or lizards, 
of quite another class of animals, and of the family Igua- 
nidse. All belong to the genus Phrynosoma, of which 
there are 8 or 9 species. See Phrynosoma (with cut). 
Also called toad-lizard. Midwife toad. Same as ob- 
stetrical toad. Obstetrical toad, the nurse-frog, Alytes 
obitetricans. Seecutunder.d(j/<e. Runningtoad. Same 
as natterjack. Spade-tooted toad. See Scaptdopui, 
and cut under spade-foot. Surinam toad, Pipa ameri- 
cana, a large and ugly toad representing the family Pipi- 
dge. See Pipa and Aglossa. Toad in a (the) hole, in 
cookery, a piece of beef baked in batter. Tree toad. See 
tree-toad. Walking toad. Same as natterjack. 
toadback (tod'bak), . A variety of potato. 
The toadback is nearly akin to the large Irish [potato], 
the skin almost black, and rough like a russetUng. 
Amer. Nat., XXIV. 316. 
toad-back (tod'bak), a. In uarp., resembling 
the back of a toad in section : said of a rail. 
