tonic 
II. n. 1. In ;/(/., any remedy which improves 
the tone or vigor of the fibers of the stomach and 
bowels, or of the muscular fillers generally. 
Tonics may be said to be of two kinds, medicinal and non- 
medicinal. Medicinal tonics act cliietty in two ways: either 
(a) indirectly, by first influencing the stomach and increas- 
ing its digestive powers such being the effect of the vege- 
table bitters, the most important of which are calumba, 
camomile, cinchona-bark, gentian, salix, taraxacum, etc. ; 
or (b) directly, by passing into and exercising their influ- 
ence through the blood such being the case with the va- 
rious preparations of iron, certain mineral acids, and salts. 
The non-medicinal tonics are open-air exercise, friction. 
and cold in its various forms and applications, as the 
shower-bath and sea-bathing. 
2. In music, same as kei/-note. See also /rev 1 , 
7 (6). 
tonicalt (ton'i-kal), a. [< tonic + -al.] Tonic. 
tonically (ton'i-kal-i), adv. In a tonic manner; 
specifically, in pdtliol., continuously; without 
alternating relaxation. Lancet, 1889, II. 654. 
tonicity (to-nis'i-ti), . [< tonic + -%.] 1. 
Tone ; the state or property of possessing tone 
or of being tonic ; specifically, in physiol., the 
elasticity of living parts a property of the 
muscles which is distinct from true irritabil- 
ity, and determines the general tone of the 
solids. In virtue of this power the dilators of the lar- 
ynx keep this organ open, the face is kept symmetrical, 
the sphincters are kept closed, etc. 
2. In music. See the quotation. 
Pleasantness of harmony is due to what he [Oettingen] 
calls the tonicity and phonicity of certain intervals and 
combined notes. Tonicity is the property of being recog- 
nized as a constituent of a single fundamental tone which 
is designated by the name tonic. 
B. T. Ladd, Physiol. Psychology, p. 324. 
Arterial tonicity, the contractility of the muscular fibers 
in the walls of the arteries in response to a stimulus, in 
contradistinction to the normal elasticity of the blood- 
vessels. 
tonicize (ton'i-siz), v. [< tonic + -ize.'] To give 
tone or tonicity to. [Bare.] 
This would spread a tonicizing analeptic influence 
throughout our English world of readers, and help to 
brace up the debility of their intellectual systems. 
If. and Q., 7th ser., IX. 141. 
to-night, tonight (to-nif), adv. [< ME. tonigt, 
to nigt, <.AS.to niht : to, to, at ; niht, dat. of niht, 
night: see to* and night. Cf. to-day, to-morrow.] 
1. In the present night, or the night after the 
present day. 
And to-night I long for rest. 
Longfellow, The Day is Done. 
2t. During the preceding night ; last night. 
I am bid forth to supper, Jessica. 
... I am right loath to go : . . . 
For I did dream of money-bags to-night. 
Shak.,M. of V., ii. 6. 18. 
to-night, tonight (to-mf), n. The present 
night; the night after the present day. 
To-morrow, our Hero reply'd in a Fright : 
He that 's hang'd before Noon ought to think of To-night. 
Prior, Thief and Cordelier. 
toning (to'ning), n. [Verbal n. of tone^-,v."] The 
act of one who tones, in any sense ; specifically, 
in photog., the method or the art of tinting or 
coloring pictures by chemical means, to give 
them an agreeable tone or color ; especially, the 
treatment of silver positive prints or transpa- 
rencies in a bath which consists most commonly 
of a very weak solution of chlorid of gold in 
combination with other chemicals, to give a 
more pleasing color and also greater perma- 
nency to the picture. The colors obtainable by the 
gold toning-baths range from deep browns through bluish 
black to pure black and cool gray. 
tonish, tonnish (ton'ish), a. [< ton* + -M/l.] 
In the ton; fashionable; modish; stylish. [Col- 
loq.] 
She is very handsome, and mighty gay and giddy, half 
tonish, and half hoydenish. Mme. D'ArUay, Diary, I. 221. 
tonishness (ton'ish-nes), TO. The state or qual- 
ity of being in high fashion ; modishuess. Also 
tonnishness. 
Mrs. North, who is so famed for tonishness, exhibited 
herself in a more perfect undress than I ever before saw 
any lady, great or small, appear in upon a visit. 
Mme. D'ArUay, Diary, I. 350. (Dames.) 
tonite (to'nit), n. [< F. tonner or L. ton(are), 
thunder, + -ite*.] See the quotation. 
Tonite consists of this macerated gun-cotton, intimately 
mixed up between edge-runners, with about the same 
weight of nitrate of baryta. This compound is then com- 
pressed into candle-shaped cartridges, formed with a re- 
cess at one end for the reception of a f ulminate-of-mercury 
detonator. Eissler, Mod. High Explosives, p. 124. 
tonitroust, a. [< L. tonitrus, thunder, < tonare. 
thunder: see thunder.] Thunderous; boister- 
ous. [Bare.] 
A Boat full of Lambeth Gardeners, by whom Billings- 
gate was much outdone in stupendious Obscenity, tonitroue 
Verbosity, and malicious Scurrility. 
Torn Brown, quoted in Ashton's Social Life in Reign of 
[Queen Anne, I. 195. 
6378 
tonitruatet, c. t. [< LL. tiniitrnatus. pp. of 
tonitruan; thunder. < L. tonitrus, thunder: see 
thunder.] To thunder. [Hare.] 
I cannot fulminate or tonitrttate words 
To puzzle intellects. 
Randolph, To Master James .Shirley. 
tonjon (tou'jou), . [Also tomjolm; < Hind. 
tdiiyan, tdmjhdm.] In India, a kind of sedan 
or open chair, swung on a pole, and carried by 
four bearers, in the manner of a palanquin. 
tonka (tong'kii), n. [=F. tonka, tonca, < tonca, 
the name of the bean in Guiana. The beau is 
usually called tonka-bean, also written with a 
capital, Tonka bean, Tonga bean, as if named 
from a locality Tonka; also Tonkin bean, Ton- 
quin bean, as if named from Tonquin in Farther 
India.] Same as tonka-bean. 
tonka-bean, Tonka bean. 1. The seed of the 
cuamara, Dipteryx odorata, a tall tree of Vene- 
zuela, Guiana, and some neighboring regions. 
The seeds are of the shape of an almond, but much longer, 
and covered with a shining black skin. They are fragrant 
from the presence of coumarin, and are used entire to 
scent wardrobes, or pulverized in sachets, or in fluid ex- 
tract in perfumery. They are applied, either entire or in 
powder, to flavor snuff. Also Tonquin bean (see tonka). 
2. The tree producing the tonka-bean. See 
cuamara Tonka-bean wood. Same as scentwood. 
tonklioi, n. See Streblus. 
tonn. An abbreviation of tonnage. 
tonnage (tun'aj), . [Formerly also tunnage ; 
< ME. *tonnage, < OF. *tonnage, F. tonnage, < 
tonne (E. ton 1 ) + -age.] 1 . The weight of goods 
carried in a boat or ship. 
The ships employed herein are found by the king of 
Spain, ... and the tonnage is divided into a certain num- 
ber of bales, all of the same size. 
Anson, Voyage Round the World, ii. 10. 
2. The carrying capacity of a ship expressed 
in cubic tons. Until 1836 the tonnage of British ships 
was found by multiplying the square of the breadth by the 
inboard length, and then dividing by 94. This is now called 
the "old measurement "(0. M.),and, though far from exact, 
is still in use to some extent for ascertaining the tonnage 
of pleasure-yachts, etc. As the cubic ton of 100 cubic 
feet forms the unit of assessment for dock, harbor, and 
other dues, towage, etc., and as by the old system the 
depth of a ship was reckoned the same as the breadth, it 
became the interest of ship-owners to build vessels of nar- 
row beam, but of increased depth. This resulted in a 
saving in tonnage-dues, but marred the sailing qualities 
and seaworthiness of the ships. In 1836 a new and more 
exact system of measurement was established by enact- 
ment of Parliament in the preceding year. In this system, 
known as the Moorsom system, as amended and elaborated 
in detail in later enactments, actual measurements of 
depth are made at certain intervals, the number of which 
depends on the length of the tonnage-deck of the vessel, 
and transverse areas at these points are computed, all 
measurements being put in feet and decimal parts of a 
foot. These transverse areas after being multiplied by cer- 
tain numbers are added together, multiplied by one third 
the common distance between the areas, and then divided 
by 100. To this must be added the tonnage of all spaces 
above the tonnage-deck, the poop (if any), deck-houses, 
etc., which is obtained by multiplying the horizontal area 
by the mean height and dividing by 100 as before. These 
together give the gross register tonnage, each ton (called a 
register ton) containing 100 cubic feet. In steamships the 
space occupied by the engine-room and the screw-shaft 
(which is considered a part of the engine-room) is to be de- 
ducted. The British system of measurement was adopted 
by the United States in 1864, and later by Denmark, Aus- 
tria-Hungary, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden, the 
Netherlands, Norway, Greece, Russia, Finland, Hayti, 
Belgium, Japan, etc., and in its essentials by the Inter- 
national Tonnage Congress which met at Constantinople 
in 1873 in connection with fixing the basis for tolls for 
vessels passing through the Suez Canal. As applied in 
these different countries there are slight differences in 
the rules for the deduction of engine-room tonnage, and in 
the United States the number of transverse areas is greater. 
The rule followed in the United States before 1885, when 
the new measurement came into force, was to multiply the 
extreme length of the ship (less one third its breadth) by 
the breadth and the depth, and then divide by 95. In 
freighting ships, 40 cubic feet of merchandise is consid- 
ered a ton, unless that bulk would weigh more than 2,000 
pounds, in which cose freight is charged by weight. 
The ships fitted out under the general license were re- 
quired to reserve one tenth of their tonnage for the crown. 
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 9. 
3. A duty or impost on ships, formerly esti- 
mated at so much per ton of freight, but now 
proportioned to the registered size of the ves- 
sels. 
Tonnage is a Custome or Impost for Merchandize 
brought or caried in Tonnes and such like Vessels from 
or to other Nations after a certaine rate in euerie Tonne. 
... I haue heard it also a Dutie due to the Mariners for 
vnloading their shippe arriued in any Hauen, after the 
rate of euerie Tonne. Minsheu, 1617. 
Tonuage-t&xeQ on shipping are not levied by Great Brit- 
ain, nor, it is believ<$, by any other of the maritime states 
of Europe except Spain. Prior to the war, also, there 
were no tonnage-i&xw in the United States. 
D. A. Wells, Our Merchant Marine, p. 179. 
4. The ships of a port or nation collectively 
estimated by their capacity in tons: as, the 
tonnage of the United States. 
tonsil 
No State shall, without the consent of Congress, luy 
:my duty on tuniiaye. Calhoun, Works, I. 20f . 
About a million and a quarter of American wooden sail- 
ing-fct/umf/e is reported as yet engaged in foreign trade. 
D. A. Wells, Our Merchant Marine, p. 115. 
Tonnage and poundage. See tunnaye. Tonnage tax. 
See def. 3 and tax. 
tonnage (tuu'aj), c. ; pret. and pp. tonnaged, 
ppr. t<>iiH(/iiuj. [< tonnaijc, n.] I. truns. To 
levy tonnage upon. 
Nothing writt'n but what passes through the custom- 
house of certain Publicans that have the tunagintj and 
the poundaging of all free spok'n truth. 
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 40. 
II. intraiis. To have capacity or tonnage: 
followed by an accusative of quantity. 
Sixteen vessels, which tonnaged in the aggregate 1,871 
tons. C. M. Scammon, Marine Mammals, p. 241. 
tonnage-deck (tun'aj-dek), n. Theupperdeck 
on ships with less than three decks, or the sec- 
ond deck from below if there are three or more 
decks. 
tonnet, '. An obsolete spelling of ton*. 
tonnelt, tonnellt, Obsolete forms of tunnel. 
tonner (tun'er), . [< tonl + -crl.] A vessel 
considered with reference to her tonnage : used 
in composition : as, a ten-tonner; a thousand- 
tonner. [Colloq.] 
It is not so long ago that a 1,000 ton schooner was con- 
sidered enormous. Now, a 1,500 tonner is scarcely re- 
marked. Sci. Amer., N. S., LXII. 34. 
Tonnerre (to-nar'), w. [See def.] A red wine 
grown in the department of Yonne, France, 
in the neighborhood of Tonnerre, resembling 
Burgundy of the second and inferior grades, 
and keeping well. 
tonnihood (ton'i-hnd), n. '[A dial, form of 
'tawny-hood (as if < tawny + hood), appar. var. 
of "tawny-hoop, tony-hoop.] The bullfinch, Pyr- 
rltula vulgaris. Halliwell. [Prov. Bug.] 
tonnish, tonnishness. See tonish, etc. 
tonometer (to-nom'e-ter), n. [< Gr. rwof , tone, 
+ /it-pov, measure.] 1 . In music, an instrument 
for measuring the pitch of tones; especially, a 
tuning-fork, or a graduated set of tuning-forks, 
whose pitch has been exactly determined. The 
term is used specifically for an exceptionally perfect set 
of forks prepared by Scheibler about 1833 for the estab- 
lishment of a standard scale. 
2. In med., an instrument for measuring the 
degree of tension in the eyeball in cases of 
glaucoma. 
tonometry (to-nom'e-tri), . [< Gr. roVof, tone, 
+ -fisrpia, < /uirpov, measure.] 1. The science 
or art of measuring or recording musical vibra- 
tions by means of a tonometer. 2. In med., 
the measurement of the degree of tension in an 
organ, as in the eyeball. 
tonotechnic (to-no-tek'nik), n. [< F. tonoteeh- 
nique, < Gr. rwof, tone, + rcxyn, art, handicraft : 
see technic.] The art of arranging the pegs on 
the ban-el of a barrel-organ. 
tonous (to'nus), a. [< tone 1 + -.] Full of 
tone or sound ; sonorous. 
Tonquin bean. See tonka-bean. 
Tonquinese (tong-ki-nes' or -nez'), a. and n. 
[< Tonquin, Tonkin, prop. Tongking (see def.), 
+ -ese.] I. a. Pertaining to Tonquin (better 
Tongking), a French colonial possession south 
of China. 
II. n. sing, and pi. An inhabitant or the in- 
habitants of Tonquin. 
tonsil (ton'sil), n. [< F. tonsille = It. tonsilla, 
< L. tonsilla, in pi. tonsillee, the tonsijs ; appar. 
a transferred use (of which the reason is not 
clear) of tonsilla, tosilla, a sharp-pointed pole 
stuck in the ground to fasten vessels to the 
shore, appar. dim. of tonsa, an oar (orig. a 
pole ?).] 1. One of two prominent oval bodies 
situated in 
the recesses 
formed, one 
on each side 
of the fauces, 
between the 
anterior and 
posterior pal- 
atine arches. 
They are com- 
posed of lymph- 
oid follicles, sur- 
rounded by less 
dense lymphoid 
tissue, arranged 
around the walls 
of a number of 
crypts. See also 
cut under tongue. 
2. One of a 
pair of small 
d 
Tonsils. 
a, uvula ; b, pharynx; c, tongue; d, pal- 
ate; e, posterior, and /; anterior pillar of 
the fauces, between which is^, the tonsil. 
' 
