toparchy 
toparchy (to'piir-ki;, H.; j)l. tajim-fliim (-ki/.). 
[\ i'. lo/xtri'liif = Sp. //()</', < \i. In/in rr/i in, 
< <ir. Toirapxia, < Ttmapxif, a topareh: see to- 
' A little state consisting of few citii - 
towns; a petty country or a locality gov- 
erned by or under the influence of a topiin-li. 
The rust [of 1'ulestinu] he diuldcth into ten Toparchit*. 
Purcha*, MgriBMV*, p. 105. 
top-armor (top'ar"mor), . \<nit.. a railing 
formerly lifted across llir after part of a top, 
about three feet high and covered wilh D 
and piiinle.l canvas. 
topaz (to'pa/.), n. [Kurly mod. K. also to/mm . 
In/iili'i' ; < MM. li>/iil.i, tliii/iii.i, tn/iiicr, IH/HII-I-: 
also, as ML., to/nidus (also fancifully as the 
name of Chaucer's Sir Topas or Thopiin) = G. 
topa,< OF. 1/i/ni.ii', II>/HI:<-, !'. tni>aze = Yr. topazi 
= Sp. topurio = Pg. It. topazin, < LL. topazion, 
also /"/ : , I -. topazux, ML. also topazius, topa- 
eiuti (in L. applied to the chrysolite), < Or. TOTTO- 
*"T, also rdjrafof, the yellow or oriental topaz; 
origin unknown ; possibly so called from its 
brightness ; cf . Skt. tapas, heat. According to 
Pliny (bk. xxxvii. c. 8), the name is derived 
from that of Topaz/is, an island in the Red Sea, 
the position of which is ' conjectural,' < Or. roird- 
(civ, conjecture. Others place this conjectural 
island in the Arabian Sea.] 1. A mineral of 
a vitreous luster, transparent or translucent, 
sometimes colorless, often of a yellow, white, 
green, or pale-blue color. It In a silicate of alumin- 
ium In which the oxygen Is partly replaced by fluorln. 
The fraeture Is subconchoidal and uneven ; the hardness 
is somewhat greater than that of quartz. It usually occurs 
in prismatic crystals with perfect basal cleavage, also mas- 
sive, sometimes columnar (the variety pycnite). Topaz oc- 
curs generally in granitic rocks, less often in cavities in 
volcanic rocks as rhyolite. It Is found In many parts of 
the world, as Cornwall, Scotland, Saxony, Siberia, Brazil, 
Mexico, and the United States. The li nest varieties are ob- 
tained from the mountains of Brazil and the Ural Moun- 
tains. Those from Brazil have deep-yellow tints ; those 
from Siberia have a bluish tinge; the Saxon topaz has a 
pale wine-yellow. The purest topazes from Brazil, when 
cut in facets, closely resemble the diamond in luster and 
brilliance. 
Klaum-beande gemmes, 
And safyres, & sardiners, <fe semely topact. 
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1489. 
2. In her., the tincture or in blazoning by the 
precious stones. See blazon, n.,2. 3. A hum- 
ming-bird, Topazapella or T. pyra False topaz, 
a transparent pale-yellow variety of quartz. Oriental 
topaz, ;i mime foryellow sapphire, or corundum. Seeori- 
f-ntat, 2. Pink topaz, pink or rose-colored topaz, pro- 
duced from the yellow Brazilian topaz by strong heat- 
ing. If the heat is continued too long, the color IB en- 
tirely expelled, and the topaz becomes colorless. Also 
rme topaz. Scottish topaz. Same as smoky topaz. 
Siberian topaz, the white or bluish-white topaz found 
in Siberia. Smoky topaz. See smoky. Spanish to- 
paz, a variety of smoky quartz the color of which has 
been changed by heat from smoky- to dark-brown, golden- 
brown, or golden-yellow. Star-topaz, a yellow star- 
sapphire. See asteriated sapphire, under sapphire. 
Topaza (to-pa'za), n. [NL. (G. K. Gray, 1840), 
< Gr. roirafof, topaz : see topaz."] A genus of 
humming-birds, the topaz hummers. The curved 
bill is longer than the head, and the tail is forcipate with 
a long slender pair of feathers next to the middle pair. 
6385 
topaz-rock (to'pa/.-rok), ii. (Tr. <!. fo/i'M/efo or 
toptubrockeitfeLi.] A rock which is a peculiar 
result of contact metamorphism. it it made up 
of fragments of an alienate of quartz and tourmalin, 
which fragments (hroeken) lire cemented by a mixture of 
quart!! ami I,, pa/. 'Hie locality of this peculiar rock Is 
the vicinity of the Schreckenstcln In the Erzueliirgc. 
top-beam (top'bem), M. Same as colltir-limm. 
top-block (top'blok), H. 1. Naut., a large 
iron-bound block hung to an eye-bolt in the 
cap, used in swaying and lowering the top- 
mast. 2. In a vehicle, a projection upon 
which the bows of the top rest when it is 
down. K. H. Knight. 
top-boot (top'bOt), . A boot having a high 
top; specifically, one having the upper part 
of the leg of a different material from the rest 
and separate from it, as if turned over, or de- 
signed to be turned over. The jack-boots of the 
seventeenth century and later had the top somewhat pro- 
jecting from the leg, as if to allow more freedom to the 
knee, and this upper part was of thinner leather than 
the kg, and sometimes, though rarely, of a colored lea- 
ther, not requiring blacking. The modern top-boot, worn 
top-fuller 
It. iii/n/i/iiii-i'. strike H^iiiri.-t something; prul>. 
from a Tent, source, perhap^ II-OMI tlie root of 
ln/i or of ^<//i'-'. The K. term is not connected 
with '"/'' " r ''/''] To drink alcoholic liquors 
to c.\ce. especially to do SO llilllit Illlll V. 
If 51.11 li,jx In form, and In at, 
[ i M,. .1,1 nance to the sweet meat, 
'1 li tine you pay fur being great. 
l>r>/<trii, T.> sir lieorge Etherege, L 60. 
Was there ever so thirsty an elf': 
Hut he still may tope on. 
//.i, Uon'tyou Smell 
tope 2 (top), r. I. Same as /<</>-. 
tope :i (top), n. [Cornish.] A kind of shark, the 
miller's-dog or penny-dog, (Itili-iirliiimx i/nleivi, 
or < liilcux canui; also, one of several related 
Topaz Humming-bird (7>/aM ///). 
Two species are known, T. pella and T. pyra, both of 
Cayenne, Trinidad, and the Amazon region. The long 
tail and beak give these hummers a length of 5J inches, 
though the body is small. The coloration is gorgeous ; 
in T. pella the back is shining dark-red, changing to 
orange-red on the rump, the head is black, the throat me- 
tallic greenish-yellow with n central topaz sheen and 
black border ; the other under parts are glittering crim- 
son, with golden-green vent. 
topazine (to'paz-in), a. f< topaz + -iwci.] In 
< iitiini., yellow and semi-transparent with a 
fjhissy luster, as the ocelli of certain insects 
and the eyes of some spiders. 
topazolite(to-paz'o-lit), H. [<Gr.ro7rafor;, topaz, 
+ V0o(, stone.] A variety of garnet, of a topaz- 
yellow color, or an olive-green, found in Pied- 
mont. See garnet^. 
401 
Top-boots. 
a, coachman's boot ; b. Jockey's boot ; c, man's walking-boot ; ft, hunt- 
ing-boot ; e, lady's riding-boot ; /, man's riding-boot. 
chiefly by fox-hunters in England and by jockeys and car- 
riage-servants in livery, is made to appear as if folded over 
at the top, with the lining of white or yellow leather 
showing. Also top. 
He wrote to the chaps at school about his top-boots, and 
his feats across country. Thackeray, Fendeunls, iii. 
top-booted (top'bS-ted), a. Wearing top-boots. 
Topbooted Graziers from the North; Swiss Brokers, 
Italian Drovers, also topbooted, from the South. 
Carlylf, Sartor Resartus, il. 2. 
top-card (top'kSrd), . In a carding-machine, 
a top-flat. 
topcastlet (top'kas'l), . [Early mod. E. ton- 
cantell, ME. toppe-caftelle ; < top 1 + castle. Cf. 
forecastle.] A protected place at the mast- 
heads of old English ships, from which darts 
and arrows and heavier missiles were thrown ; 
hence, a high place. 
Alleryally In rede [he] arrayeshis chlppis ; . . . 
The toppe-castflles he stuffede with toyelys (weapons), as 
hym lykyde. Marie Arthure (E. E. T. S. 1. S617. 
The! whiche sit te In the topcastell or high chaire of re- 
ligion, and whiche bee persons notorious in the profession 
of teaching the doctrine of holy scripture. 
J. UdaU, On Luke xix. 
top-chain (top'chan), n. Nattt., a chain to sling 
the lower yards in time of action to prevent 
them from falling if the ropes by which they 
are hung are shot away. 
top-cloth (top'kldth), n. Naut., a name for- 
merly given to a piece of canvas used to cover 
the hammocks which were lashed to the top in 
action. 
top-coat (top'kot), n. An upper coat, or over- 
coat. 
top-cross (top'krds), n. In breeding, a genera- 
tion of ancestors. 
The rules of the Cleveland Bay Society of America say 
that a filly with three top crosses or a horse with four top 
crosses can be registered [in the forthcoming stud-book for 
that breed of horses). 
Breeder's Gazette (Chicago), March 28, 1890. 
top-drain (top'dran), v. t. To drain by surface- 
drainage. 
top-draining (top'dra'ning), n. The act or 
practice of draining the surface of land. 
top-dress (top'dres), e. *. To manure on the 
surface, as land. 
top-dressing (top'dres'ing), N. A dressing of 
manure laid on the surface of land : often used 
figuratively. 
His [Baron Stockmar's] Constitutional knowledge . . . 
was . . . only an English top-dresriny on a German soil. 
Gladstone, Gleanings of Past Years, I. 84. 
tope 1 (top), . i'.; pret. and pp. toped, ppr. top- 
ing. [Perhaps < F. toner, toper, formerly toper, 
taiiper, dial, taupi = It. toppare, cover a stake 
in dicing, stake as much as one's adversary, 
hence accept, agree, = Sp. toptir, butt, strike, 
accept a bet ; used iuterjectionally, F. tope. 
Olt. to/i, in dicing '(I) agree,' hence 'agreed!' 
'done!' also in drinking, '(I) pledge you'; per- 
haps orig. 'strike hands' or ' strike glasses '; cf. 
European Tope (tialterttinui faints}. 
sharks of small size, some of them also called 
dogfish. The species to which the name originally per- 
tained Ii found on the European coast. There are others 
in various parts of the world, as the oil-shark of Califor- 
nia, G. zyopterwi. See also cut under (lalearhimu. 
tope 8 (top), n. [Cf. nope (T).] The European 
wren, Troglodytes varvulus. [Local, Eng.J 
tope 4 (top), n. KHind. (Pan jab) top, prob. < 
Pali or Prakrit tfiftno, < Skt. stupa, a mound, an 
accumulation.] The popular name for a type 
of Buddhist monument, which may be consid- 
ered as a tumulus of masonry, of domical or 
tower-like form, many specimens of which oc- 
cur in India and southeastern Asia, intended 
for the preservation of relics or the commemo- 
ration of some event. When for the former purpose 
the tope Is called a dagoba, when for the hitter a stupa, the 
term tope having reference to the external shape only. The 
oldest topes are dome-shaped, and rest on a base which Is 
cylindrical, quadrangular, or polygonal, rising perpendic- 
ularly or In terraces. A distinctive feature of the tope is 
the apical structure, which is in the shape of an open para- 
sol and is known as a tee. One of the most important sur- 
. '. : 
Great Tope at Sanchi, near Bhilsa In Bhopal. Central India. 
viving topes is the principal one of a group at Sanchi In 
Bhopal, Central India. The tumulus is domical, some- 
what less than a hemisphere, 106 feet in diameter and 42 
feet in height On the top is a flat space. In the center of 
which once stood the tee. A most elaborately carved stone 
railing surrounds this tope. In topes serving to preserve 
relics these were deposited In metal boxes or In chambers 
in the solid masonry of the tope. See dagoba, stupa'*. 
tope 5 (top), n. [< Telugu topu, Tamil toiipu, a 
grove or orchard. The Hind, word is bagn.~\ In 
India, a grove or clump of trees: as, a toddy- 
tope; a cane-tope. 
topee, n. See topi. 
toper (to'per), n. [< tope 1 + -<r 1 .] One who 
habitually drinks alcoholic liquors to excess; 
a hard drinker ; a sot. 
In the public-houses, that orthodox tribe, the topers, 
who neglect no privileged occasion of rejoicing, keep the 
feast (.New Year's Eve], ... as they keep every feast, 
saint's day or holiday, either of State or Church, by mak- 
ing it a day more than usually unholy. 
IP. Besant and J. Rift, This Son of Vulcan, ProL, I. 
top-filled, (top'flld), a. Filled to the top; brim- 
ful. Chapman, Iliad, xvi. 219. 
top-flat (top'flat), In carding, a narrow wood- 
en strip carrying a card, or a card placed above 
the central cylinder of a carding-machine. Also 
called top-card. 
topfult (top'ful), a. [< topi + -fill.] Lofty; 
high. [Rare.] 
Soon they won 
The top of all the top/ul heav'ns. 
Chapman, Iliad, v. 761. 
top-full (top'ful'), a. [< topi +/!.] Brim- 
ful. Shah., K. John, iii. 4. 180. [Obsolete or 
prov. Eng.] 
top-fuller (top'ful'er). . In forying, a top- 
tool with narrow round edge, used in forming 
grooves, etc. 
