trachea 
Illll.-, slillellfll Mint held open liy It SelifS of 111:11 
iHginoii* ^seuns lilies, the ttrHt of wliirh is iibiiully 
-'//), :tl|.| III.' \nr[ "lie or Ilioreof wllMl 
.in variously modihed to provide fui- tin- forking "f 'In- 
single traclieal tube iiitn a pair of riu'ht and left broneliia! 
tubes (see pettulm). Thruiixh the larynx the twlu-u 
< -on mm n ie.it es w itli 1 1 ic month tod BOM HIM! so witli the 
exterior. ;iiui through the bronchial tubes w itli tie 
anil air passes through it at cnrh in-piratin l evpira 
tion. The trachea exists iit all vertebrates which brwtbfl 
air with lungs, lllld is subject In enmparMively litlli- v;i 
i:itj.in iii ehaiaetfr. Ill 111:111 the tniehca is a cylindi ieal 
mellibranoeaililat'iunlls tube about as thick as one's hn 
KIT, and 4 j indies long, extending from the sixth cervical 
In the fourth dorsil vertebra, where it braiiehes into the 
in unrlii, lying along the front of the spinal column, the 
MOphagUS InterpOUng between it and Ihe vertebra). The 
thyroid body is saddled upon il. its structure includes 
many cartilaginous riii;:H some white fibrous tissue, yel- 
low eltttto lissue. muscular libers, niiiom.- membrane, and 
Khuids,beHldes nerves and blood-vessels. The tnicheal rings 
(see ri'/e/i ) an- liom sixteen U) twenty in number, incom- 
plete in a part of their circumference, being alHiut one 
third tilled in by fibrous tissue. The highly moililled first 
i IIIL,' or cricoid, is usually excluded from this association 
and desei ilieil a* a part of the larynx. Tracheal mucous 
ulamls are found in abundance as small flattened oval 
iimlies, with excretory duets which pierce the fibrous, 
muscular, and mucous coats to open on the surface of the 
nine mis membrane. The arteries of the trachea are de- 
i i\ < il from the inferior thyroid; the tracheal veins empty 
in the thyroid vein ; the nerves are from the pneumogas- 
tric and recurrent and the sympathetic. The trachea in 
other mammals resembles that of man. In birds the 
trachea presents several peculiarities ; especially in 
long-necked birds this organ does not always follow the 
S-shaped curve of the cervical vertebra, and requires 
special contrivance for shortening and lengthening when 
the neck is bent and straightened. The whole structure 
is highly elastic, and the rings are peculiarly beveled on 
opposite sides alternately, so that each one may slip half 
over another to right and left. In some long-necked 
birds, as cranes and swans, the windpipe makes large 
folds or coils in the interior of the breast-bone or under 
the skin of the breast. The rings are prone to ossify in 
birds, and some of them are often greatly enlarged In 
caliber and soldered together into a large gristly or bony 
capsule, the tracheal tympanum, also called labyrinth. 
Besides its intrinsic muscles, the trachea is provided with 
others which pass to the furculum or sternum, or both. 
The lower end of the trachea is peculiarly modified in 
nearly all birds to form the lower larynx, or syrinx. See 
fyrint, 4 (with cutX also cuts under larynx, lung, and pei- 
*>tlut. (ft) In Arthropoda, as insects, one of the 
tubes which traverse the body and generally 
open by stigmata upon the exterior, thus bring- 
ing air to the blood and tissues generally, and 
constituting special respiratory organs, other 
forms of respiratory organs in arthropods are branehiic, 
traeheobranchia), and pulmonary sacs. See branchia, 2, 
tracheobranchia, and pulmonary, . (cf) In conch., the 
siphon, or respiratory tube. See siphon, n., 2 
(a), and cut under Siphonostomata. 2. In hot., 
a duct or vessel ; a row or chain of cells that 
have lost their intervening partitions and have 
become a single long canal or vessel. They may 
be covered with various kinds of markings or thickenings, 
of which the spiral may be taken as the type. See vessel. 
Trachea' 2 (tra-ke'a), n. [NL.,< Gr. rpojf/a, fern, 
of rpaxbf, rough : see trachea*.] A notable ge- 
nus of noctuid 
moths, contain- 
ing one species, 
T. piniperda, 
known to Eng- 
lish collectors 
as the pine- 
hcauty. It is a 
common pest to 
Rine and llr forests 
i Scotland and through northern and central Europe. 
The larva is slender, naked, and green, with three white 
lines on the back and a yellow or red line on the sides, and 
feeds on the older pine-needles. It passes the winter as 
pupa on or under the ground. This genus was named by 
Hiibner in 1816. 
tracheal (tra'ke-al), a. [< NL. trachealis, < 
trachea, windpipe: see trachea 1 .'] 1. Of or per- 
taining to the trachea or windpipe: as, tra- 
cheal rings or cartilages ; tracheal vessels; tra- 
cheal respiration. 2. In hot., of or pertaining 
to trachete. Tracheal arteries, branches of the in- 
ferior thyroid ramifying upon the trachea. Tracheal 
gill. See ffilfl. Tracheal glands. See ylatut.Tra.- 
cheal opercula. See opemdum (b) (X Tracheal 
rales, bubbling sounds caused by the presence of liquid 
in the trachea, such as may be heard just before death, 
from the inability of the patient to expectorate ; the 
death-rattle. Tracheal rings. See trachea*, 1 (oX and 
ring i . Tracheal tube. See trachea i , 1 (a). Tracheal 
tympanum. See trachea*, 1 (a), and tympanum. 
trachealis (trii-ke-a'lis),)!.; pi. traelieales (-lez). 
[NL. (sc. musculus): see tracheal.} An intrin- 
sic muscle of the windpipe. In man the name 
is applied to the set of circular or transverse 
muscular fibers. 
trachean (tra'ke-an), a. [< trachea 1 + -mi.] 
I Living tracheae or trachea-like organs: as, a 
Intel/inn arachnid; characterized by breathing 
through trachea; : as, trachean respiration ; hav- 
ing the form or functions of tracheae : as, tra- 
flii'itn hrunchiu*. Also Irni'lun/i ami Irnrlirary. 
Pine-beauty (Trachea fmiftrda). 
Hill 
Trachearia (tru ki-->\'ri-'&),n.pl. [NL., neut.pl. 
of Iraekearitu: *> imr/ifary.] Thetracln at<- 
ar:ii-liiiiilaiis, an onlcr of .tnn-linida comprising 
I host' which bri-athi 1 by tracheae alone. It com- 
prises the mites or acarids, the harvestmen or opilionlne*, 
the solptigldH, and the false scorpions. See Putinatrache- 
aria. AN" Tr<n-/i"irug and Tracheata. 
trachearian (tra-kr-a'i'i-aii), . and N. [< Tra- 
I'lmiriii + -mi.] 1. a. Of or pertaining to the 
'I'mi-lii nun ; tracheate; trachean; tracneary. 
II. n. A tracheate urachnidau; a tracheary. 
tracheary (tni'kt'-ii-ri), a. and n. [< NL. ",/</</- 
ill-ma. Oriirlini, windpipe: see trachea' 1 .'] I. . 
Of or pertaining to the trachea or tracheae ; 
breathing by means of tracheae, not by pulmo- 
nary sacs, as an arachnidan. Tracheary tissue, 
in but., tissue composed of both trachea? and tracheids. 
Also called trachenehyma. 
II. M. A member of the Trachetirin. 
Tracheata (tra-ke-a'tjt), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. 
of "traclieatux, tracheate : see tracheate.] Same 
as Trachearia. 
tracheate (tra'ke-at), a. and n. [< NL. 'trache- 
ntiis, < triii'lu-ii, windpipe: see trachea*.] I. a. 
Having a trachea or tracheae ; pertaining to the 
Triifhfiiln or Trachearia; tracneary. 
II. n. Any tracheate arthropod; a tracheary. 
tracheated (tra'ke-a-ted), a. [< trachrnt< + 
-erf 2 .] Same as tracheate. [Rare.] 
The terrestrial tracheated air-breathing Scorpionldn. 
Eneyc. Brtt., VL M. 
tracheld (tra-ke'id), ti. [< trachea + -id?.] In 
hot., a single elongated taper-pointed and more 
or less liguified ceD, usually having upon its sur- 
face peculiar markings known as discoid mark- 
ings or bordered pits, and especially character- 
istic of the wood of gymnosperms. in a longitudi- 
nal radial section of pine wood, for example, the surface of 
the cells or tracheids presents a dotted appearance, due to 
the presence of one or more longitudinal series of bordered 
pits. These bordered pit* have the appearance of concen- 
tric circles, and are really thin places in the wall of the cell ; 
and in transverse section It may be seen that they are pit* 
with an arched dome, and that the thin spot is common 
to two contiguous cells. 
tracheidal (tra-ke'i-dal), a. [< tracheid + -al.] 
In I a 1 1.. pertaining to tracheids, or having their 
nature. 
tracheitis (tra-ke-i'tis), 11. [NL.] Same as 
trachitig. 
trachelalis (trak-e-la'lis), .; pi. trachelales 
(-lez). [NL., < Gr! Tpaxqfat, neck, + L. term. 
-alis (see -al).] A muscle of the back of 
the neck, commonly called trachelomastoideus. 
Coues, 1887. 
trachelate (trak'e-lat), a. [< NL. 'trachelatug, 
< Gr. Tpaxytof, neck, throat.] In entom., hav- 
ing the form of a neck : said of the prosternum 
when it is produced anteriorly in a slender 
neck, as in certain Hymenoptera. 
Trachelia 1 (tra-ke'li-S), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. rpd- 
xn^-of, neck, ttiroat.] In LatreUle's classifica- 
tion of insects, a division of heteromerous Cole- 
optera, including such genera as Meloe, Lytta, 
and Rhipiphorus: distinguished from A trache- 
lia. Also Trachelida, Trachelides. 
trachelia- (tra-ke'li-a), n. Plural of trachelium. 
tracheliate (tra-ke'ji-at), a. [< Trachelia + 
-ate 1 .] Of or pertaining to the Trachelia: as, 
a tracheliate beetle. 
Trachelida (tra-kel'i-da), n. pi. [NL., as Tra- 
chelia + -ida.] ' Same as Trachelia. 
trachelidan (tra-kel'i-dan), a. and n. [< Tra- 
chelida + -an.] I. a. In entom., having the head 
narrowed behind into a neck; of or pertaining 
to the Trachelia. 
n. n, A trachelidan beetle. 
Tracheliida (trak-e-ll'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Trachclius + -idx.] A family of nolotrichous 
infusorians, whose type-genus is Trachelius. 
These animalcules are free-swimming, ovate or elongate, 
highly elastic, and ciliate throughout. The oral cilia are 
slightly larger than those of the genera] cuticular surface, 
and the oral aperture is situated at the base of a more 
attenuate and often trunk-like anterior prolongation 
(whence the name). Genera besides Tracheliut are Am- 
phileptut and Loxophyllum. 
trachelipod (tra-kel'i-pod), a. and . [< Tra- 
chelipoda.] I. a. Pertaining to the Trache- 
lipoda, or having their characters. 
U. n. A member of the Trachelipoda. 
Trachelipoda (trak-e-lip'o-d&), n. pi. [NL., ir- 
reg. < Gr. Tpaxtfof, neck, + -oif (m>3-) = E.foot .] 
In Lamarck's classification, the third order of 
mollusks, containing those univalves whose 
foot is attached to the neck (whence the name), 
and whose shell is spiral. They were contrasted 
with his gastropods (see Gasteropoda (!>)). The tracheli- 
pods were primarily divided Into two series or sections, 
phytophagous and zobphagous, with many families iti 
each. (Notinu*e.] 
trachelo-occipital 
trachelipodan(trak-i;-]i].'o-iliiii),(i. 
/mil + -mi.} Siiiiii' n> trachelipod. 
trachelipodous (imk-c-lii/o-iliis), a. [< irn- 
rhi-iiiioii + -<.<.] Stmo * trachUpod. 
trachelium (tra-kf'li-um), n.; pi. trnclirlia (-ii). 
|N'L., < (ir. TpSjnbot, \\t<- m-ck. thmul. the mid- 
dle part of a column.] 1. In itrclt.. tin- m-ck 
of a column (which see, under -A i. Si i i-ut 
(ni'\<-rlii/l>"trin'li:liii,ii. 2. [I-HI>.] [Toumefort, 
1700; earlier used by Lobel, li)7(i.] A gi-iniM-f 
gamopetalous plants, of the onli r /vi///(iw/i/ 
cete. It II dlitlnguUhed from the type genus Campanu- 
la by densely corymbose flowers with narrowly tubular 
corollas slightly three-cleft at the apex. The 4 or 5 specie* 
are all natives of the Mediterranean region. They are per- 
ennial herbs or undenhrubs, with tall sterna bearing pan- 
icled corymb* of very numerous blue flowers, or In one pe- 
cle* producing numerous short stems with the flower-clus 
ten somewhat umbellate. T. carulntm Is cultivated for 
it* flowers, under the name of throatwort. 
Trachelius (tra-ke'li-ns), n. [NL. (Schrank, 
1808; Dlm-nberg), < Gr. rp^Aoc, neck.] The 
typical genus of Tracheliiilse, having highly 
vacuolar or reticulate parenchyma. T. onnii. 
which inhabits bogs, is the only well-established 
species. 
trachelo-acromial (tra-ke'16-a-kro'mi-al), a. 
and n. [< Gr. rpdr^Jif. neck, + aKpu/uov, (ucpo- 
ftla, the point of the shoulder-blade: see aero- 
mial.] I. a. Connecting the shoulder-blade 
with cervical vertebrae, as a muscle ; common 
to the neck and to the acromion. 
TT n. The trachelo-acromial muscle. 
trachelo-acromialis (tra-ke'16-a-kro-mi-a'lis), 
.; pi. trachelo-acromiales(-\ez). [NL.: seefro- 
chelo-acromial. ] The trachelo-acromial muscle. 
Also called levator clavicula (which see, under 
lerator). 
Trachelobranchia (tra-ke-lo-brang'ki-S), . pi. 
[< Gr. rpdxr/"/jif, neck, 4- fipayxia, gills.] A 
section of docoglossate gastropods having a 
cervical gill, consisting only of the Tecturi- 
dee. 
trachelohranchiate (tra-ke-lo-brang'ki-at), a. 
Having gills' on the neck, as certain mollusks; 
cervicobranchiate ; specifically, of or pertain- 
ing to the Trachelobranchia. 
Trachelocerca (tra-ke-lo-ser'kft), i. [NL. 
(Ehrenberg), < Gr. Tfijpftat, neck, -I- Kipnof, 
tail.] The typical genus of Trachelocercida, 
with a conspicuous apical annular groove, ter- 
minal mouth, and elastic extensile neck. T. olor 
la the swan-animalcule, BO called from the long swan-like 
nck, and Is found in ponds. It was formerly considered 
a Tibrlo and called Vtbrio protean, V. olor, or V. cyynus. 
It is one of the infusorians longest known, having been 
described as a " proteua" by Baker in 1752. The aspect of 
the animalcule as it swims alternately contracting and 
extending the long neck, and swaying ft from side to side 
in search of food, ls not unlike that of the bird named, 
and has also been likened to the supposed action of a 
pleaiosaur. 
Trachelocercida (tra-ke-16-ser'si-de), n. pi. 
[NL., < Trachelocerca + -idle.] A family of Eo- 
lotrichous ciliate infusorians, typified by the 
genus Trachelocerca. They are free-swimming ani- 
malcules, flask-shaped or elongate, with neck-like prolon- 
gation and annular apical groove, a soft flexible cuticu- 
lar surface, specialized oral cilia, and mouth terminal or 
nearly so. 
tracheloclayicular (tra-ke'16-kla-vik'u-iar), a. 
[< Gr. rpaxrffjtx;, neck, + NL. clavicula, clavicle : 
see elaricular.] Pertaining or common to the 
neck and to the collar-bone, as a muscle be- 
tween them. 
tracheloclavicillaris (tra-ke'16-kla-vik-u-la'- 
ris), . ; pi. tracheloclavietilares (-rez). [NL. : 
see tracheloclavicular.] A small anomalous mus- 
cle of man, which sometimes extends from a 
low cervical vertebra, as the sixth, to some part 
of the clavicle. 
trachelomastoid (tra-ke-16-mas'toid), a. and 
n. [< Gr. rpaxyAoc., neck, + E. magtoid.] I. a. 
Connecting the neck with the mastoid process 
of the temporal bone, as a muscle of the back 
of the neck. 
II. u. The trachelomastoideus or trachelalis. 
trachelomastoideus (tra-ke'16-mas-toi'de-us), 
n. ; pi. trachelHia#toidei(-\). [NL. : see trachelfi- 
mastoid.] The trachelomastoid muscle of the 
nape of the neck. It lies on the inner side of the trans- 
versal!* colll, between this and the complexua, arises by 
several tendons from the transverse processes of cervical 
and some upper dorsal vertebra:, and is inserted Into the 
maitold beneath the insertions of the splenius and the 
sternomastoid. 
trachelo-occipital (tra-ke'16-ok-sip'i-tal), (i. 
[< Gr. rpo^Xof, neck, 4- L. occiput (occipit-). 
occiput: see occipital.] Pertaining or common 
to the nape of the neck and to the hindhead: 
specifying a muscle of this region, now com- 
monly called complefus. 
