Tractarian 
A reaction begins In England with Wesley. It In seen In 
the Evangelical movement, still more In the Tnut 
who strive after the re-creation of the church as a living 
OtfUlsm anil the absorption of the individual in il. 
Wcntwinstrr Km., CX X \ 
Tractarianism (trak-ta'ri-iui-i/.m), n. [< ?><- 
Inrinii + -ixi.~] A system of religious opinion 
mid practice promulgated within the Church of 
Kncland in :i scries of papers cnlitlcil "Tracts 
l"i the Times," published at Oxford between 
ISIti! and 1841. The movement began as a counter, 
movement to the liberalizing tt'mlt n< > IN < < ' l< -i:i*ticiimi 
and the rationalizing tunik-ncy in theology, and waa In its 
inception an endeavor to bring the rlim-cli hack to the prin- 
ciples of primitive and putriMir Christianity. Its funda- 
iiM-iilnl principles were that the Christian religion In- 
volve** ccrtiiin well-denned theological dogmas, and a visi- 
ble cliuivh with Bacnimentsiiml rites anil ill-Unite religious 
teaching on the foundation of dogma, and that this visible 
church in liaHeil upon anil involves an unbroken line of 
episcopal succession from the apostles, and includes the 
Anglican Church. The tracts consisted of extracts from 
tin- hiffli-church divines of the seventeenth century and 
the church fathers, witli contributions by Newman, 
Fronde, Pusey, and Isaac Williams. In the last of the 
series, Tract No. (X), Dr. (afterward Cardinal) Newman took 
the ground that the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of 
England are In large part susceptible of an Interpretation 
not Inconsistent with the doctrines of the Council of Trent. 
This tract was condemned by a number of bishops and 
heads of colleges, and a part of the Tractarians (among 
them Newman in 1845) entered the Church of Rome, 
others remaining with Dr. Pusey and John Keble in the 
Church of England, and maintaining the principles of 
sacramental efficacy and apostolic authority within that 
communion. 
tractate (trak'tat), H. [Formerly also tractat; = 
D. traktaat = G. tractat = Sw. Dan. traktat, < L. 
tractatus, a treatise, eccl. a homily, a handling, 
treatment, < tractare, handle, treat : see trticft, 
treat, and cf. tracts.] A treatise; a tract. 
I presumed to allege this excellent writing of your ma- 
jesty as a prime or excellent example of tractate! concern- 
ing special and respective duties. 
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, II. 
Needlesse tractate stuff't with specious names. 
MUtan, Prelatical Episcopacy. 
tractationt (trak-ta'shon), n. [< L. tracta- 
tio(n-), management, treatment, < tractare, 
manage, treat: see tract 2 , treat.'] Treatment 
or handling of a subject; discussion. 
The Journey they make us take through fire and water 
requires a more punctual tractation than your patience 
will now admit. Rev. T. Adam*, Works, I. 88. 
tractator (trak-ta'tor), . [< L. tractator, a 
handler, a treater, < tractare, handle, treat: 
see tract 2 , treat.'] A writer of tracts; specifi- 
cally [cop.], one of the writers of the " Tracts 
for the Times " ; a Tractarian. [Hare.] 
Talking of the Tractators so you still like their tone ! 
And so do I. Kingdey, Life, I. 58. 
tractatrix (trak-ta'triks), . [Fern, of tracta- 
tor.] In acorn., same as tractrix. 
tractellate (trak'te-lat), . [< tractellum + 
-te'.] Having a tractellum, as an infusorian. 
tractellum (trak-tel'um), . ; pi. tractella (-a). 
[NL., dim. < L. tractus, a tract : see tract 1 .] "fte 
anterior vibratile flagellum of a biflagellate in- 
fusorian, used for locomotion : correlated with 
gnbcrnaculum. 
tractile (trak'til), a. [< L. "tractilis, < trahere, 
pp. tractus, draw, drag: see tract 1 .] Capable 
of being drawn out in length ; ductile. 
The consistencies of bodies are very divers ; . . . trac- 
tile or to be drawn forth in length, intractile. 
Bacon, Nat, Hist., 839. 
tractility (trak-til'i-ti), n. [< tracfe + -ity.] 
The property of being tractile. 
Silver, whose ductility and tractility are much Inferlour 
to those of gold. Da-ham. 
traction (trak'shon), H. [= F. traction = Sp. 
traction = Pg. iraeySo = It. trasione, < ML. 
*tractio(n-), a drawing, < L. trahere, pp. tractus, 
draw, drag: see tract 1 .] 1. The act of draw- 
ing, or the state of being drawn ; specifically, 
in physiol., contraction, as of a muscle. 2. 
The act of drawing a body along a surface, 
as over water or on a railway. The power ex- 
erted in order to produce the effect is called the /wee of 
traction. The line in which the force of traction acts is 
called the line of traction, and the angle which this line 
makes with the plane along which a body is drawn by the 
force of traction is called the angle of traction. 
3. Attraction; attractive power or influence. 
He [Macbeth] feels the resistless traction of fate, sees 
himself on the verge of an abyss, and his brain is filled 
with phantoms. Welth, Eng. Lit., I. 384. 
4. The adhesive friction of a body or object, 
as of a wheel on a rail or a rope on a pulley. 
E. H. Knight. 5. An action the negative of 
pressure.-Ltae of traction, (a) See del. 2. (6) In 
physiol., the axis or direction of the tractive action of a 
muscle; the line in which a muscle contracts, 
tractional (trak'shon-al), o. [< traction + -a/.] 
Of or pertaining to traction. 
6415 
traction-aneurism (trak'shon-an'u-rizm), n. 
An aneurism prodnood by traction on the wall 
of the vessel, as liy the ductus Botalli on the 
wall of the aorta, 
traction-engine(trak'shon-en'jin), n. Amova- 
blc steam-engine used fur dragging heavy loads 
trade 
with the cells contained i'i It. s< < 'ill under ipinal fnl. 
Tractus intestlnalis, tin' inttnlinal tract, or alt 
tary canal ; tin- whole Inte.itine rim niuuili toanua. Bee 
cuts under alimentary and iniestiiu-. Tractus opticua, 
the optic tract, the band of white nerve-tissue u In- ! 
ft mil the dlcncephalon, and furinn u chliiKm with IU fellow 
in front nf l In- tulx-r . im-n-nrn. : raCtUS spl- 
raliB foraminulentus, a shallow spiral furrow in lie- 
center of the base of the IHIIIV cochk-a, i \liihii ing groups 
of foramina through which the filaments of the cochlear 
:i> in . |. i-- 
tradt. A Mid. He Kii;,'lish preterit <>f '('",,/. 
trade 1 \ tnid ), n. ami n . \\ Inter form, due part- 
ly to association with the related noun 
Traction -engine. 
". driving-wheels with V-shaped projections on their rims to pre- 
vent slip ; f. gear-wheel keyed to the shaft of the driving-wheels, and 
receiving motion through intermediate gearing from the engine c, 
mounted upon the top of the boiler d. This driving-gear may be 
made to reverse Its motion by link motion controllecfby the lever t. 
The steam-dome and smoke-stack are shown at/ and f. When it is 
desired to use the steam-power for driving other machinery, the trac- 
tion wheels may be run out of year, and the power taken off by a belt 
lrr>m the fly-wheel A. The engineer stands on a step/, and through 
a hand-wheel keyed to the shaft * steers the machine when it is moved 
n MI pines to place, the steering-mechanism consisting of the worm- 
KSSOSB] >it which turns the winding-shaft /. and the chain linked t'. 
the opposite ends of the axle of the wheels/, this axle being swiveled 
to a bracket on the under side of the boiler. The turning o? '.lie shaft 
/ lengthens the chain connection on one side while shortening it on 
tlie other, thus turning the axle of the wheels /on its center, after the 
manner in which the front wheels of vehicles are turned in changing 
their direction. 
on common roads, as distinguished from loco- 
motive engine, used on a railway. 
traction-gearing (trak'shon-ger'ing), . A 
mechanical arrangement for utilizing the force 
of friction or adhesion by causing it to turn a 
wheel and its shaft. 
traction-wheel (trak'shon-hwel), n. A wheel 
which draws or impels a vehicle, as the driving- 
wheel of a locomotive. Power Is applied to the 
wheel, and its f rlctional adhesion to the surface on which 
it bears Is the direct agent of progression. E. H. Knight. 
Tractite (trak'tit), . [< tracts -f- -ite*.] Same 
as Tractarian. Imp. Diet. 
tractitions (trak-tish'us), a. [< L. trahere, pp. 
tractus, draw (see tract 2 ), + -itious.] Treating; 
handling. [Bare.] Imp. Diet. 
tractive (trak'tiv), a. [= F. tractif, < L. trac- 
tus, pp. of trahere, draw: see tract 1 .] Trac- 
tional; drawing; needed or used in drawing. 
In any plexus of forces whatever, the resultant of all the 
tractive forces Involved will be the line of greatest trac- 
tion. J. Fitlte, Cosmic Philos., I. 293. 
tractlet (trakt'let), . [< tracts + -let.] A small 
tract. 
tractor (trak'tor), H. [< NL. tractor, < L. tra- 
here, pp. tractus, draw, drag: see tract 1 .] That 
which draws or is used for drawing; specifi- 
cally, in the plural, metallic tractors. See the 
phrase. 
What varied wonders tempt us as they pass ! 
The cowpox, tractors, galvanism, and gas. 
Byron, Eng. Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 
Metallic tractors, a pair of small pointed bars, one of 
brass and the other of steel, which, by being drawn over 
diseased parts of the body, were supposed to give relief 
through the agency of electricity or magnetism. They 
were devised by Dr. Perkins, and were much in vogue 
about the beginning of the nineteenth century, but have 
long been disused. Also called Pertint'i tracton. 
tractoration (trak-to-ra'shon), n. [< tractor + 
-ation.] The employment of metallic tractors 
for the cure of diseases. See tractor. 
Homoeopathy has not died out so rapidly as Tractora- 
tion. 0. W. Helmet, Med. Essays, Pref. 
tractory (trak'to-ri), n.: pi. tractories (-riz). 
[NL. "tractorius, < L. trahere, pp. tractus, draw : 
see tract 1 .] A tractrix. 
tractrix (trak'triks), . [NL., fern, of tractor.] 
A transcendental curve invented 
by Christian Huygens (1629-95), 
the property of which is that the dis- 
tances along the different tangents 
from the points of contact to the in- 
tersections of a certain line are all 
equal. It Is the evolute of the catenary. 
The definition above given is that now usu- 
al, and implies four branches, as shown in 
the figure. But the original definition is 
that it is the locus of the center of gyration 
of a rod of which the end is drawn along a 
straight line, without any effect of momen- Tractm. 
turn. So denned, the curve is confined to 
one side of the asymptote, and so it is usually drawn. Also 
tractatrix. Compare cut under tyntractrix. 
tractus (trak'tus), H. ; pi. tractus. [NL., < L. 
tntftus, a tract: see tract 2 , tracts.] l. Same 
as tract 1 , 7. 2. Same as tract 3 , 2 Tractus In- 
termedlolateralls, the lateral cornn of the spinal cord 
and the orig. verb trm/l, of curly nnxl. K. t 
inn!, < MK. Inid, footstep, track, < AS. trail. 
footstep, < tredan (pret. trad, pp. trcden), step, 
tread : see tread, r., and cf . '/ > mi. . . ti -ml, trade. 
The appur. irregularity of the form (the reg. 
form is trade or ti-mt. as still in dial, use) and 
the deflection of sense (from the obs. senses 
'track, path,' etc., to the present usual senses. 
' business, commerce, exchange') have obscured 
the etymology, suggesting an origin from or 
a confusion with F. trait'', trade, Hp. trato, 
treatment, intercourse, communication, traffic, 
trade, etc.: sec trait, tract-.] I. . It. Afoot- 
step; track; trace; trail. 
Strclght gan he him revyle, and bitter rate, 
As Shepheardes curre, that In darke evenlnges shade 
Hath traded forth some salvage beastes trade. 
Spenter, V. Q., II. vi. 30. 
2f. Path; way; course. 
A postern with a blind wicket there was, 
A common trade to passe through Priam's house. 
Surrey, jEneld, II. 687. 
By reason of their knowledge of the law, and of the 
autorltce of being In the right trade of religion 
.'. r.1,,11. On Luke xlx. 
Yon were advised . . . that his forward spirit 
Would lift him where most trade of danger ranged. 
Ska*., 2 Hen. IV., L 1. 174. 
3t. The bearing part of the felly of a wheel ; 
the tread of a wheel. 
The utter part of the wheele, called the trade-. 
WUhaU Diet. (ed. 1608), p. 79. (Sura.) 
4f. Course of action or effort. 
Long did I love this lady ; 
Long my travail, long my trade to win her. 
Fletcher and Masinger, A Very Woman, iv. S. 
5f. Way of life ; customary mode or course of 
action ; habit or manner of life ; habit ; cus- 
tom ; practice. 
In whose behaulors lyeth In effect the whole course and 
trade of mans life, and therefore tended altoglther to the 
good amendment of man by discipline and example. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 25. 
The ancient trade of this realm in education of youth 
. . . was to yoke the same with the fear of God, in teach- 
ing the same to use prayer morning and evening, ... to 
make beysaunce to the magistrates. 
Hvggard, Displaying of the Protestants, p. 85. (Dorfe, 
[under beysauncc.) 
Thy sin 's not accidental, but a trade. 
Shak., M. for M., IH. 1. 149. 
6. Business pursued ; occupation. 
The Spaniards dwell with their families, and exercise 
divers manuary trade*. Coryat, Crudities, I. 122. 
Thy trade to me tell, and where thou dost dwell. 
KMn Hood and the Butcher (Child's Ballads, V. S3). 
Begging is a trade unknown in this empire. 
Su^ft, Gulliver's Travels, L 9. 
7. Specifically, the craft or business which 
a person has learned and which he carries on 
as a means of livelihood or for profit; occupa- 
tion; particularly, mechanical or mercantile 
employment; a handicraft, as distinguished 
from one of the liberal arts or of the learned 
professions, and from agriculture. Thus, we speak 
of the trade of a smith, of a carpenter, or of a mason ; but 
not of the trade of a farmer or of a lawyer or physician. 
We abound in quacks of every trade. 
Crabte. (Imp. Diet.) 
8. The exchange of commodities for other com- 
modities or for money ; the business of buying 
and selling; dealing by way of sale or exchange ; 
commerce; traffic. Trade comprehends every species 
of exchange or dealing, either in the produce of land, in 
manufactures, or In bills or money. It Is, however, chiefly 
used to denote the barter or purchase and sale of goods, 
wares, and merchandise, either by wholesale or by retail. 
Trade Is either foreign or dome*tic. foreign trade con- 
sists In the exportation and importation of goods, or 
the exchange of the commodities of different countries. 
Domestic or home trade is the exchange or buying and 
selling of goods within a country. Trade Is also u-hule- 
talc (that is, by the package or In large quantities) or It Is 
by retail, or in small parcels. The carryina-trade Is that 
of transporting commodities from one country to another 
by water. 
Let this therefore assure you of our loues, and every 
yeare our friendly trade shall furnish you with Corne. 
Quoted In Capt John Smith's Works, I. 809. 
But I have been Informed that the trailf to England Is 
sunk, and that the greatest export now is to Prance. 
Poeodce, Description of the East, II. a 90. 
