trade-unionism 
The leading aims of all '/"/ <,../-i/i are to increase 
waK' 1 * ami to diminish the labour t>> which it is m-nifui 
In earn them, ni<t further to secure a mure i-Miial ilistrilni- 
tiuii cii \M>ik aiii"ii the wni kinrn ill any iriven trade than 
u ulll 1 1 hi- till- r:IM- inn I IT a regime uf mil i--tl [rtr.l < iijnp' 
titinii. l:,ii.. XMII. :.ul. 
trade-unionist (ini.rrr'tiyoti-ist), . [< irmii- 
iiiiinn + -/./.] A member of a tra<le-uni >n : 
one win) favors Hie system of trade-unions. 
Also 
6417 
Mi-appicl ..... MUD "ii tlic part of socialists, u well u of 
truili- iiiiii:iii'.<t.< iiinl .. til. -r partisans of lulior against capl- 
tnl J. S. MM. Socialism. 
trade-Wind (trad 'wind), [</i 1 rtrfc I ,2,+ iriml-. 
('!'. / '</< f/vHtr, miller t/vHtV-i.] A wind that 
blows in a regular trade or course that is, 
continually in the same direction. Trade-winds, 
i>r specifically the trade-iriiul*. prevail over the oceans In 
the ei|iiatoriul regions, from al>ut :VI" N. latitude to 30* 
S. latitude, blowing in each hemisphere toward the ther- 
mal equator, lint liein^ ilollected into northeasterly and 
southeasterly winds respectively hy the earth's rotation. 
Over the Innd the greater friction, irregular tempcrature- 
Kfadienta, and local disturbances of nil kinds combine 
to interrupt their uniformity. The trade-winds form a 
part of the general system of atmospheric circulation 
arising from the permanent difference in temperature 
hetween equatorial and polar regions. By the greater 
heating of the torrid zone the air Is expanded, occasion- 
ing a diminished density of the surface-layer and an in- 
crease of pressure at high levels, which produce a ten* 
dency for the air to How off toward the poles on either 
side. This overflow reduces the atmospheric pressure 
near the equator, and increases it in the higher lati- 
tudes to which the current flows. These conditions, 
therefore, give rise to two permanent currents In each 
hemisphere a lower one, the tnnle-vind, blowing from 
near the tropics to the thermal equator, and an upper 
one, the anti-trade, flowing from the equator to about the 
thirtieth parallel of latitude, where it descends, producing 
there the calms of Cancer and Capricorn, and continues 
northward or southward, according to the hemisphere, as 
a surface-current with a component of motion to the east- 
ward, arising from the earth's rotation. In the northern 
hemisphere these anti-trades are much Interrupted by ir- 
regular temperature-gradients over the great continents 
and hy cyclonic storms ; but In the southern hemisphere, 
where these disturbances are less, the anti-trades attain 
such a force as to give the name of " the roaring forties " 
tn the belt of latitude where they are chiefly felt. On 
their equatorial side the trade-winds die out In a licit of 
calms, which varies in breadth, in ditferent seasons and 
different longitudes, from 150 to (SOU miles. In March the 
center of the calm-belt Is approximately at the equator, 
while in summer it rises in some longitudes to 8" or 9 N. 
latitude. The trade-wind zones in all oceans change their 
position with the season, moving to the northward from 
Mat eh to midsummer, and southward from .September to 
March, the range of oscillation being from 2011 to 000 
miles. During the first nine months of the year the equa- 
torial limit of the northeast trade In the Atlantic lies In a 
higher latitude near the west coast of Africa than it does 
further to the westward until the fortieth meridian is 
passed, where the limit again recedes from the equator. 
From October to December, however, the North Atlantic 
trade-wind extends to its lowest latitude on the African 
coast. On the eastern side of each ocean the solar limit 
of the trade-wind extends furthest from the equator, and 
blows most directly toward it : thus, on the coast of Por- 
tugal and on tin coast of California, the trade-wind reaches 
far north of the tropics, the extension of it being often felt 
as far north as latitude 40, and it is frequently felt as a 
north wind. Toward the western part of each ocean the 
trade-wind becomes more easterly, often prevailing due 
east for many days. The trade-wind attains its greatest 
strength in the South Indian ocean, which Is called the 
" heart of the trades "; in the Pacific it does not blow with 
either the strength or the constancy that it has In the At- 
lantic ; and in parts of the South Pacific it Is frequently 
interrupted by westerly winds, which prevail through the 
summer, and sometimes through the greater part of the 
year. The region of high pressure at the tropics is in the 
fonn of great anticyclones extending in an east and west 
direction, and having shifting boundaries and variable 
gradients. As a consequence, the strength, and In some 
regions the direction, of the trades are subject to consid- 
erable variations. In general, the regions of the trade- 
winds have a scanty rainfall, for cyclones do not occur 
except In limited areas and at definite seasons ; and con- 
vection-currents, although frequently covering the sky 
with a small detached cloud known as trade cumulus, are 
generally Insufficient to produce rain. 
Thus to the Eastern wealth through storms we go, 
But now, the Cape once doubled, fear no more ; 
A constant trade-wind will securely blow, 
And gently lay us on the spicy snore. 
Drydtn, Aiinus Mirabilis, st. 304. 
trading (tra'ding), . [Ppr. of trade*, .] If. 
Moving in a steady course or current. [Rare.] 
They on the trading flood . . . 
Ply, stemming nightly toward the pole. 
Milton, f. U, II. 040. 
2. Carrying on commerce ; engaged in trade : 
as, a trad/Hi/ company. 3. Given to corrupt 
bargains; venal. 
What in him was only a sophistical self-deception, or a 
mere illusion of dangerous self-love, might have been, by 
the common herd of trading politicians, used as the cover 
for every low, and despicable, and unprincipled artifice. 
Brougham, Hist Sketches, Canning. 
tradiometer (tra-di-om'e-ter), ii. A species 
of dynamometer for determining the draft of 
vehicles, plows, mowing-machines, etc. In one 
form the draft is applied to a kind of spring scale inter- 
posed between the draft-animal or propelling machine 
4t);t 
and the vehicle, plow, etc., the extension of the spring 
denoting tile dUllt. Other more refined r.'tins have li'-'-ii 
inv. lit. il. I Mi- i. r these, by a tracing point miivi -1 I 
ing ti> tin- pull, marks a curve on a disk, by which a varia- 
ble diafl is Indicated. 
tradition (tra-dish'on), n. [< MK. ti-iiiln-ian, < 
()!'. Iriiiliriiin, !'. tiiiitiliini = pr. tradition = 
Sp. Iriiilii-iiin = 1'g. trailifilu = It. tratli:ione. < 
L. traditio(n-), a giving up. a surrender, deliv- 
ery, tradition, < trintirr, pp. tfinlitim, deliver, < 
tniim, over,+ dare, give: see datri. ( 'f. twixoii. 
a doublet of tradition.] 1. The act of bonding 
over something iii a formal legal manner: the 
act of delivering into the hands of another; de- 
livery. 
The covenant Is God's Justifying Instrument, as signi- 
fying his donative consent : and baptism is the instrument 
of it, by solemn Investiture or trn < 
Haxter, Life of Faith, III. s. 
At a private conveyance, Mancipation was extremely 
clumsy, and I have no doubt It was a great advantage to 
Unman society when this ancient conveyance was first 
subordinated to Tradition or simple delivery, and finally 
superseded by it Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. '!. 
2. The handing down of opinions, doctrines, 
practices, rites, and customs from ancestor* 
to posterity; the transmission of any opinion 
or practice from forefathers to descendants or 
from one generation to another, by oral com- 
munication, without written memorials. 
Say what you will against Tradition ; we know the Sig- 
nification of Words by nothing but Tradition. 
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 111. 
It Is not true that written history Is a mere tradition of 
falsehoods, assumptions, and illogical deductions, of what 
the writers believed rather than of what they knew, and 
of what they wished to have believed rather than what 
was true. Stvbbt, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 75. 
3. A statement, opinion, or belief, or a body of 
statements or opinions or beliefs, that has been 
handed down from age to age by oral communi- 
cation ; knowledge or belief transmitted with- 
out the aid of written memorials. 
Roselayn Is a place where are the Cisterns called .Solo- 
mon's, supposed, according to the common tradition here- 
abouts, to nave been made by that great King, as a part 
of his recompence to King Hiram. 
Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 50. 
Nobody can make a tradition ; It takes a century to 
make it. flatrthorne, Septlmius Felton, p. 111. 
4. (a) In tlicol., that body of doctrine and disci- 
pline supposed to have Wen revealed or com- 
manded by God, but not committed to writing, 
and therefore not incorporated in the Scrip- 
tures. According to the Pharisees, when Moses was on 
Mount Sinai two sets of laws were delivered to him by God. 
one of which was recorded, while the other was handed 
down from father to son, and miraculously kept uncor- 
rupted to their day. These are the traditions referred to 
in Mat. xv. 2 and other parallel passages. Roman Catholic 
theologians maintain that much of Christ's oral teaching 
not committed to writing by the immediate disciples has 
been preserved in the church, and that this instruction, 
together with that subsequently afforded to the church by 
the direct teaching of the Holy Spirit all of which is to 
be found in the writings of the fathers, the decrees of 
councils, and the decretals of the Popes constitutes a 
body of tradition as truly divine, and therefore as truly au- 
thoritative, as the Scriptures themselves (L. Abbott, Diet. 
Rel. Knowledge). Anglican theologians, on the other 
hand, while acknowledging tradition recorded in ancient 
writers as of more or less authority in interpretation of 
Scripture and in questions of church polity and ceremo- 
nies, do not coordinate it with .Scripture. 
Why do thy disciples transgress the tradition of the 
elders ? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread. 
Mat zv. 2. 
The authority for this endless, mechanical religionism 
was the commands or tradition* of the Fathers, handed 
down from the days of the Great Synagogue, but ascribed 
with pious exaggeration to the Almighty, who, It was said, 
had delivered them orally to Moses on Mount Sinai. 
C. Qeikie, Life of Christ, II. 205. 
By apostolical traditions are understood such points of 
Catholic belief and practice as, not committed to writing 
in the Holy Scriptures, have come down in an unbroken 
series of oral delivery, and varied testimony, from the 
apostolic ages. faith of Catholics, II. 387. 
(6) In Mohammedanism, the words and deeds of 
Mohammed (and to some extent of his compan- 
ions), not contained in the Koran, but handed 
down for a time orally, and then recorded. 
They are called hadith, ' sayings,' or oftener lunna, ' cus- 
toms,' and they constitute a very large body, and have 
given rise to an immense literature. liy their acceptance 
or non-aoceptance of the traditions as authoritative, the 
Mohammedans are divided into Snnnitf* and Shiitet. See 
Sunna, Snnnitf. 
5. A custom handed down from one age or gen- 
eration to another and having acquired almost 
the force of law. 
The tradition Is that a President [In the United States] 
may be re-elected once, and once only. 
K. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 381. 
6. In the fine artu, literature, etc., the accumu- 
lated experience, advance, or achievement of 
the past, as handed down by predecessors or de- 
traditor 
rived inn Mediately from tliem liy nrti-t.-. x-hoolg, 
ur writers. Tradition Sunday, I'alm Sunday: so 
called from the fact that "ii that day the ' reeil was for- 
meily tan-lit t.i candidates for baptism mi Holy .Saturday. 
/:/., ae. !' ' 
tradition (trii-disli'on), <. I. [< trniliH<,n. u.] 
To transmit us a . trmlition. [Hare.] 
The following story is ... tradittuned with very much 
credit amongst our r.nxlinh I athollcs. 
Hitter. (Imp. Did.) 
traditional (tni-dish'on-itl), n. [= K. trttili- 
tinmirt Sp. I'g. Ini'tii'i'iiml, < Ml., trii'liti't- 
iinliK. of tradition, < L. trnttilio(H-), tradition: 
see tradition.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or de- 
rived fnitii tradition; communicated from an- 
' -tors to descendants by word of mouth only; 
transmitted from age to age without writing; 
founded on reports not having the authenticity 
or value of historical evidence; consisting of 
traditions. 
Mr. Tulliver was, on the whole, a man of safe traditional 
opinions. George Klitrt, Mill on the Klosa, L . 
While iu the conrxc "f civilization written law tends to 
replace traditional usage, the replacement never becomes 
complete. //. Spencer, I'rin. of Sociol., | 5211. 
2. Observant of tradition, in any sense ; regu- 
lated by accepted models or traditions, irre- 
spective of independently deduced principles; 
conventional. 
Card. God in heaven forbid 
We should Infringe the holy privilege 
Of blessed sanctuary ! . . . 
Buck. You an too senseless-obstinate, my lord, 
Too ceremonious and traditional. 
Shalr.. Rich. III., Hi 1. 45. 
traditionalism (tra-dish'on-al-izm), . [= Sp. 
Iradifiiiiinlinmo : as traditional + -ixm.] Strict- 
ly, a system of philosophy in which all religious 
knowledge is reduced to belief in truth commu- 
nicated by revelation from God, and received 
by traditional instruction ; popularly, the habit 
of basing religious convictions on ecclesiasti- 
cal authority and the traditional belief of the 
church, not on an independent study of the 
Scripture, or an independent exercise of the 
reason ; adherence to tradition as an authority. 
traditionalist (tra-dish'on-al-ist), n. [= Sp. 
tradicioiialigta ; as 'traditional + int.'] One who 
holds to the authority of tradition. 
traditionalistic (tra-dish'on-a-lis'tik), a. [< 
traditional + -iiit + -1C.] Of, pertaining to, or 
characterized by traditionalism. 
De Bonald . . . was the chief of the so called tradition- 
alutic school, the leading dogma of which was the divine 
creation of language. 
Ueberweg, Hist. Philos. (trans.), II. 339. 
traditionality (tra-dish-o-nal'i-ti), n. [< tra- 
ditional + -if.y.] Traditional principle or opin- 
ion. [Bare.] 
Many a man dolnp loud work in the world stands only 
on some thin traditionality, conventionality. 
Carlyle. (Imp. Diet) 
traditionally (tra-dish'on-al-i), adr. In a tra- 
ditional manner; by transmission from father 
to son or from age to age ; according to tradi- 
tion; as a tradition ; in or by tradition. 
Time-worn rales, that them sufllce. 
Learned from their sires, tradUinnaUy wise. 
Lmretl, Agaaslc, ii. 1. 
traditionarily (tra-dish'on-a-ri-li), adv. In a 
traditionary manner; by tradition, 
traditionary (tra-dish'on-a-ri), n. and . [= 
P. traditionnairc; as tradition + -ary.~] I. a. 
Same as traditional. 
Decayed our old traditionary lore. 
Scott, Vision of Don Roderick, Int, it 8. 
II. . ; pi. traditionarirx (-riz). One who ac- 
knowledges the authority of traditions. 
traditioner (trn-dish'on-er),*!. [< tradition + 
-eri.] A traditionist. 
traditionist(tra-dish'on-i8t), w. [< tradition + 
-i*t.\ One who makes or adheres to tradition ; 
a passer-on of old habits, opinions, etc. 
As the people are faithful tradiiinnittt, repeating the 
words of their forefathers, . . . they are the most certain 
antiquaries ; and their oral knowledge and their ancient 
observances often elucidate many an archaeological ob- 
scurity. /. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit, L 17i 
traditive (trad'i-tiv), o. [< OF. traditif; as L. 
tnnjitus, pp. of tradere, deliver (see tradition), 
+ -I'IT.] Of or pertaining to or based on tra- 
dition; traditional. 
We cannot disbelieve tnufifuv doctrine, ... If It be 
infallibly proved to us that tradition is an infallible guide. 
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), It. 334. 
Traditirr systems grow up In a course of generations. 
Gladttonr. 
traditor (trad'i-tor). . ; L. pi. traditores (trad-i- 
to'rez). [< L. traditor. one who gives up or over, 
a traitor, < tradrre, give up. surrender: see tra- 
