tribromphenol 
by the action of a solution of carbolic acid on 
bromine-water, and possessing antiseptic prop- 
erties. 
tribual (trib'u-al), . [< L. tribun, tribe (see 
tribe), + -al.]"Ol or pertaining to a tribe; 
tribal. 
Surely this proceedeth not from any natural imperfec- 
tion in the parents (whence probably the Tribual lisping 
of the Ephraimites did arise). Fuller, Worthies, II. 225. 
tribular (trib'u-lar), a. [< L. tribulix, one of 
the same tribe as another, < tribus, tribe: see 
tribe.] Of or relating to a tribe; tribal: as, 
tribular worship. Jniji. Diet. 
tribulation (trib-u-la'shon), n. [< ME. tribit- 
lacion, tribulaciun,' < OF. "(and F.) tribulation = 
Pr. trebulatio, trlboliicio = Sp. tribulation =Pg. 
tribulaftto = It. tribulazione, tribolazione, < LL. 
ttibulatio(n-), distress, trouble, tribulation, af- 
fliction, < tribularc, oppress, afflict, a fig. use of 
L. tribulare, press, prob. also thresh out grain, 
< tribuhtm, also tribula, also trivolum (Gr. rpijio- 
/iof, appar. after the L.), a sledge consisting of 
a wooden block studded with sharp pieces of 
flint or with iron teeth, used for threshing grain, 
< terere, pp. tritus, rub (cf. Gr. rpifieiv, rub, 
thresh) : see trite, try.'] 1. A state of affliction 
or oppression ; suffering ; distress. 
That it may please thee to succour, help, and comfort 
all who are in danger, necessity, and tribulation. 
Boot of Common Prayer, Litany. 
He added that poor Will was at present under great trib- 
ulation, for that Tom Touchy had taken the law of him. 
Addison, Spectator, No. 269. 
2. A cause or occasion of suffering ; a trouble 
or trial. 
Death and bloodshed, strife and sword, calamities, fam- 
ine, tribulation, and the scourge. Ecclus. xl. 9. 
3. A troublesome or lawless person ; also, such 
persons collectively; colloquially, a trial ; a ter- 
ror. 
These are the youths that thunder at a playhouse, . . . 
that no audience, but the tribulation of Tower-hill, or the 
limbs of Limehouse, their dear brothers, are able to en- 
dure. Shale., Hen. VIII., v. 4. 66. 
Tribulus (trib'u-lus), w. [NL. (Tournefort, 
1700; earlier by Lobel, 1576), < L. tribulns, < 
Gr. T/j(/3o/lof, a caltrop, water-caltrop, and prob- 
ably the land-caltrop, T. terrestris, lit. three- 
pointed, equiv. to T/upeAI/f, three-pointed, < rprif 
(rpi-), three, + /3e/lof, a dart, < ficMeiv, throw.] 
A genus of polypetalous plants, of the order 
Zygophyllese. It is characterized by abruptly pinnate 
leaves, a fruit of from five to twelve indehiscent carpels, 
and an embryo without albumen. About 35 species nave 
been described, of which 15 are now considered distinct, 
natives of warm regions almost throughout the world. 
They are herbs with loose prostrate branches, common- 
ly silky, and bearing opposite stipulate leaves, one of 
each pair smaller than the other, or sometimes absent. 
The yellow or white flowers are solitary in the axils of the 
stipules. The five-angled flattened fruit bears one or more 
spines or tubercles on each carpel. The species are known 
in general as caltrop, especially, in the West Indies, T. max- 
iinwt, a single-beaked American species common also from 
Texas and California to Panama. Two other species oc- 
cur in Lower California, T. grandifarus and T. Californi- 
cus, the former extending to New Mexico, and bearing 
yellow flowers about 2 inches broad. The European spe- 
cies, T. terrestris, is known as land-caltrop. T. cistoides(see 
cut under stigma), a prostrate perennial species with large 
yellow flowers, widely distributed along tropical shores of 
India, Africa, and America, is known as turkey-blossom in 
Jamaica, where it is common in salt-pastures ; it also oc- 
curs in Florida, on Key West. 
tribunal (trl-bu'nal), n. [= F. tribunal = Pr. 
tribunale = Sp. Pg. tribunal = It. tribunate, < 
L. tribunal, a semicircular or square platform 
on which the seats of magistrates were placed, 
a judgment-seat, etc., in general an elevation, 
embankment, < tribunus, a tribune, magistrate : 
see tribune*. Cf. tribune' 2 .] 1. The seat of a 
magistrate or judge; the bench on which a 
judge and his associates sit to administer jus- 
tice. 
I' the market-place, on a tribunal silver'd, 
Cleopatra and himself in chairs of gold 
Were publicly enthroned. Shak., A. and C., iii. 6. 3. 
Hence 2. A court of justice. 
Fenwick . . . eluded the justice of the ordinary tribu- 
'"* Macaulay, Hist Eng., xxii. 
3. Eccles., the confessional Revolutionary tri- 
bunal, in French hist., an extraordinary court constituted 
in Paris by the Convention in March, 1793, ostensibly to 
take cognizance of attempts against the republic, the 
principles of the Revolution, and the public security. 
There was no appeal from its decisions ; many persons, 
innocent as well as guilty, eminent and obscure, high and 
low, were condemned to death, and their property confis- 
cated to the state. It was reorganized after the fall of 
Robespierre in 1794, and suppressed in June, 1795. There 
were also revolutionary tribunals in the departments 
Tribunal of Penitentiaries. See penitentiary, 2 (c). 
tribunal-seat (tri-bu'nal-set), H. Same as tri- 
bunal, 1. 
6466 
That little piece of work I commend unto you, as a thing 
whereof I doubt not to answer to my comfort before the 
tribunal-seat of Jesus Christ. 
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 196. 
tribunary (trib'u-na-ri), o. [< tribune 1 + -ary.~] 
Of or pertaining to tribunes. 
tribunate (trib'u-nat), n. [= F. tribunal = Sp. 
Pg. tribunado = It. tribunato, < L. tribunatus, 
the office and dignity of a tribune, < trilntiui*, 
a tribune : see tribune 1 .] Tribuneship. 
Such was the origin of the tribunate which, in pro- 
cess of time, opened all the honors of the government to 
the plebeians. Calhoun, Works, I. 94. 
The creation of the tribunate did, nevertheless, trans- 
form the constitution. W. Wilson, State, 164. 
tribune 1 (trib'un), . [< ME. tribun (pi. trib- 
unes), < OF. tribun, F. tribun = Sp. Pg. It. tri- 
buno = D. tribuun = Q. Sw. Dan. tribun, < L. 
tribunus, a commander, tribune, magistrate (see 
def. ), orig. the chief of a tribe, or the represen- 
tative of a tribe, < tribus, a tribe: see tribe.] 
1. In Rom. hist., originally, a magistrate pre- 
siding over a tribe, or representing a tribe for 
certain purposes; specifically, a tribune of the 
people (tribunus plebis), an officer or magistrate 
chosen by the people, from the time of the se- 
cession (probably in 494 B. c.), to protect them 
from the oppression of the patricians or nobles, 
and to defend their liberties against any at- 
tempts upon them by the senate and consuls. 
Their persons were inviolable, and any one who trans- 
gressed in regard to the respect due them was outlawed. 
These magistrates were at first two, but their number was 
increased to five and ultimately to ten, which last number 
appears to have remained unaltered down to the end of 
the empire. The tribunes figured especially in the as- 
sembly of the tribes (camitia tributa) ; they could inflict 
no direct punishment, but could propose the imposition 
of fines, and from their personal inviolability could afford 
protection to any person. With the advance of time, 
they could bring an offending patrician before the comi- 
tia, could sit in the senate, could stop summarily pro- 
ceedings instituted before any magistrate, could propose 
measures of state to the comitia or the senate, and finally 
could even issue peremptory edicts and suspend decrees 
of the senate. Their powers were greatly curtailed by 
the emperors. The name tribune was also given to any 
one of general officers of the legions (tribunus mOitaris), 
and to certain other officers, as the tribunus voluptatum, 
or superintendent of public amusements, of Diocletian 
and later. 
2. Hence, one who upholds or defends popu- 
lar rights ; a champion of the people. In this 
sense the word is used as the name of various 
newspapers. 
That great tribune, Mr. Bright. 
Nineteenth Century, XXVI. 735. 
tribune 1 (trib'un), v. t.\ pret. and pp. tribuned, 
ppr. tribuning. [< tribune*, n.] To regulate or 
manage by the authority of a tribune. [Bare.] 
These Essentialls must not be Ephorized or Tribuned 
by one or a few Mens discretion, but lineally sanctioned 
by Supreame Councels. ff. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 64. 
tribune 2 (trib'un), H. [< F. tribune = Sp. Pg. 
It. tribima, < ML. tribuna, a late form, equiv. 
to L. tribunal, a platform : see tribunal, and cf . 
tribune 1 ."] 1. In a Roman basilica, the raised 
platform at one end of the auditorium, fre- 
quently in a small addition of semicircular 
plan to the main structure, which formed the 
official station of the pretor; the tribunal; 
hence, in Christian churches of basilican plan, 
the throne of the bishop (which originally oc- 
cupied the place of the pretor's seat), and the 
part of the church containing it ; hence, again, 
in Italian churches generally, any apse or struc- 
ture of apsidal form. See cut under basilica. 
A nave of four enormous bays is stopped upon a vast oc- 
tagonal space, from which, at the east, the north, and the 
south, are built out three pentagonal tribunes or apses, 
which, as seen from the outside, give to the church 
[Duomo of Floreuce] the common cruciform shape. 
C. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 228. 
2. A raised seat or stand; a platform; a dais. 
Mr. Lyon was seated on the school tribune or dais at his 
particular round table. George Eliot, Felix Holt, xxiv. 
Specifically - (a) The throne of a bishop. See def. 1. 
He remained some time before his presence was ob- 
served, when the monks conducted him to his tribune. 
Prescott. (Imp. Diet.) 
(ft) A sort of pulpit or rostrum where a speaker stands 
to address an assembly, as in the French chamber of 
deputies. 
Members [of the French Chamber of Deputies) do not 
speak from their seats, . . . but from the tribune, which 
is a conspicuous structure erected near the desks of the 
President and secretaries a box-like stand, closely re- 
sembling those narrow, quaintly-fashioned pulpits which 
are still to be seen in some of the oldest of our American 
churches. W. Wilson, Cong. Oov., ii. 
tribuneship (trib'un-ship), n. [< tribune* + 
-ship.] The office of a tribune ; a tribunate. 
Metellus, to strengthen his hands, had stood for the 
tribuneship; and, in spite of the utmost efforts of the 
aristocracy, had been elected. Froude, Cassar, p. 163. 
tribute 
tribunicial, tribunitial (trib-u-nish'al), a. [< 
L. tribunicius, tribunitius, of or belonging to a 
tribune, < tribunus, a tribune : see tribune 1 .'] 
Pertaining to or befitting a tribune ; charac- 
teristic of a tribune or of his power or func- 
tions. 
My lord Sejanus 
Is to receive this day in open senate 
The tribunitial dignity. B. Jonson, Sejanus, v. 7. 
This insolent tribunitial veto has long encumbered all 
our public affairs. B. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 331. 
tribunician, tribunitian (trib-u-nish'an), a. 
[= F. tribunitien (cf. It. tribunizio = Sp. tribu- 
nicio), < L. tribunicius, tribunitius, of or belong- 
ing to a tribune, < tribttnits, a tribune : see trili- 
<nel.] Same as tribunicial. 
The title of the tribunician power connected the mon- 
arch with the interest of the lower orders. 
W. W. Capes, The Early Empire, i. 
tribunicioust, tribunitipust (trib-u-nish'us), a. 
[< L. tribunicius, tribunitius, of or belonging to 
a tribune: see tribunicial.'] Same as tribuni- 
cial. 
Let them not come in multitudes, or in a tribunitious 
manner, for that is to clamour councils, not to inform 
them. Bacon, Counsel (ed. 1887). 
tribus (tri'bus), n. ; pi. tribus. [NL. : see tribe.] 
In zool. and bot., a tribe as a classificatory 
group. 
tributarily (trib'u-ta-ri-li), adv. In a tributary 
manner. 
tributariness (trib'u-ta-ri-nes), n. The state 
of being tributary. Bailey, 1727. 
tributary (trib'u-ta-ri), a. and n. [< ME. trib- 
utarie = F. tributaire = Pr. tributari = Sp. Pg. 
It. tributario, < L. tributarius, of or belonging 
to tribute, paying tribute, < tributum, tribute : 
see tribute.] I. a. 1. Paying tribute; taxed or 
assessed by tribute. 
This Mylo is one of the Ciclades, yles of Grece, and 
trybu[ta]rye bothe to the Turkes and to Uenyce. 
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 62. 
The brave Oeraiut, a knight of Arthur's court, 
A tributary prince of Devon. Tennyson, Geraint. 
2. Of the nature of tribute; paid or due as 
tribute. 
Your tributari/ drops belong to woe, 
Which you, mistaking, offer up to joy. 
Shak., R. and J., iii. 2. 103. 
Yea, so greatly are we indebted to this kinsman of 
death that we owe the better tributary half of our life to 
him ; ... for sleep Is the golden chain that ties health 
and our bodies together. Dekker, Gull's Hornbook, p. 61. 
3. Bringing accretions, supplies, aid, or the 
like; contributory; auxiliary; subsidiary; spe- 
cifically, of streams, affluent. 
The Imperious seas breed monsters, for the dish 
Poor tributary rivers as sweet fish. 
Shak., Cymbeliue, iv. 2. 36. 
Conciseness has been already considered as tributary 
to perspicuity and to precision ; it is more conducive to 
energy than to either. A. Phelps, English Style, p. 246. 
II. n. ; pi. tributaries (-riz). 1. A person or 
a state that pays tribute; one who or that 
which pays a stated sum to a conquering power, 
in acknowledgment of submission, or for the 
purchase of peace, security, and protection. 
They have brought him to be a tributary to them : viz., 
to pay a certain rate of elephants per annum. 
R. Knox (Arbers Eng. Garner, I. 434). 
England was his faithful tributary. 
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. 38. 
2. In geog., an affluent; a river or other body 
of water which contributes its stream to an- 
other river, etc. 
A bayou emptying into the Red river is a tributary of 
the Mississippi, within the meaning of an insurance policy. 
Miller v. Insurance Co., 12 W. Va. 116. 
tribute (trib'ut), . [< ME. tribute, trybute, trib- 
ut, trybut, < OF. tribut (also vernacularly treil, 
> ME. trew : see trew 3 ), F. tribut = Pr. 'trebut, 
trabug, trabus, trabut, traut, treu = Sp. Pg. It. 
tributo, < L. tributum, tribute, lit. 'a thing con- 
tributed or paid,' neut. of tributus, pp. of tribu- 
ere, assign, allot, grant, give, bestow, etc., usu- 
ally derived < tribus, tribe (taken as orig. a 
part ?): see tribe. Hence attribute, contribute, 
ilixtribute, retribute.] 1. A stated sum of money 
or other valuable consideration paid by one 
prince or state to another in acknowledgment 
of submission, or as the price of peace, security, 
and protection, or by virtue of some treaty. 
And zit thei zelden Tribute for that Lend to the Queen 
of Amazoine, the whiche makethe hem to ben kept in 
cloos fulle diligently, that thei schalle not gon out on no 
syde, but be the Cost of hire Lond. 
Mandeville, Travels, p. 266. 
Their tributes and rents were brought thither from all 
the places of France which yielded so great a revenue to 
the Romans. Coryat, Crudities, I. 59. 
