ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., ad] adjective. 
bbr abbreviation. 
abL ablative. 
ace. accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
mdv adverb. 
AP Anglo-French. 
agri. agriculture. 
A I. Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Ami American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc. ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor. aorist 
appar. apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
arehaol archeology. 
..'ini arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
aitroL astrology. 
natron astronomy. 
attrlb attributive. 
ang augmentative. 
Bay Bavarian. 
Bong. Bengali. 
biol biology. 
l'..hi m. Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Brat. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol. bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp. carpentry. 
Cat. Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
cans. cauaatlve. 
ceram ceramics. 
cl L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Chal Cbaldee. 
i-li. in chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
.hi . .11 chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
rniirli. conchology. 
con] .conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
cranium. craniometry. 
crystal. crystallography. 
D Hutch. 
Dan Danish. 
oat. dative. 
ili i definite, definition. 
ilt i u derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
dilt different 
dim diminutive. 
disti ili. distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
i. East. 
E. English (stiai;y?nm- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g. ...L. exempli gratia, tor 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Kim English. 
engln engineering. 
entora entomology. 
equiv equivalent. 
esp. especially. 
Eth Ethloplc. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol. ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
1, fern feminine. 
7. French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortitli-aUi.n. 
freq frequentative. 
Frlea. Friesic. 
tnt future. 
O Oerman(uua2{ynua- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv. galvanism. 
gen. genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth. Gothic (MoMogothic). 
Or. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Bind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros. hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (utvally 
meaning Old Ice* 
lanilic,olA<!rinweaU- 
rd Old None). 
1 chili Ichthyology. 
L e. 1.. id fit, that la. 
impers. Impersonal. 
i 1 1 1 1 if . imperfect. 
Impv Imperative. 
iraprop. improperly. 
Ind. Indian. 
tnd Indicative. 
Indo-Eur. Indo-European. 
Indef indefinite. 
int. Infinitive. 
Instr Instrumental. 
inter] Interjection. 
intr., Intrans. . . .intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
trreg Irregular, Irregularly. 
It . Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
UchenoL .lichenology. 
lit. literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
1,1! li Lithuanian. 
llthog lithography. 
lithol. lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M, Middle. 
in. ifh machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
HD Illddle Dutch. 
M K Middle English (other- 
to called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech ........... mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med. ........... medicine. 
..... mensuration. 
..... metallurgy. 
..... metaphysics. 
...... meteorology. 
Hex. ........... Mexican. 
HGr. ........... Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHO ........... Middle High German. 
mlllt. .......... military. 
mineral. ....... mineralogy. 
ML. ............ Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MM; ........... Middle Low Herman. 
mod. ........... modem. 
mycol .......... mycology. 
myth. .......... mythology. 
n ............... noun. 
n., neut ....... neuter. 
K ..... N,w. 
N .............. North. 
ft. Amer. ....... North America. 
nat ............ natural. 
nant ........... nautical. 
nav. ............ navigation. 
NGr ............ New Greek, modem 
Greek. 
NHG ........... New High German 
(anally limply G., 
GermanX 
NL ............ New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom. ........... nominative. 
Norm .......... Norman. 
north .......... northern. 
Norw .......... Norwegian. 
nmnia. ......... numismatics. 
O. ............. Old. 
oba. ............ obsolete. 
obstet .......... obstetrics. 
OBulg. ......... Old Bulgarian (other- 
uritc called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat .......... Old Catalan. 
OD. ............ Old Dutch. 
ODan. .......... Old Danish. 
odontog ........ odontography. 
odontoL ........ odontology. 
OF. ............ Old French. 
OFlem. ........ Old Flemish. 
OGaei ......... Old Gaelic. 
OHG ........... Old High German. 
Olr. ........... Old Irish. 
Oil. ............ Old Italian. 
OL. ............ Old Latin. 
OLG ........... Old Low German. 
ONorth. ........ Old Northumbrian. 
OPruas ......... Old Prussian. 
orlg. ........... original originally. 
ornit h. ......... ornithology. 
OS. ............ Old Saxon. 
O8p ............ Old Spanish. 
osteoL ......... osteology. 
OSw ............ Old Swedish. 
OTent .......... Old Teutonic. 
p. a. ........... participial adjective. 
paleon. ........ paleontology. 
part ........... participle. 
passive. 
phys. 
pkotafngto 
. pturnologY. 
: physical 
pert. ........... perfect 
Pen. ........... Persian. 
pen. ........... person. 
persp. .......... perspective. 
Peruv ......... Peruvian. 
111., plur ........ plural. 
poet ........... poetical. 
polit .......... political. 
Pol ............. Polish. 
poss. ........... poaaeailv. 
PP. ............ past partli 
IT,.. 
phllol.. . 
phllos. . 
I'll, m. !.. 
.philology. 
. . philosophy, 
phonography. 
pret preterit 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. properly. 
proa. prosody. 
Prot Protestant 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. qua) 
vide, which see. 
. i _^ / 
ren. renexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
rejir ieuieaenting. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Roman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Run. Russian. 
a South. 
8. Amer South American. 
sc. L. idlicel, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Seand. Scandinavian. 
Scrip. Scripture. 
sculp. sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic, 
Bp. Spanish. 
ubj subjunctive. 
superL superlative. 
urg surgery. 
sun surveying. 
8w Swedish. 
sy n synonymy. 
Syr Syriac. 
tx*~i technology. 
tcleg. telegraphy. 
teratoL teratology. 
term. termination. 
Tent Teutonic. 
theat theatrical 
theol theology. 
therap. therapeutics. 
toxlcol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typog. typography. 
alt ultimate, ultimately. 
V. verb. 
Tar variant. 
Tet. veterinary. 
v. L Intransitive verb. 
v. t transitive verb. 
W Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach. Wallachlan. 
W. Ind. West Indian. 
toogeog. icogeography. 
aooL (oology. 
Boot loctomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as In fat, man, pang. 
a as In fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught 
a as In ask, fast, ant 
a as In fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
fi as in mete, meet, meat 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
1 as in pin, it, biscuit 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as In not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
o as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as In nor, song, off. 
Q as in tub, son, blood. 
Q as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
lx,x). 
4 as in pull, book, could. 
U German ii, French n. 
ol as In oil, joint, boy. 
on as In pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
Its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Thus: 
as In prelate, courage, captain. 
I as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
as In singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates that, even In the 
mouths of the best speakers, Its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican. 
?as in prudent, difference, 
as In charity, density. 
0. as In valor, actor, idiot, 
ft as In Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book. 
u as in nature, feature. 
A mark (-) under the consonant* (, d. 
1, 2 indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, ih, zh. Thus : 
J at In nature, adventure. 
<J as In arduous, education. 
Q as In leisure. 
I as In seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
ch as In German ach. Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
IT (in French words) French liquid (mou- 
flle) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent Is not marked U at Its 
regular Interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from ; L e., derived from. 
> read whence ; L e., from which is derived. 
-r read and; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
- read Mpnafa tcitk ; L e., etymologlcally 
parallel with. 
>/ read root 
mdtheoretieml or Miffed; Le., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or aaserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
(I 
