Tunic or Chiton of Ionian form (over it is 
girded the Dionysiac nebris or fawn-skin), 
from a Greek amphora of the 4th century 
B. C., found at Perugia. (From " Monu- 
menti dell' Institute.") 
tungstous 
tungstens (timg'stus), n. Same as tuiigstic. 
tung-tree (tung'tre), n. [< Chinese t'ung + E. 
tree.] The Chinese varnish- or oil-tree, .tlcit- 
rites cordata, extensively grown in China for 
its oil product. See tioig-oil. 
Tungusic (tun-go'sik), . A designation applied 
to a group of C T ral-Altaic or Scythian tongues 
spoken by tribes in the northeast of Asia. The 
most prominent dialect is the Manchu, spoken 
by the tribes who conquered China in 1644. 
tunhoof (tun'hof), n. The ground-ivy, Nepetu 
Glecluima. 
tunic (tu'nik), n. [< ME. *tunike (?) (cf. tuiti- 
cle) (cf. AS. tunicc, tunicse = OHG. tunihha); 
< OF. (and F.) tuninite = Pr. Sp. Pg. tunica = 
It. tonica, < L. tunica, a tunic.] 1. In Mom. 
antiq., a gar- 
ment like a shirt 
or gown worn by 
either sex, very 
often an under- 
garment: hence 
a general term 
applied to gar- 
ments, of all pe- 
riods and mate- 
rials, which are 
worn depending 
from the neck, 
whether girded 
at the waist or 
not, or kept in 
place by other 
garments worn 
outside of them, 
and whether 
such garments 
are long and full 
or short and 
scant. Thus, the 
name is given to the 
Greek chiton in its 
various forms, to the 
early English gar- 
ment worn under 
the cloak, and even 
to the hauberk of 
mail. In the breast 
of the tunic of the 
ancient Roman senator a broad vertical stripe of purple 
(called lotus daunt:) was woven; the equites wore two 
narrow parallel stripes (called angusti clam) extending 
from the shoulders to the bottom of the tunic. Hence 
the terms latidavii and angusticlacii applied to persons 
of these orders. See also cut under itola. 
Tunick or Tunlcat, a Jerkin, Jacket, or sleeveless coat, 
formerly worn by Princes. Blount, Glossographia (1670). 
2. At the present time, a garment generally 
loose, but gathered or girded at the waist, worn 
by women, usually an outer garment; a sort 
of wrap or coat for street wear. 
Her Majesty wore a white satin petticoat, over which 
was a silver llama tunic, trimmed with silver and white 
blonde lace. First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 230. 
3. Eccles., a vestment worn over the alb in the 
Roman Catholic Church and in some Anglican 
churches by the subdeacon or epistler at the 
celebration of the mass or holy communion, it 
is similar In shape and color to the dalmatic, but sometimes 
smaller and with less ornamentation. The bishop's tunic 
is worn under the dalmatic, and is shorter than the sub- 
deacon's. See tunicle. 
4. A military surcoat. 5. In the British army, 
the ordinary fatigue-coat: applied usually to 
the coat of a private, but sometimes to that of 
an officer. [Colloq.] 
"Please show me your Victoria Cross." "It's on my 
tunic, and that 's in my quarters in camp." 
J. H. Swing, Story of a Short Life, vii. 
6. A natural covering; an integument. Specifi- 
cally (a) In anat., a covering or investing part; a tuni- 
cle ; a coat, as of the eyeball, the stomach, or an artery. See 
tunica. (6) In zoiil., one of the layers forming the covering 
of an ascidian. See Tunicata (with cut), and cut under 
Ascidia. (c) In hot., any loose membranous skin not 
formed from epidermis the skin of a seed ; also, the pe 
ridium of certain fungi. - Albugineous tunic. Same as 
albuginea. Arachnoid tunic. Same as arachnoid, 3. 
Inner tunic, in hot. , a membrane, more or less colored 
which surrounds the nucleus or hymenium in the genus 
Verrucaria. situated immediately beneath the perithe- 
cmm. Leighton, Brit Lichens. Kuyschian tunic Same 
as chnnocapiUara. 1a.laiic tunic. Seetaterfc and Ionic 
chiton, under chiton. Vaginal tunic. See vaginal and 
eye 1 , 1. 
tunica (tu'ni-ka), n. ; pi. tunicse (-se). [NL., < 
L. tattoo, tonic: see tunic.'] Same as tunic. 
Tunica abdominalis, the aponeuroses of the abdominal 
muscles of some animals, as the horse, forming a strong 
fascia or sheet for the support of the abdominal viscera - 
Tunica adnata,one of the coats of the eyeball, lying be- 
tween the sclerotic proper and the conjunctiva. It is the 
expansion of fibrous tissue, or aponeurosis, whereby the 
muscles of the eyeball are inserted into the sclerotic. Also 
called adnata, tunica albuyinea. Tunica adventitia. 
See adventitia. -Tunica altraginea. Same as albuginea. 
6530 
Tunica arachnoidea. (a) The arachnoid membrane, 
a thin membrane forming one of the coverings of the brain 
and spinal cord, (6) ( me of the layers of the ohoroid coat of 
the eye. Tunica choriocapillaris. Same as choriwapil- 
tort's. Tunica conjunctiva. Same as conjunctiva, 1. 
Tunica cornea pelmcida. Same as curnea, 1. Tunica 
grunulosa, the granular lining of the cavity of aGraatlan 
follicle. Tunica intiina. Same as inlima. Tunica 
rnuscularis mucosse, a thin and at places incomplete 
layer of smooth muscle-fibers in the mucous membrane of 
the alimentary canal. Also called simply imtscularis mu- 
erase. Tunica propria, in anat. : (a) The proper coat of 
some structure, as an artery ; the layer which specially 
constitutes such a structure, as distinguished from other 
layers which may form a part of it by investing or lining it. 
The tunica propria of the spleen is a strong elastic con- 
nective tissue coat lying immediately beneath the serous 
coat ; that of the testis is denned under tunica vaginalis 
testis. (6) Specifically, the membrane lining the Irony laby- 
rinth of the ear; the walls of the membranous labyrinth. 
Tunica reflexa, the outer wall of the tunica vaginalis 
testis. Tunica Ruyschiana, Same as choriocapillaris. 
Tunica vaginalis oculi, a sheathing fascia which sur- 
rounds the optic nerve and part of the eyeball, formed of 
fascia. Tunica vaginalis testis, the serous investment 
of the testicle, formed of a pouch or process of the peri- 
toneum, usually a shut sac : it has two walls, the tunica 
propria, upon the testis itself, and the tunica reflexa. 
separated from this by the cavity. Tunica vasculosa 
Hallerl Same as choriocapillaris. Tunica vasculosa 
testis, the pia mater of the testicle, a vascular layer un- 
derlying the tunica albuginea. 
tunicary (tu'ni-ka-ri), n. ; pi. tunlcaries (-riz). 
[< tunic + -ary.'] A tunicate. 
Tunicata (tu-ni-ka'ta), . pi. [NL., neut. pi. 
of tunicatus, clothed with a tunic: see tunicate.] 
A class, superclass, or phylum of animals inter- 
mediate between and connecting the inverte- 
brates with the true vertebrates, now made a 
prime division of chordate animals (see CJior- 
dtita); the ascidians, tunicaries, or sea-squirts. 
The evidence of vertebrate affinity or character is chiefly 
lu the larval state, when there is 
a sort of notochord, the urochord 
(see Urochorda), which in one group 
persists in the adult (see Appendicu- 
lariidee). The tunlcates are so called 
from the thick, tough, leathery 
integument or tunic, the name hav- 
ing been given by Lamarck in 1816 
to the forms then known, and the 
class having been placed in his sys- 
tem between the worms and the 
radiates. The tunicates had before 
been regarded as polyps or even as 
sponges ; with Cuvier they formed 
a division (Kudo) of mollusks ; af- 
terward and for many years they 
were considered as molluscoids, and 
associated with or approximated to 
the brachiopods and polyzoans. 
The discovery of the urochord by 
Kowalevsky in 1866 gave the first 
evidence of their proper position 
among chordate animals, and con- 
sequently of their vertebrate affini- 
ty. They were thereupon regarded 
as the "ancestors" of the verte- 
brates, of which, however, they ap- 
pear rather to represent a degener- th = . '? st SEES ; ", hc 
ateor retrograde side-shoot. Thede- dinai'sec'tiS, "* "" 
velopmental history is intricate and oral ar ^ rlure . 4, 
perplexing. Alternation of genera- E anglion; e, circlet of 
tion has been determined for the tentacles; rf, branchial 
whole group, and some members of sac ', ""= ! nrce rows of 
it occur under two distinct forms. KSU&'S.'SSSiS 
One of the most remarkable pecu- e, languets; /, esopha- 
liarities of Tunicatais the presence Real opening; ?, stom- 
in the integument of tunicin, a kind ach; ? '""tine; '. 
of animal cellulose-cellulose hav- aS ^"Zios-ySe : 
ing been supposed to be peculiar , heart, 
to plants. Tunicates are very dis- 
similar to one another in outward appearance, though they 
conform to a type of structure most parts of which can be 
clearly homologized with those of vertebrates. An ordi- 
nary simple ascidian resembles a leathern bottle fixed at 
the base, and provided with two openings, through one of 
which water is indrawn, and through the- other of which 
it can be expelled with some force when the animal 
contracts, whence the name sea-squirt; other fanciful 
names are sea-pear, sea-peach, sea-pork, and sea-potato. 
Other tunicates, also fixed, are social, aggregate, or colo- 
nial ; some are free-swimming, or fixed and free at differ- 
ent stages of their development, and of the free forms 
some are simple and others are linked in chains. The 
salps and pyrosomes are phosphorescent. All tunicates 
are marine; most live on the shore or surface, but some 
at great depths. Their classification has been almost as 
changeable as their location in the system The arrange- 
ment of H. Milne Edwards (1826, and long current with 
little modification) has been entirely remodeled. Ac- 
cording to the latest views, Tunicata rank as a class di- 
vided into three orders : (a) Larvalia, tailed when adult, 
represented by the family Appendiculariida (see cut un- 
der Appendicularia) ; (&) Thaliacea, free swimming, sim- 
ple or compound, without a tail in the adult, and either 
cyclomyarian (Doliolidee) or hemimyarian (Salvidx and 
Octacneinidsp) (see cuts under Doliolidte and Satpa); and 
(c) Ascidiacca. of which there are three groups or sub- 
orders (1) Saljn/ormes, resembling salps in being free- 
swimming, colonial, and luminous, with one family, Py. 
rosmnatidee; (2) Composite, fixed, reproducing by gem- 
mation and so forming compound organisms, with seven 
families, of which Batnflidm is the best-known, a member 
of it having been described in 1756 ; and (3) SimpKces, fixed 
(exceptionally free) and solitary (rarely social that is, 
Imperfectly composite), with four families, Malgulidir, 
Cynthiida, Atcidiidfe, and Clavellinidse. The last named 
are the social ascidians; the second and third families are 
eacli divided into subfamilies ranked as families by some 
I'ltallusta mentula, 
of the Tu 
tuning-fork 
writers, and are also the largest families, represented by 
the numerous genera and species which come most fre- 
quently under observation, and to which the common 
name ascidian is specially pertinent. (See cuts under As- 
cidia and yaxtrulation.) A former broader arrangement, 
which ignored the peculiarities of the Larvalia, was into 
two orders, by means of which the salps and the dolio- 
lids on the one hand were contrasted with all other tuni- 
cates on the other ; and each of these orders had a num- 
ber of different names. Also called Ascidioida. 
tunicate (tu'ni-kat), a. and . [< L. tunicatus, pp. 
of tunicare, clothe with a tunic, < tunica, tunic : 
see tunic.] I. a. 1. In zool., coated; covered 
with tunics or integuments; specifically, en- 
veloped in membranous integuments or tunics, 
as an ascidian; of or pertaining to the Tunica- 
ta ; tunicated. 2. In entom., covered one by 
another, like a set of thimbles, as the joints of 
some antennee. 3. In bvt., covered with a tunic 
or membrane ; coated Tunicate club or capitu- 
lum of an antenna, a club or capitulum formed of tuni- 
cate joints, the outer joints being visible only at the end. 
Tunicate J oints, in entom. , joints set one into another 
like funnels. 
II. w. If. A tunic. Blount. 2. An ascid- 
ian, tunicary, or sea-squirt ; any member of the 
Tunicata. 
tunicated (tu'ni-ka-ted), a. [< tunicate + -ed%.] 
Same as tunicate Tunicated bulb, a bulb composed 
of numerous concentric coats, as an oniou. 
tunicin (tu'ni-sin), n. [< tunic(ate) + -in 2 .] 
The peculiar substance, resembling if not 
identical with vegetable cellulose, found in the 
integument of the tunicates; animal cellulose. 
Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 609. 
tunicle (tu'ni-kl), . [< ME. tunicle, < OF. "tu- 
nicle, < L. tunicula, dim. of tunica, tunic: see 
tunic.] 1. A tunic; especially, a fine, thin, or 
delicate tunic ; a slight coat or covering. 
The humours and tunides [of the eye] are transparent, to 
let in colours, and therefore tinctured with none them- 
selves. Evelyn, True Religion, I. 34. 
2. Eccles., same as tunic, 3. When used in the plu- 
ral it signifies both the dalmatic and the tunic. Also 
spelled tunacle. 
Where there be many Priestes, or Decons, there so many 
shalbe ready to help the Priest ... as shalbe requisite : 
And shall haue upon theim lykewise the vestures ap- 
pointed for their ministery that is to saye, Albes, with 
lunacies. 
Boole of Common Prayer, Edw. VI., 1649 (ed. Pickering), fol. 
[ci. (The Supper of the Lord). 
tuning (tu'ning), . [Verbal n. of tune, r.] The 
act, process, or result of adjusting the intona- 
tion of a musical instrument. The process varies 
with the mechanical construction of the instrument. In 
stringed instruments, like the pianoforte, violin, harp, 
etc., it consists in adjusting the tension of the strings by 
means of tuning-pins or -pegs. In wind-instruments, like 
the flute, clarinet, trumpet, etc., it consists in adjusting 
the length of the tube by means of some kind of sliding 
joint or crook, so that the fundamental tone of the tube 
shall be correct. In a bell it consists in adjusting the 
thickness of the sound-bow. In the organ it consists in 
various adjustments of the effective length of the air- 
column in flue-pipes, or of the vibrating part of the reed 
in reed-pipes. The intricacy of the process depends chiefly 
on the number of separate tones whose Intonation is fixed, 
and is most conspicuous in instruments with a keyboard, 
like the organ and the pianoforte. On these instruments 
some system of compromise temperament is a necessity, 
if freedom of modulation is desired. Accordingly, great 
pains is taken to set the temperament in a single central 
octave, and all other octaves are then adjusted thereto. 
Tuning is much facilitated by the phenomenon of beats, 
especially in the case of the organ. See temperament and 
beati. Flat or French flat tuning, one of the methods 
of tuning a lute : so called because The French pitch was 
lower than that elsewhere used. Pythagorean tuning. 
See Pythagorean. 
tuning-Cone (tu'ning-kpn), n. A cone of brass, 
usually hollow, used in tuning metal organ- 
pipes. When the pitch is to be raised the point of the 
cone is driven into the top of the pipe so as to increase its 
flare, and when the pitch is to be lowered the base of the 
cone is driven over the top of the pipe so as to decrease 
its flare. Also tuning-horn. 
tuning-crook (tu'uing-kruk), n. In musical in- 
struments of the brass wind group, a crook or 
loop of tube which may be inserted to change 
the fundamental tone of the tube. 
tuning-fork (tu'ning-fork), H. A steel instru- 
ment with two prongs, designed to produce, 
when struck, a 
musical tone of 
some particular 
pitch. Its inven- 
tion is ascribed to 
John Shore, in the 
middle of the eigh- 
teenth century. 
Tuning-forks are 
particularly useful 
because their tone 
is comparatively 
free from harmon- 
ics, and because 
their pitch is .lot 
disturbed by ordinary changes of temperature. They are 
therefore much employed in acoustical investigation and 
Tuning-fork. 
