tuning-fork 
to furnish convenient standards of pitch. Compare (o- 
/">//!,*,'/, mi'! see pttcAl. 
tuning-hammerftii'iiiiig-liani'i'-r), . A wrench 
u.s;'il in Inning the pianoforte, consisting of 11 
531 
D 
long wooden handle with two hollow metal 
heads made to fit over the tuning-phis: so 
called because dl' its general shape. 
tuning-horn (tu'ning-h6rn), n. Same as tuning- 
cunt'. 
tuning-key (tu'ning-ke), . 8ee keyl. 
tuning-knife (tu'ning-mf), . Same as reed- 
l.'ni fr. 
tuning-lever (tu'ning-lev'er), n. Same as tun- 
iiiii-liiinimi r. 
tuning-peg (tu'ning-peg), it. See peg, 1 (e). 
tuning-pin (tu'ning-pin), n. Same as tuning- 
/"'/. 
tuning-slide (tu'ning-slid), n. See slide, 9 (c), 
and hum, 4 (c). 
tuning-wire (tu'ning-wir), n. See pipe 1 , 2 (6). 
Tunisian (tu-uis'i-an), a. and n. [= F. tunisien ; 
as Tunis T -in.] I. a. Pertaining to Tunis, a 
regency and protectorate of France, in north- 
ern Africa, or to Tunis, its principal city. 
II. M. A native or an inhabitant of Tunis. 
tunist (tu'nist), n. A tuner. Sedley Taylor, 
Science of Music, p. 132. [Bare.] 
tunk(tiingk),(i. [Cf. tliuni/i.) A blow; a stroke; 
a hit. [Prov. Eug. and New Eng.] 
Tunker, . See Dunker 1 . 
tun-moot (tiin'mSt), n. [Repr. AS. tungemot, 
< tun, town, + yemot, meeting: see wioof 1 .] In 
mrly Eng, hint., an assembly, court, or place of 
meeting of the town or village. See moo ft. 
There is no ground for believing that the tun-moot was 
a judicial court. Its work was the ordering of the village 
life and the village industry ; and traces of this still sur- 
vive in our Institutions. 
./. R. Green, Making of England, p. 187. 
tunnage (tun'aj), . [< tun 1 + -age. Cf. ton- 
imge.\ A tax or duty of so much per tun for- 
merly imposed in England upon all imported 
wines. Sometimes spelled tonnage, and used 
chiefly in the plirase tunnage (or tonnage) and 
poundage. See poundage 1 , 1. 
The parliament, which met on the 4th of November un- 
der Bedford, signalised its gratitude by granting . . . Inn. 
nage and poundage for life. Stubbs, Const. Hist., 826. 
tunnegar (tun'e-gar), n. A funnel. HaUiin-11. 
tunnel (tun'el), . [Early mod. E. also tonnel, 
tonnett; < ME. tonnell, < OF. tonnel, later ton- 
neau, m., a tun, cask, pipe, a tunnel for par- 
tridges (F. tonneau, a tun, cask, ton), also OF. 
tiiiiHctte, F. tonnelle, f., an arbor, arched vault, 
a tunnel for partridges, etc., dim. of tonne, a 
tun, cask, pipe: see tun. Hence F. tunnel, a 
tunnel (def. 7).] 1. The opening of a chimney 
for the passage of smoke; a flue. 
One great chimney, whose long tonnell thence 
The smoke forth threw. Spenter, V. Q., II. in. 29. 
2. Hence, figuratively, a nostril. [Rare.] 
Hi does take this same fllthy roguish tobacco, the finest 
inid cleanliest! it would do a man good to see the fume 
come forth at 's tonnels. 
B. J union, Every Man In his Humour, i. 3. 
3. A funnel. See funnel, 1. 
His [a vainglorious man'sl barrel hath a continual spigot, 
but no funnel; and, like an iinthrift, he spends more than 
he gets. Rev. T. Adamt, Works, I. SOI. 
4f. A long pipe-like passage made of wire, into 
which partridges were decoyed. 
Tonnette, a tunnell or staulking horse for partridges . . . 
Tonneller, to take Partridges with a Tunnell or Staulk- 
ing horse. Cotyrace. 
5. A tunnel-net. 6. An arched drain. [Prov. 
Kng.] 7. A gallery, passage, or roadway be- 
neath the ground, under the bed of a stream, 
or through a hill or mountain. Tunnels are used in 
military operations, in mining, in conveying water, and as 
passageways for vehicles and railway-trains. They are of 
various construction, according to the character of the soil 
or rock thruUKh which they pass. In soft silt or sand, as in 
subways beneath a stream, the interior of thetunnellslined 
with brickwork, with, in some instances, a shield of plate- 
iron out.siiU- the bricks. In soil, soft rock, or quicksands, 
heavy masonry lining is sometimes required. In solid 
rock, a simple excavation is generally sufficient, as in many 
of the shorter railroad-tunnels. The section of a tunnel 
is usuallya cylindrical or elliptical arch, with sonu'tinirs, 
in soft soils, an inverted arch bt'lnw. The earlier mini, n 
tunnels were t-xcjivau-il by band-drilling and blasting: but 
machine-drilling, by means of compressed air, has been 
brought to great perfection, and the rate of progression has 
liren iniTL'ased and the cost of excavation rt'dnrcil. In 
tbr Ureathfad system of tunneling, the tunnel is made by 
The Greathead System of Tunneling as used in the Hudson River 
Tunnel at New York. 
A, longitudinal vertical section ; B. transverse section, looking 
toward bulkhead : C, elevation of shield, looking toward the face ; 
/', detail view of the erectcr : a, shell ; *. shield ; c, hrick bulkhead ; 
rf. platforms in shield: d' . platform at bulkhead; e. air-locks; /, 
Mint's erector, wheret>y the heavy cast-iron segments of the shell are 
liftcil or carried into position: g, support for the erector, resting 01, 
the brackets A,* ', openings in the face of the shield, through which the 
silt is caused to flow by pressure (as shown in A)',j, jacks, by which 
the shield is pressed forward Into the silt ; *. V. railway-tracks, the 
upper for the erector, the lower for transporting excavated material 
to the elevator /, .it the bulkhead ; m, car, by which the excavated 
material passed through the air-locks is received for removal. 
the use of a cylindrical shield driven forward by hydrau- 
lic pressure ; the excavation is lined with a cast-iron shell, 
and the interspace between the shell and the sides of tin- 
excavation is lined with grout forced in by air-pressure. 
Tin shell is made of segments bolted together. Silt and 
mud are forced through doors in the face of the shield, 
and excavated material is taken out through air-locks in 
the bulkhead of the tunnel. The longest railroad-tunnel 
is the St. Clotthard, through the Alps (about 9 miles); the 
longest in the Cnited States is the HooBac tunnel, in west- 
ern Massachusetts (4} mllea). 
8. In mining, any level or drift in a mine 
open at one end, or which may serve for an 
adit. See adit, 1. 9. In zodl., the under- 
ground burrow of some animals, when long and 
tortuous, as of the mole or of the gopher. 
Pilot tunnel, a device for directing a tunnel In the pre- 
scribed grade, consisting of a flanged tube made up of in- 
terchangeable plates, which can be bolted to the shield 
and forced concentrically into the silt in advance of the 
face of the heading. From this measurements in any 
direction can be made to limit the cutting to the proper 
dimensions and distance from the center. Tunnel of 
Corti, in mini., a canal, triangular in section, between the 
inner and outer sets of the slanting Cortian rods, filled 
with endolymph. Also Cortian tunnel. 
tunnel (tun el), .; pret. and pp. tunneled, tun- 
nelled, ppr. tunneling, tunnelling. [< tunnel, .] 
I. traiiH. 1. To form, cut, or dig a tunnel through 
or under. 2. To form like a tunnel ; hollow 
out in length. 
Some foreign t .in Is . . . plat and weave the fibrous parts 
of vegetables together, and curiously tunnel them, and 
conimodiously form them into nests. 
Derham, Physlco-Theol., Iv. 13. 
3. To catch in a tunnel-net. 
II. in trans. To form, cut, or drive a tunnel. 
tunnel-disease (tun'el-di-zez'), n. A form of 
anemia caused by the parasite Dochmius. 
The Italians who died from cholera in digging the Suez 
Canal, or from tunnel-disease in the St. Oothard Tunnel. 
Nineteenth Century, XXII. 160. 
tunneled (tun'eld), <i. [< tunnel + -tftf 2 .] Pro- 
vided with a tunnel Tunneled sound. In fury., a 
metallic sound having a central cavity or bore by means of 
which it can be passed over a more slender instrument pre- 
viously introduced, called a guide: used when it is desired 
to effect an entrance through a very narrow passage, as in 
tight stricture of the urethra. See sound*, n. 
tunnel-head (tun'el-hed), . In metal., the top 
of a blast- or shaft-furnace. 
tunnel-hole (tun'el-hol), . The throat of a 
blast-furnace. 
tunnel-kiln (tun'el-kil), . A lime-kiln in 
which the fuel used is coal, as distinguished 
from a flame-kiln, in which wood is used. E. 
H. Kniijlit. 
tunnel-net (tun'el-net), . 1. A fishing-net 
with a wide mouth and narrow at the opposite 
end. 2. Apart of a pound-net through which 
fish pass into the bowl. [Lake Michigan.] 
tunnel-pit (tun'el-pit), M. Same as tunnel- 
xlinft. 
tunnel-Shaft (tun 'el-shaft). . A shaft sunk 
from the top of the ground to meet a tunnel at 
a point between its ends. 
tunnel-vault (tun'el-valt), . In areh.. a bar- 
rel- or cradle-vault; a semicircular vault. See 
I'liliinlrii'iil rn tilting, under cylindric. 
tunnel-weaver (ti'in'el-we'ver), n. Any spider 
of the group Trrritilnriir: distinguished from 
Tupaia 
tunning (tun'ingl, . [Verbal n. of fiiwl, r.] 
1. The net <if lift-wing; also, that which is 
brewed at one time. 
\ MII have some plot now, 
Upon a tumii'ii;/ <if nl<-. to stain the yeast. 
It. J onion. Devil Is an Ass, I. 1. 
2. The process of being put into a cask or tun. 
So Skelton-laureat was of Kllmmr Kuniniin::. 
But she the subject of the rout and t<: > 
B. Junton, Tale of a Tub, . 
tunning-cask (tun'ing-kask), n. A cask in 
which fermented ale is stored when racked 
oft. See tunl, v. t. 
tunning-dish (tun'ing-dish), n. If. Same as 
inii-iliitii. 2. A wooden dish used in dairies. 
llnlliirtll. f Prov. Eng.] 
tunny (tun' i), n.; pi. tuiiii:<< (-iz). [Formerly 
also tunnie, tuny, tonny, sometimes thunny; ap- 
par. a dim. form of what would reg. be "ton, 
< OF. ton, than, F. than = Pr. thon = It. ionno, < 
L. thuinniK, thi/iiHtix, ML. also tinnun, prob. also 
"tunnuf, < Gr. Svwof, ffimif, a tunny, prob. lit. 
' darter,' < divciv, dart along. ] A scombroid fish 
of the genus ffrcynus, as O. thi/inmx. Thegermon, 
or long-tinned tunny, Is 0. germo or nlalnnga. (See cut un- 
der aloacore.) The true tunny of the Mediterranean and 
Atlantic waters has been the object of an important fish- 
ery, systematically conducted from remote antiquity, as 
by the Phenicians, to the present day. It is one of the 
largest food-flshes, growing to a length of 10 feet, and ac- 
quiring a weight of one thousand pounds or more. It is 
a near relative of the lionlto and albacore, but is distin- 
guished from the latter by the much shorter pectoral fins 
tin 1 body is deepest almiit the middle, whence it tapem 
rapidly to a slender caudal peduncle ; there are eight or 
nine short separate flnlets behind the dorsal and anal fins : 
the dorsals are two, of which the first rises high in front ; 
the caudal fin is very short, but IU upper and under lobes 
extend high and low. The color is dark-bluish above, and 
below grayish, Irregularly silvery. The tunny is a fish of 
the high seas, but periodically wanders in large shoals 
coastwise. The flesh is eaten fresh, or preserved in salt or 
In ofl. 
To see the small fish Tuny scape the net. 
Ueyuxmd, Dialogues (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874, VI. 171). 
tun-shell (tun'shel), . In conch., a. tun. See 
IMiktte, and cut under Doliitm. 
tuny (tu'ui), a. [< tune + -y 1 .] Abounding in 
tunes; characterized by melody, especially as 
distinguished from harmony. [C'olloq.] 
Let our modern ccsthetes, who sneer at Mozart for being 
tuny, say what they will. A', and (J., 7th ser., XI. 30. 
tup (tup), H. [So. also tip; < ME. tu/tiie, tupf, 
a ram. Cf. LG. taji/tcn, toppen, pull by the h.-iir. | 
1. A ram; the male of tin- sheep. 
Nowe putte amonge the shepe thafre tuppet white. 
Not oonly woolled. but also thalr tonge. 
Palladius, llusbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. lots. 
2. Ill mech. cnyin., the mass which forms the 
striking face of a tilt-, drop-, or steam-ham- 
mer. It is usually so arranged that it can be 
removed when worn out or broken. fi Foun- 
dry Hoard Report, p. 37. 
tup (tup), r. ; pret. and pp. tupped, ppr. tupping. 
[\1up, n.] I. trans. 1. To cover or copulate 
with : used specifically of a ram. Shak., Othel- 
lo, i. 1.89. 2. To butt. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To 
bow to before drinking. Hallitcell. [Prov. Eng.] 
II. intrans. 1. To copulate, as aram. 2. To 
butt, as a ram. [Prov. Eng.] 
Tupaia (tu-pa'iii), . [NL. (Sir S. Raffles, 1821), 
from a native name.] The typical genus of the 
family Ttipitiidse, the squirrel-shrews, contain- 
Banxring (Tttfaia javaHica). 
