turbot 
The Greekes :mcl Latinos both call it [the lozenge] Rom- 
bus, which may be the cause, as I suppose, why they also 
gaue that name to the tlsh commonly called the Tvnot, 
who beareth justly that figure. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 76. 
2. In the United Slates, one of several large 
flounders more or less resembling the above, as 
JSot/n/x miii-iiliititii, the sand-flounder or window- 
pane of the Atlantic coast, more fully called 
spotted turbot, and Hyjxipuctta fflittulata, the dia- 
mond flounder of California. 3. The file-fish. 
[Bermudas.] 4. The trigger-fish. Bastard 
turbot. See bastard. 
turbulence (ter'bu-lens), . [< F. turbulence = 
Sp. Pg. turbiileneia = It. turboleiiza, turbnlenzia, 
< LL. tiirlntleiitia, trouble, disquiet, < L. ttirbit- 
lentus, turbulent: see turbulent.'] The state 
or character of being turbulent; a disturbed 
state ; tumultuousuess ; agitation ; disorder ; 
commotion; refractoriness; insubordination. 
They were necessitated by the turbulence and danger of 
those times to put the Kingdome by thir owne autority 
into a posture of defence. Milton, Eikonoklastes, viii. 
= Svn. Tumult, riot, sedition, mutiny, insurrection. 
turbulency (ter'bu-len-si), n. [As turbulence 
(see-cy).] Turbulence. Milton, P. R., iv. 4612. 
turbulent (ter'bu-leut), a. [< F. turbulent = 
Pr. turbulent, turboteut = Sp. Pg. turbulento = 
It. turboleiito, turbulento, < L. turbulentiis, rest- 
less, stormy, < turbare, trouble, agitate: see tur- 
bid.] 1. Disturbed; agitated; tumultuous; 
being in violent commotion : as, the turbulent 
ocean. 
T has been a turbulent and stormy night. 
Shak., Pericles, iii. 2. 4. 
2. Restless; unquiet; refractory; disposed to 
insubordination and disorder ; hence, violent ; 
tumultuous; riotous; disorderly. 
It were happy for Government if these turbulent spirits 
could be singled out from the rest in their first attempts. 
Stitlingjteet, Sermons, I. vii. 
3. Producing commotion or agitation; inducing 
turbulence. 
A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing as 
an innovation. Bacon, Innovations (ed. 1S87). 
= Syn. 2 and 3. Obstreperous, uproarious, brawling ; se- 
ditious, mutinous, revolutionary. 
turbulently (ter'bu-lent-li), adv. In a turbu- 
lent manner ; tumiiltiiously ; with violent agi- 
tation ; with refractoriness. 
Turcism (ter'sizm), n. [< ML. Turcus, Turk 
(see Turk 1 ), + -ism."] The religion, manners, 
character, or customs of the Turks. 
Preferring Turcism to Christianity. Bp. Atterbury. 
Tiirck's column. See columns of Tiirck, under 
column. 
Turco 1 (ttir'ko), . [F., < turc (or It. Turcot), 
Turk: see Turk.'] One of a body of light in- 
fantry raised among the natives of Algeria for 
service in the French army, and properly called 
Algerian tirailleurs. Also TurJco. 
turco 2 (ter'ko), n. A small Chilian bird, Hy- 
lactey megapodius. 
turcois, n. Same as turquoise. 
Turcoman, n. See Turkoman. 
Turcophile (ter'ko-fil), n. [< ML. Turcus, Turk, 
+ Gr. fyMlv, love.] One who favors the Otto- 
man Turks, or their principles or policy. TIte 
Times (London), June 16, 1876. 
Turcophilism (ter'ko-fil-izm), n. [< Turcophile 
+ -ism.'] The course or principles of a Turco- 
phile. Athenaeum, Feb. 10, 1887. 
Turcophobist (ter'ko-fo-bist), w. [< ML. Tur- 
cus, Turk, + Gr. ^o/fov, fear.] One who ear- 
nestly opposes the Ottoman Turks or their pol- 
icy. J. Baker, Turkey, p. iv. 
tnrcopolier (ter'ko-po-ler), w. [OF. (AF.) tur- 
copouer, also turcopilier, tricoplier, turcupler, 
also tureopole, tureople, commander of light 
cavalry called turcopoles, turcoples, < ML. turco- 
puli, < MGr. TvpKoirnv^ot, light-armed soldiers, 
so called < Tiywcof, lovpitof, Turk, + jroiAof, child 
(Gr. TruAof, colt).] An officer of the Knights of 
St. John of Jerusalem of the tongue of England. 
The Turcopolier of the Knights Hospitallers was always 
an Englishman ; he was the commander of the light in- 
fantry of the order. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 205. 
turd (t6rd), . [< ME. tord, toord, < AS. tord 
= MD. tord, a lump of excrement. Hence dim. 
tredOU*, < ME. tyrdel, < AS. tyrdel, dim. of tord.'] 
A ball or lump of excrement; dung. [Low.] 
Turdidae (ter'di-de), n.pl. [NL., < Tuning + 
-id&.~] A large and nearly cosmopolitan family 
of dentirostral oscine passerine birds, named 
from the genus Turtlus ; the thrushes and thrush- 
like birds, sometimes called Merulidte. The Tur- 
didee form the leading group of turdoid, turdiform, or 
cichlomorphic birds, respecting neither the definition 
nor the subdivision of which are any authors agreed. 
6534 
The Syleiulie, which form an extensive group, are alter- 
nately'iiicluded in and excluded from it; and the same is 
true of five or six other nominal families of less extent, as 
Saxicolidie, Citiclidee, Pycnonotidie, Mimirlir, Trogloduttaa, 
some of the Tcmdiidie, etc. The most typical Turdidir are 
characterized by the combination of notched grypanifonn 
bill, booted tarsi, ten primaries of which the first is short 
or spurious, and the spotted coloration of the young birds. 
Such Turdidte constitute a subfamily, Turdinee, to which 
the family name is sometimes restricted. True Turdidse 
abound in the Palearctic, Ethiopian, Nearctic, and Neo- 
tropical regions. Some of them are among the most fa- 
miliar of birds, as the fieldfare and blackbird of Great Brit- 
ain, and the robin and wood-thrush of the United States. 
See Turdus and thrush^. 
turdiform (ter'di-form), a. [< NL. turdiforniis, 
< L. turdus, a thrush, + forma, form.] Thrush- 
like ; resembling or related to a thrush ; belong- 
ing to the Turdiformes; turdoid; cichlomorphic. 
Turdiformes (ter-di-for'mez), n.pl. [NL.: see 
turdiform.'] The thrushes and thrush-like birds; 
the turdoid Passeres; the Ciclilotnorjilite. 
Turdinse (ter-di'ue), n.pl. [NL., < Turdus + 
-i*.] The leading subfamily of Turdidee, rep- 
resented by the genus Turdus and its near al- 
lies, and equivalent to the family Turdidae in a 
restricted sense ; the true thrushes, often called 
Merulinx. See Turdidee, Turdus, and thrush 1 . 
turdine (ter'din), p. [< Turdus + -ine 1 .'] 
Thrush-like in a strict sense ; of or belonging 
to the Turdinse. 
turdoid (ter'doid), a. [< L. tnrdus, a thrush, + 
Gr. ciof, form.] Thrush-like in a broad sense; 
turdiform or cichlomorphic: especially used in 
the phrase turdoid Passeres, applied by Wallace 
to such birds in distinction from sturnoid, tana- 
nroid, s.ndformicarioid Passeres. 
Turdulus (ter'du-lus), n. [NL. (Hodgson, 1844), 
dim. of Turdus, q. v.] A genus of Oriental 
ground-thrushes, containing such as the Indian 
T. wardi, now usually referred to Geociclila. 
Turdus (ter'dus), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, taken as 
of 1758), < L. tnrdus, a thrush, fieldfare : see 
thrush 1 .] A genus of thrushes. It formerly in- 
cluded any of the Turdidss and various other birds sup- 
posed to be thrush-like ; later it was variously restricted, 
and it is now usually confined to species like the Euro- 
pean mistlethrush (T. viidvorus), song-thrush (T. musicue), 
fieldfare (T. pttarig), and redwing (T. iliacug). In these the 
sexes are simitar, the throat is not streaked, and the gen- 
eral color is not black. (See cuts under fieldfare, miMe- 
thrush, and thrush^.) In the narrowest sense, the genus is 
coincident with the family in geographical range, being 
represented in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. The 
blackish or dark thrushes, such as the common black- 
bird or ouzel of Europe, T. merula, and the ring-ouzel, T. 
torquatus, represent an extensive group, either kept in 
Turdug proper or separated under the name of Merula. 
(See cuts under ouzel and blackbird.) The common robin 
or migratory thrush of North America represents a group 
indifferently called Planesticus (as a subgenus of Turdutt) 
or merged in Merula. (See cut under robin, 2.) The song- 
thrushes of North America represent a section of Turdug 
named Hylocichla, as the wood-thrush, T. (//.) mugteli- 
nus; the hermit-thrush, T. (H.)jxiH<m(see cut under her- 
mit-thrush); the tawny or Wilson's thrush, or veery, T. 
(H .) fuscesceng (see cut under veery)', the olive-backed or 
Swainson's thrush, T. (H.) iwainsoni; the gray-cheeked 
or Alice's thrush, T. (H.) alicia; all of which are common 
woodland songsters of the United States. The varied 
thrush, or Oregon robin (see cut under thrush*), formerly 
T. nteviug, represents a section Hesperocichla, or is taken 
out of the genus and called Geocichla tuevia. See Tur- 
didse and thrush^. 
Turdus Solitarius (ter'dus sol-i-ta'ri-us). 
[NL., 'solitary thrush': L. turdus, thrush; sol- 
itarius, solitary.] A constellation introduced 
by Le Monnier in 1776, on the tail of Hydra, 
and encroaching on the southern scale of Libra. 
It is no longer used. 
tureen (tu-ren'), n. [A false form of terreen, 
more prop, terrine, < F. terriue, an earthen ves- 
sel : see terrine. The spelling tureen seems to 
have arisen in cook-books. There is a story 
that Marshal Turenne once used his helmet as 
a soup-dish, and thus gave a name to the dish. 
This is a mere fiction.] A deep dish with a cover, 
for holding liquids at table ; especially, such a 
vessel, holding a gallon or more, intended for 
soup. 
turf i (terf ), n. ; pi. turfs (terf s), obsolescent turves 
(tervz). [< ME. turf, torf (pi. tunes, torves), < 
AS. turf (dat. and pi. tyrf) = OFries. turf = 
MD. torf, turf, D. turf= MLG. LG. torf= OHG. 
surba, zurf, G. dial, turbe (G. torf, < LG.) = Icel. 
tnrfa, f., torf, n., = Sw. torf = Dan. tore (cf. F. 
tourbe, Sp. Pg. turba, It. torba, ML. turbo., < 
Teut.), turf; cf. Skt. darbha, a kind of grass.] 
1. The surface or sward of grass-land, consist- 
ing of earth or mold filled with the roots of grass 
and other small plants, so as to adhere and 
form a kind of mat : earth covered with grass. 
The shepherd that complain'd of love, 
Who you saw sitting by me on the turf. 
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 4. 52. 
2. A piece of such earth or mold dug or torn 
from the ground ; a sod. 
turfy 
In a litel herber that 1 have, 
That benched was on turces fresshe ygrave, 
I bad men sholde me my couche make. 
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 204. 
Those that are first cut vp are called Turfftt, . . . and 
such as are taken downward are called Peats. 
Norden. Surveyor's Dialogue (1808), in Harrison's Eng- 
[land (New Shak. Soc.), II. 183. 
3. In Ireland, same as peat. See peat. 
In this rude hostel, however, the landlord . . . offered 
a seat at the (r/-flre. Thackeray, Irish Sketch-Book, xix. 
A typical red bog gives four kinds of peat : near the 
surface is the clearing of more or less living organic mat- 
ter, from 2 to 6 feet in thickness-, under this white turf, 
then brown turf, and lowest of all, black or stone turf. 
Kinahan, Geol. of Ireland, p. 269. 
The turf, the race-course ; hence, the occupation or pro- 
fession of racing horses. 
We justly boast 
At least superior jockeyship, and claim 
The honors of the turf as all our own ! 
Coivper, Task, ii. 277. 
All men are equal on the turf or under it. 
Lord Georye Rentinck. (hup. Diet.) 
To stool turfs. See stool, Turf web- worm. Same as 
god-worm. 
turf 1 (terf), v. t. [< turfl, w.] To cover with 
turf or sod : as, to turf a bank or border. Bn- 
con, Gardens (ed. 1887). 
turf 2 ! (t6rf), . [< ME. tyrf, tyrfe; prob. < torven, 
turn : see tone, topsyturvy.] The turn of a cap, 
hood, or sleeve. 
Tyrfe of a cappe or suche lyke. Rebras. 
Palsgrave, p. 281. 
turf-ant (terf'ant), w. A small yellowish ant 
of Europe, Lasius flarus, which makes its hills 
on turf. 
turf-bound (terf'bound), a. Covered and held 
together by a close and unyielding surface of 
turf. 
These fields and mountains are so turf-bound that no 
particle of soil is carried away by the water. 
The Century, XXVII. 419. 
turf-charcoal (terf 'char"kol), n. Same aspeat- 
charcoal. 
turf-clad (terf'klad), a. Covered with turf. 
V. Knox. 
turf-cutter (terf'kut/'er), n. A paring-plow. 
E. H. Knight. 
turf-drain (terf'dran), n. A drain covered 
with turf. E. H. Knight. 
turfen (ter'fn), a. [< turfi + -H 2 .] Made of 
turf; covered with turf : as, turfen steps. Dis- 
raeli, Coningsby, vii. 5. 
turfert (ter'fer), n. [< ME. 'tiirfer, tnrvare; < 
turf 1 + -rl.] A clod-breaker; a plowman. 
Turvare. Glebarius. Prompt. Parv., p. 507. 
turferyt, Same as turbary. Skinner. 
turf-gravert (terfgra^ver), . A plowman. 
Halliicell. 
turfiness (ter'fi-nes), n. The state or quality 
of being turfy. 
turfing-iron (ter'fing-i'ern), n. An implement 
for paring off turf. 
turfing-spade (ter'fing-spad), n. An instru- 
ment for under-cutting turf when marked out 
by the plow. 
turfite (ter'fit), n. [< turf 1 + -ite 2 .] A fre- 
quenter of the turf; one devoted to horse- 
racing. [Colloq.] 
The very flashy turfite at Hyde Park Corner, and the 
less flashy, but quite as turfy, gentleman who operates at 
the other corner of Piccadilly. Thackeray. 
turf-knife (terf'nif), n. An implement for tra- 
cing out the sides of drains, trenches, etc. It 
has a simitar-like blade, with a tread for the 
foot and a bent handle. 
turfman (terf'man), n. ; pi. turfmen (-men). 
One who is devoted to horse-racing. 
turf-moss (terf'mos), . A tract of turfy, 
mossy, or boggy land. 
turf-plow (terf'plou), n. A plow adapted to 
remove the turf from the surface of the ground 
preparatory to deep plowing, or for destroying 
grubs, etc. 
turf-spade (terf'spad), M. 1. A spade used for 
cutting and digging turf or peat, longer and 
narrower than the common spade. 2. A spade 
for cutting turf for sodding lawn's, etc. See cut 
d under spade. 
turf-worm (terf'werm), n. Same as sod-worm. 
See cut under Crambidee. 
turfy (ter'fi), a. [< turf 1 + -yl.] 1. Abound- 
ing or covered with turf ; covered with short 
grass ; also, having the qualities, nature, or ap- 
pearance of turf. 
Thy turfy mountains, where live nibbling sheep. 
Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. 62. 
Can you see many long weeds and nettles among the 
graves, or do they look turfy and flowery? 
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, sdil. 
