turfy 
A turfy slope surrounded with proven. 
11. Tuyl'ir, XnrthiTii Travel, p. :;:". 
2. < !' or connected with the turf or ruce- 
gromid; characteristic of the tiirl' or of liorse- 
rucinj;; sporting. 
Mi. Itailey asked it again, because accompanied with 
a Strai Idling Jtctioll i)f till- \vliiti' I'M] ( |~, a linrl i.t I h,- kli.'i -. 
niul n striking forth (if the top-boots It was an easj , Imr .. 
fleshy, turfy sort of thing to il". 
DMm*, Marl in Clllizzlewlt, Xivi. 
turgent (ter'jont), n, [< MK. lin-i/iiii. < lj. tur- 
<jt<n(l-)s, i>])r. of fiiri/1 r<; swell. Cf. turi/iil.'] 1. 
Swelling; tuuiiil; rising into a tumor; puffy. 
The turgeni trunke let scarille, 
That humour ertliie.Mt oute of it hie. 
Pallatlius, Uuabondrie (E. E. T. 8.), p. 126. 
2f. Tumid: turgid; inflated; pompous; bom- 
bastir. 
All honour, offices, applause, grand titles, and turyent 
epithets are put upon him. Burton, Aunt, of Mel., p. 212. 
turgesce (ter-jes'), f. i. ; pret. and pp. turgesced, 
ppr. tiir</rsriii</. [< L. tnr</r>tri-r<; inceptive of 
inri/rrc, swell : see turgent.] To become turgid ; 
swell; become inflated. [Bare.] Imp. Diet. 
turgescence (ter-jes'ens), H. [= F. tiinii si-i a,-, 
= Sp. Pg. turgi'iiciii = It. tiiriit'n:a; as turges- 
cen(t) + -ce.] 1. The act of swelling, or the 
state of being swelled. 2. In meti., the swell- 
ing or enlargement of any part, usually from 
congestion or the extravasation of serum or 
blood. 3. Pomposity; inflation; bombast. 
turgescency (ter-jes'eu-si), n. [As ?(</''''""'' 
(see -(#).] Same as turgescence. 
tiirgcscent (ter-jes'ent), a. [=F. tiiri/csccitt, < 
L. turye!iceii(t-)s, ppr. of turgctscere, begin to 
swell: see turgesce.] Growing turgid; swell- 
ing. Kailey, 1727. 
turgescible (ter-jes'i-bl), a. [< turgesce + -We.] 
Capable of swelling or becoming turgesoent. 
Similar but less extensive turgeseiblt tissue exists in 
other portions of the uasal mucous membrane. 
Medical liewt, XLIX. 214. 
turgid (ter'jid), a. [< F. turgitle = Pg. It. turgido, 
< L. turgidus, swollen, < turgere, swell out : see 
li/i-i/cnt.'] 1. Swollen; bloated; tumid; dis- 
tended beyond its natural or usual state by 
some internal agent or expansive force: often 
applied to an enlarged part of the body. 
These lurking particles [of air] so expanding themselves 
must necessarily plump out the sides of the bladder, and 
so keep them turgid. Style, Works, I. 114. 
2. Tumid; pompous; inflated; bombastic: as, 
a turgid style. 
It Is much easier to write in a turyid strain than with 
... delicate simplicity. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3. 
Turgid palpi, palpi the last Joint of which appears blad- 
dery, as in the male crickets. Syn. 1. Swollen, puffed up. 
2. Stilted, grandiloquent, see turgidiiess. 
turgidity (ter-jid'i-ti), n. [< turgid + -%.] 1. 
The state of being turgid or swollen; turgid- 
ness; tumidity. 
The forerunners of an apoplexy are . . . vertlgos, weak- 
ness, wateriness, and turgidity of the eyes. 
Arbuthnot, On Diet, III. 
2. Bombast; turgidness; pomposity. 
We call him [Johnson] affected for his turgidity. 
Landor,Im&g. Conv., Archdeacon Hare and Walter Lander. 
turgidly (ter'jid-li), adv. In a turgid manner; 
with swelling or empty pomp; pompously. 
turgidness (ter'jid-nes), n. 1. The state of 
being turgid; a swelling or swelled state of a 
thing; distention beyond the natural state by 
some internal force or agent, as of a limb. 2. 
Pompousness ; inflated manner of writing or 
speaking ; bombast : as, the turgidness of lan- 
guage or style. =Syn. 2. Fustian, Kant, etc. See&om- 
bast. 
turgidoust (ter'jid-us), a. [< L. tnrgiduft, swol- 
len: see turgid.} Turgid. 
Puffie, Inflate, turgidous, and ventoslty are corac up. 
B. Jonton, Poetaster, v. 1. 
turgite (ter'jit), n. [< Titrgiusk, a copper-mine 
in the Ural, + -ite'-.] A hydrous oxid of iron, 
occurring in mamrnillary or stalactitic masses 
much resembling limonite, from which, how- 
ever, it is easily distinguished by its red streak. 
Also called huilroheiiiatite. 
turgometer (fer-gom'e-ter), n. [Irreg. < L. tur- 
(ji re. swell. H- Gr. uirpov, measure.] That which 
measures or indicates the amount or degree of 
turgidity. See the quotation. [Rare.] 
The more the cells fof Di'owra dlcltotoma] lose their 
tnrgidity, the more iloes the plastoid tend to assume a 
spherical form. Its spindle-shaped elongated form in i>. 
however, be restored by again bringing aliont tiiruiil'i\, 
e. g., by injei-tlon of water into the tissue. Thus the 
plastoid may be regarded as a turyoinrtrr, sinee it indi- 
cates the state of turgidity of the eell. 
1C. Canlintr, Proe. Koy. Sue., XXXIX. 2:. 
turgOHtcr'gor), n. [< LL. turiim: a swellinir. < 
L. tiiryerc. swell: see Inrijnit.] 1. In 
6535 
Hi. normal fullness of thecapilliirics and small- 
er blood-vessels, upon which is supposed to de. 
pend in part t lie resilience, of the tissues: usu- 
ally qualified by the epithet ritiil. [Rare.] 
With the cessation of the circulation and rital tumor, 
the skin becomes ahy pale, and the tissues 1" 
tlcity. (fuain, Med. Diet., p. 828. 
2. In but. See the quotation. 
The state of lurymr, as It has long been called by boUn 
leal phynlologistsi by virtue nf which the framework of 
tip protoplasm of the plant retains its content with a ! 
nacity i<> uliirh I have already referred, is the analogue 
of the state of polarization of Uernstein. Xaturr, XL. 624. 
Turin grass. The couch- or quitch-grass, Agrn- 
ininni! ri jit n*. 
Turin nut. The fossil fruit of a species of wal- 
nut, .IHI//HIIS H HS-IH urinensis: so called because 
the kernels occur inclosed in calc-spar in the 
Upper Tertiary of Turin. 
turio (tti'ri-6), n.; pi. turiones (tu-ri-6'nez). 
[NL.: see turion.] Same as tnri<m. 
turion (tu'ri-pn), n. [< L. turio(it-), a shoot, 
sprout, tendril.] A scaly shoot from a sub- 
terranean bud, becoming a new stem, as those 
annually produced by many perennial herbs, as 
the asparagus, the hop, and many grasses. 
turioniferous (tu'ri-o-nif'e-rus), a. [< L. tu- 
ri'o(n-), a sprout, + ferre = E. fteor 1 .] In bot., 
having tunons; producing shoots. 
Turk (terk), n. [< ME. Turk, < OF. and F. Tare 
= Sp. Pg. It. Turco = D. Turk = MHG. Tare, 
Tmi.T, THrkf, G. Tiirke = D&u. Tyrk = Svr. Turk; 
< ML. Turcus, NL. also Turca = LGr. lovpnof 
= OBulg. Turuku = Russ. Titroku = Lith. Tur- 
kitx, < Turk. Turk, a Turk (now applied to an 
Asiatic or provincial Turk, a rustic, the reg. 
word for Turk as a national name being Os- 
iiniiili : see Osnuinli, Ottoman 1 ), = Ar. Turk, < 
Pers. Turk, a Turk, Tatar, Scythian, hence bar- 
barian, robber, villain, vagabond; tradition- 
ally derived from a mythical son of Japhet, 
named Turk. Hence ult. Turkish, turkis?, tur- 
quoise, etc., Turki, turkey, etc.] 1. A member 
of the race now dominant in Turkey; an Otto- 
man. See Ottoman 1 . 2. In an extended sense, 
a member of a race regarded as related to the 
Mongols, and a branch of the Ural-Altaic fam- 
ily. In this sense the Turkish race includes 
the Petchenegs, Uzbegs, Turkomans, Ottoman 
Turks, etc. Hence 3. A savage fellow; a 
"Tartar": as, he is a regular Turk. 4. A Mo- 
hammedan: so called from Mohammedanism 
being the established religion of Turkey. 
Have mercy upon all Jews. Turin, infidels, and heretics. 
Book of Common Prayer, Collect for Good Friday. 
5f. A sword or saber, probably a simitar. 
That he forthwith ipisheathd his trusty turke, 
Cald forth that blood which in bis veiuea did lurk. 
lliii. of Albino and Bfllama (1638), p. 108. (Xnres.) 
6. A Turkish horse. 7. In nitom., the plum- 
weevil or plum-curculio, Conotrachelug nenu- 
phar: more fully little Turk: so called from 
the crescentic punctures made by the female, 
in allusion to tue emblem of the Ottoman em- 
pire. See cut d under Conotrachelus Seljult 
Turks. See Seljulc. TO turn Turk, to become a Mo- 
hammedan ; he a renegade ; hence, to undergo a complete 
change for the worse. 
If the rest of my fortunes (urn Turk with me. 
Shale., Hamlet, ill. _'. 287. 
Turk satin, Turk's satin. See mf in. 
Turkeis't, a. [Early modv E. also Turkcn; < 
ME. "Turkeis, < OF. 'Turkeis, Turgueut, Tur- 
qitois, < ML. 'Turcensis, < Turcus, Turk: see 
Ti'A-. Cf . turkeisV, turkis, now usually turquoise, 
orig. (in OF.) fern, of this adj.] Turkish. 
Turkeis't. r. t. [< Turkeia 1 , a.; prob. suggested 
by /)</!.] To render Turkish in character, 
etc.; cause to conform to Turkish ideas. [Rare.] 
The Turkes, when they turkrited it [the Mosque of St. 
Sophia), threw downe the Altars. 
Purehaf, Pilgrimage, p. 298. 
turkeis'-'t, . A Middle English form of tur- 
quoise. 
turken (ter'ken), r. [< ME. tnrkanen, with for- 
mative -en 1 , prop, torken. < OF. torquer, twist, 
turn, < L. torquere, twist : see tort 1 . Cf. turkix*. \ 
I. iiitrtius. It. To turn toward: with icitli. 2. 
To revolve ideas in the mind ; ponder ; muse, 
as on what one means to do. Sometimes spelled 
tiKirrtiii. Ray; Grose; Halliiccll. [Prov. Eug.] 
H.t trans. To turn; alter. 
This poeticall licence is a shrewde fellow, and . . . >nr- 
kentth all things at pleasure. 
Gmtcwjiit, Notes on Eng. Verse (Steele Cbis, ed. Arber, 
[p. 37). 
His majesty calleth for subscription unto articles of re- 
ligion ; but tin-y are nut either articles of his own lately 
devised, or the old newly turkeiirtl. 
llmjer*. On the Thirty-nine Articles. Pref., $ 2S. 
turkey 
TurkeSCOt "er-kes'ko), . [< Kp. Turquesro = 
It. Tin-i-lHxi-ii. < Ml,. / TH I'l-iis. Turk: 
IM /'</. Cf. Y/7.M.si.] Turkish. 
I In- said danlneUof slluer, hauinu-ilie '/WJrMeostampe 
.in both sidem. llakluyt't t'oyaget, 11. -J7i 
Turkess (ter'kes), n. [< Turk + **.] A fe- 
mali' Turk. 
Dlmlainfnl Turken. Marluire, Tamburlaine, I., III. 8. 
Turkestan tulip. See <//>. 
turkey tter'ki), n. [Formerly also ti/rlai, ii 
kir; sliort for Turkey-cock or '/"//,'// ///, 'cock' 
or 'hen of Turkey,' Turkey here meaning 
'Tatary' or vaguely 'Asia,' whence the bird 
was at first supposed to come; < F. Trv//'. 
Turkey, < Tun; Turk : see '/')/. The bird was 
also supposed to come from India, being also 
called <!/</. .;/' liuliu. V. ///. i/'lmli . now dinde, 
hen of India,' Sp. i/ulHim <li' I mini, 'hen of In- 
dia,' It. gallo or ijitllimi <F liuliu, ' cock ' or ' hen 
of India,' U. lui/iiniinclielienn or linn (Minsheu). 
'Indian lien,' also CalecutixHu-r liulm or In mn 
(cf. I). kntk<ifn) 'cock' or 'hen of Calicut.' It 
was also referred to Africa, being called Guinea- 
hen (dinnie heiine, etc.), orheit of (liiinea (hcnne 
til' Ctiiiiii', etc.), and confused with the guinea- 
hen as now so known; Sp. gallina Moriscu, 
'Moorish hen,' etc. (So maize, or Indian corn, 
was supposed to come from 'Turkey' or Asia, 
and was called Turkey-wheat.) The Hind, name 
\sj>eru. perhaps referring to its American ('Pe- 
ruvian ') origin. The Ar. name in Egypt is dik 
riimi, 'fowl of Turkey.'] 1. An American gal- 
linaceous bird of the genus Mcleagris ; any spe- 
cies of Meleagridie. See the technical names. 
Turkeys are of two totally distinct species: oneof these has 
two varieties, both widely known and with a long Intricate 
history; the other species is practically unknown, except 
in ornithology, (a) The turkey now living wild in M exlco, 
and everywhere domesticated, became 'known to Euro- 
peans almost immediately upon the discovery of Mexico 
by the .Spaniards in 1518. It was described by Oviedo, in 
or about 1527, as already domesticated among Christians 
and elsewhere than in New Spain (Mexico); it was called 
pavo, and the strutting of the gobbler with stiffly erect 
spread tail, like that of the peacock, was noted. It is 
traditional, and not incredible though unproved, that the 
turkey reached England In 1524, and certain that It was 
established in domestication In Europe by 1530. There Is 
English documentary evidence of the turkey in 1541 ; the 
bird was first figured, both by Belon and by Gesner, in 
1555 ; and by 1576 It had already taken up iU since estab- 
lished connection with Chiistmas festivities. It is quite 
probable, but not in evidence, that there were other and 
very early (perhaps the earliest) European importations of 
turkeys from New England: if so, the domestic bird would 
be a composite of the two feral varieties noted below. 
From Gesner on. for about 200 years, the usual technical 
name of the turkey was gallo^aco (with variants gallo- 
pavut and gallnpara, sometimes patvgallnft, and qualified 
as gallopavo nilvestri*. gallopavo crixtdttm, simulating a 
modern binomial). But meanwhile, by some confusion 
with the African guinea hen, the exact date and occasion 
of which are open to conjecture, the turkey as domesti- 
cated In Europe was called meleayrit (so C'harleton, " Ex- 
ercitatiunes," 1677, and on to Linnreus, "Fauna Suecica," 
1748). These two synonyms thus ran parallel for many 
jean, till In the Linnean "Systema Naturae," 1758, they 
were united in the onyin Meleagrit gattopavo. There had 
not then been, nor was there for some time afterward, any 
suspicion that two different species, or well-marked feral 
races, of the turkey existed in America (both covered by the 
term M. gallo/jam). One of these, the ordinary wild turkey 
of the United State, was first technically specified by Wil- 
liam Bertram, In 1791, as *. amerieana, and was soon after 
Wild Turkey of the United Stales \Mtltagrtt fatlofavt 
atHfricatta}, male. 
twice renamed by Vieillot, as M. tylwttrwand M.fera. The 
other of tin-He, native in Mexico, and also extending into 
adjoining regions of the United States, was by John Gould, 
in I860, specified as .If. mexicana. This renaming accentu- 
ated the actual distinctions between the two kinds of tur- 
keys, and also the fact, not before made prominent, that 
Gould's Mexican species was more like the ordinary do- 
mestic liinl than !ik,- the ti-ral bird of the Vnited Statea. 
Hence .V. inej-ic>u>a is rightly taken to be a mere synonym 
of .M. gallopani, which latter name, as based mainly IT 
wholly upon domesticated descendants of the Mexican 
