turning-saw 
as for chair-backs, scrollwork, etc. Also called 
sweep-saw, boic-satv, frame-saw, scroll-saw. 2. 
A keyhole-saw. 
turning-steel (ter'ning-stel), n. A smooth 
hardened and tempered piece of round bar- 
steel, either with or without a handle, used to 
turn the edge of a tool, or give it a slightly 
flanged form, by rubbing. 
turning-tool (ter'ning-tol), n. A sharp steel 
tool used in turning and shaping the ends of 
other tools in seal-engraving, to suit each style 
of work. 
turning-treet (ter'ning-tre), n. The gallows. 
And at the last she and her husband, as they deserved, 
were apprehended, arraigned, & hanged at the foresayd 
turnyny tree. Hall, Hen. VIII., p. 816. 
turnip (ter'nip), . [Formerly also turnep; 
perhaps orig. "ttirn-nep, < turn, implying some- 
thing I'ound, + nep, necp, < ME. nepe, < AS. 
iep, a turnip : see neep 2 .] The thick fleshy root 
of the plant designated by Linnseus as Brassica 
Kapa, but now believed to be a variety, together 
with the rape (which see), of B. eampestris, a 
plant found wild, in varieties corresponding 
to these plants, in Europe and Asiatic Russia 
(see navem); also, the plant itself, a common 
garden and field crop. The rutabaga, or Swedish 
turnip, with smooth leaves, and root longer than broad, 
is referred with probability to the same source. The 
turnip proper has the root rounded, often broader than 
long, the root-leaves usually lobed, rough and hairy. 
The turnip was cultivated by the Greeks and Romans, 
and is now widely grown in temperate climates for use in 
soups and stews, or as a boiled vegetable, mashed or whole, 
and for feeding cattle and sheep, forming in Great Britain 
a valuable rotation crop. The young shoots of the second 
year, known as turnip-tops, are dressed for early greens. 
The turnip is little nutritious, containing from 90 to 92 
per cent, of water. The rutabaga is somewhat more nu- 
tritious, but less easily grown. The varieties of both 
plants are numerous. The crop sometimes suffers from 
an affection called finger-and-toe or dactylorhiza, in which 
the root divides into branches, apparently a tendency to 
revert to the wild state. Various insects attack the tur- 
nip. See turnip-Ay. Devil's turnip, the common bry- 
ony, Bryonia dioica. Indian turnip. See Indian. St. 
Anthony's turnip, Ranunculus buloostts, its bulbs being 
a favorite food of pigs, and St. Anthony being the patron of 
pigs. Also called St. Anthony's rape. Swedish turnip. 
See rutabaga. Teltow turnip, a variety grown in Ger- 
many, with roots but 1 inch thick and 3 inches long, the 
rind having a very piquant flavor, whence it is much 
valued for soups and stews. Turnip flea-beetle. See 
Phyllotreta and turnip-fly (c). Turnip-stemmed cab- 
bage, the kohlrabi. wild turnip, (a) The common 
turnip in its native state. See def. (6) Same as Indian 
turnip. [t T . S.] (See also lion's-turnip, prairie-turnip.) 
turnip-aphid (ter'nip-af'id), H. The plant- 
louse Aphis rapie, which affects the turnip. Also 
turnip-aphis, 
turnip-cabbage (ter'nip-kab"aj), n. Same as 
Tcohlrdbi. 
turnip-cutter (ter'uip-kut"er), n. In agri., a 
root-cutter. 
turnip-flea (ter'nip-fle), ii. Same as turnip- 
fly (c). 
turnip-fly (ter'uip-fli), n. One of several differ- 
ent winged insects which are injurious to tur- 
nips, (a) A dipterous insect of the genus Anthomyia, 
as A. radicum, whose larva lives in the turnip-root. See 
cut under Anthomyia. (6) A hymenopter of the genus 
Athalia, as A. cent\folise, whose larva?, known as niggers, 
injure the leaves of the turnip, (c) A coleopter of the 
genus Haltica, as II. (Phyllotreta) nemorum; a turnip flea- 
beetle. [Eng.] 
turnip-maggot (ter'nip-mag"ot), n. The larva 
of Authomyia radicum. See turnip-fly (a). 
turnip-parsnip (ter'nip-pars / 'nip),ii. Seepars- 
nip. 
turnip-pest (ter'uip-pest), 11. Any of the in- 
sects which are very injurious to the turnip, 
and most of which have distinctive names. See 
turnip-fly, and cut under Plutella. 
turnip-puller (ter'nip-pul"er), n. An agricul- 
tural implement used for pulling turnips from 
the ground. E. H. Knight. 
turnip-pulper (ter'nip -pul"per), n. A root- 
cutter or rpot-pulper. 
turnip-radish (ter'nip-rad"ish), n. A turnip- 
shaped variety of the common radish. 
turnip-rooted (ter'nip-ro"ted), a. Having a 
short, thick, rounded root like a turnip. Tur- 
nip-rooted celery. Same as celeriac. Turnip-rooted 
parsnip, the turnip-parsnip. 
turnip-shaped (ter'nip-shapt), a. Shaped like 
a turnip ; napiform. 
turnip-shell (ter'nip-shel), n. A shell of the 
family Turbinellidse, and especially of the genus 
Bapa. See cut under Turbiiwlla. 
turnip-tailed (ter'nip-tald), a. Having a tur- 
nip-shaped or napiform tail, swollen at the 
base and suddenly tapering : noting a gecko. 
turnipwood (ter'nip-wud), . The Australian 
rosewood, Nyiwitm r/landulosiini. The wood when 
fresh is of a deep-red color and rose-scented. It is used 
6542 
lor cabinet purposes, also for lining in houses and in ship- 
building. This name is from the smell of the bark, which 
resembles that of a Swedish turnip. 
turnipy (ter'uip-i), . [< turnip + -#l.] Tur- 
nip-like. Kncye. Brit., I. 175. [Rare.] 
TurniX (ter'mks), . [NL. (Bonnaterre, 1790), 
said to be clipped from Coturnix, q. v.] A ge- 
nus of hemipods or button-quails, giving name 
to the family Turnicitlse: same as Hemipodius, 
and of prior date. 
turnkey (tcrn'ke), . [< turn, v., + obj. to/1.] 
1. The person who has charge of the keys of 
a prison, for 
opening and 
fastening the 
doors ; a pri- 
son warden. 
2. An instru- 
ment, now al- 
most obsolete, 
used for ex- 
tracting teeth. 
turnout (tern'out), . [< turn out: gee under 
turn.'] 1. The act of turning out or coming 
forth. 
The bugles were sounding the turn-out. 
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxx. 
Specifically 2. A quitting of employment, es- 
pecially with a view to obtain increase of wages 
or some other advantage ; a strike. 
All his business plans had received a check, a sudden 
ching turn-out. 
Gaskell, North and South, xviii. 
Turnkey, 
pull-up, from this approaching turn-out. 
Mrs. 
3. One who has turned out for such a purpose ; 
a striker. 
Those were no true friends who helped to prolong the 
struggle by assisting the turn-outs. And this Boucher- 
man was a turn-out, was he not? 
Mrs. Gaskell, North and South, ,\x. 
4. A short side-track in a railway designed to 
enable one train to pass another. 5. People 
or things that have turned out; persons who 
have come out to see a spectacle, witness a per- 
formance at the theater, attend a public meet- 
ing, or the like. 6. A carriage or coach with 
the horses; also, carriages or equipages collec- 
tively. 
The annual procession of his majesty's mails on the 
king's birthday was a sight equal, in the smartness of the 
whole equipment, to the best turnout of the Coaching or 
Four-in-hand clubs of our day. 
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, III. 50. 
7. The net quantity of produce yielded ; pro- 
duction. 
If a large turn-out is necessary, carbonization may be ef- 
fected in twelve or thirteen hours, but a slower process, 
say sixteen hours, gives better results. 
Spans' Encyc. Manuf., I. 10. 
turnover (tern'6"ver), n. and a. [< turn over : 
see under turn.'] I. n. 1. The act or result of 
turning over: as, a turnover in a carriage. 2. 
A kind of pie or tart in a semicircular form: so 
called because made by turning over one half of 
a circular crust upon the other. 
Other children surveyed the group, and with envious 
eyes and watering mouths beheld the demolition of tarts 
and turnovers. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 109. 
3. An apprentice whose indentures have been 
transferred or turned over to a new employer. 
Also called turnover apprentice. [Eng.] 
That no Turn-overs be received by any Master Printer 
but from a Master Printer; and that no Master Printer 
turning over any Apprentice to another Master Printer 
may he permitted to take any other Apprentice in his 
place till the full time of the said Apprentice so turned 
over be expired. 
Case and Proposals of the Free J<nirneymenPrinter8,(i\ioteA 
[in English Gilds (E. E.T. S.), Int., p. clxi., note. 
4. A piece of white linen formerly worn by 
cavalry over their stocks. 5. The amount of 
money turned over or drawn in a business, as 
in a retail shop, in a specified time. 
The Simbirsk fair, having a turnover of some 6 million 
roubles, still maintains its importance. 
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 77. 
6. A kitchen utensil: same as slice, 3 (h). 
II. a. Turned over or down ; capable of be- 
ing turned over or down Turnover apprentice. 
See I., 3. Turnover table, (nl A table the top of which 
is fitted with a movable panel which can be taken out and 
reversed. Such tables have sometimes a chess-board on 
one side of the movable panel, and cloth on the other for 
card-playing. (6) A turn-up table that is, a table whose 
top can be moved into a vertical position. 
turnpike (tern'plk), n. [< turn + jw'frei.] If. 
A frame of pikes or pointed bars, a kind of re- 
volving cheval-de-frise, set in a narrow passage 
to obstruct the progress of an enemy. 
Love storms his lips, and takes the fortresse in, 
For all the bristled turn-pikes of his chin. 
F. Beaumont, Autiplaton. 
turnspit 
2. A turnstile. 
I move upon my axle like a turnpike. 
B. Junson, Staple of News, iii. 1. 
3. A gate set across a road, in order to stop 
carriages, wagons, etc., and sometimes foot- 
travelers, till toll is paid ; a toll-bar ; a toll-gate. 
She married afterwards, . . . and now keeps with her 
old husband a turnpike, through which I often ride. 
Thackeray, Fitz- Boodle's Confessions. 
4. A turnpike road. 
The road is by this means so continually torn that it is 
one of the worst turnpikes round about London. 
Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, II. 178. (Davies.) 
5. A turnpike-stair. [Scotch.] Turnpike road, 
a road on which turnpikes or toll-gates are established by 
law, and which are made and kept in repair by the toll col- 
lected from carriages, wagons, cattle, etc., which travel on 
them, or by the income derived from farming such toll. 
Turnpike sailor, a beggar who goes about dressed as a 
sailor. [Thieves' cant.] 
I became a turnpike sailor, as it's called, and went out 
as one of the Shallow Brigade, wearing a Guernsey shirt 
and drawers, or tattered trowsers. 
Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 415. 
turnpike-man (tern'pik-man), u. A man who 
collects tolls at a turnpike or toll-gate. 
How in a trice the turnpike-men 
Their gates wide open threw. 
Cowper, John Gilpin. 
turnpike-Stair (tern'pik-star), n. A spiral or 
winding staircase. [Scotch.] 
turn-pin (tern'pin), n. A conical plug for clos- 
ing the open. end of a pipe; a tube-stopper. 
E. H. Knight. 
turn-plate (tern'plat), . A turn-table. [Eng.] 
turn-poke (tern'pok), n. A large game-cock; 
a shake-bag. 
The excellency of the broods, at that time, consisted in 
their weight and largeness, . . . and of the nature of what 
our sportsmen call shake-bags or Turn-pokes. 
Anhseologia (1775), III. 142. 
turn-row (tem'ro), n. The cross-row at the 
end of the furrows through which the plowman 
goes from one side to the other of his patch. 
All adown the turn-row between the ranks of corn. 
The Atlantic, LXI. 677. 
turn-Screw (tem'skro), n. A screw-driver or 
a screw-wrench. 
turn-servingt (trn'ser"ving), n. The act or 
practice of serving one's turn or promoting 
private interest. Bacon, Letters, p. 12. 
turnsick (tern'sik), a. and n. [< ME. turneseJce; 
< turn + icfci.] I. a. Giddy; vertiginous. 
Turne seke : vertiginosus ; vertigo est ilia infirmitas. 
Cath.Ang., p. 897. 
II. . Vertigo; also, the gid, sturdy, or stag- 
gers of sheep. 
[Obsolete or provincial.] 
turnside (tern'sid), . A turnsick disease of 
the dog. See the quotation. 
Turnside is more frequently seen in the dog than teta- 
nus, still it is by no tyeans common. It consists in some 
obscure affection of the brain, resembling the "gid " of 
sheep, and probably results from the same cause. 
Dogs of Great Britain and America, p. 327. 
turnsol, turnsole (tern'sol), n. [< ME. turnc- 
sole; < OF. (and F.) tournesol, dial, tournesolcil 
(= It. tornasole), < tourner (= It. iornare), turn, 
+ sol, sun, < L. sol: see turn and soft, and cf. 
parasol.'] 1. Any one of several plants regard- 
ed as turning with the movement of the sun. 
This is the classical meaning of the word, which is the 
equivalent of heliotrope; and it has been so understood in 
later use, although according to some it refers to the ap- 
pearance of the flowers at the summer solstice. In mod- 
ern times the name has been applied (a) to the sun-spurge 
or wartwort, Euphorbia Helioscopia, rarely to the sunflow- 
er (Helianthus}, more often to the heliotrope (Heliotropi- 
vin), and (/') as in def. 2. 
2. A plant, Chrosophora, tinctoria, of the Euphor- 
Maeeee, found in the Mediterranean region and 
eastward to Persia and India, its juice is rendered 
blue by ammonia and air. and linen dipped in it is a test 
for acids. The plant is of a poisonous character. The 
name is also given to a deep-purple dye obtained from the 
plant. 
Turnesole is good & holsom for red wyne colowrynge. 
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 127. 
3. Same as turnsole-blue. 
turnsole-blue (tern 'sol-bio), M. A color ob- 
tained from archil, and formerly used for dye- 
ing. It was claimed that the color was extracted from 
the turnsol, in order to keep its true source a secret. Also 
written tournesol-blue. 
turnspit (tern'spit), n. [< turn, r., + obj. spit 1 . 
Cf. turnbroacli.] 1. A person who turns a spit. 
I am their turnspit, indeed ; they eat and smell no roast- 
meat but in my name. B. Jonson, Mercury Vindicated. 
2. A kind of dog of small size, long-bodied and 
short-legged, formerly used to work a kind of 
treadmill-wheel by means of which a spit was 
turned. 
