type 
century. The shapes of types as to width are defined by 
the following names : up to standard is a type of which 
the lower-case alphabet measures 12 ems or squares of its 
own body from bourgeois to pica, or more than 12 ems for 
the smaller sizes (on newspapers the standards for widths 
of types range from 14 to 17 ems for the alphabet) ; lean or 
lean-faced type is a name applied to types slightly below 
the standard ; condensed type is seriously below the stan- 
AMO AMO AMO 
Lean- 
faced. 
Extra- 
condensed. 
AMO 
Expanded. 
Standard 
width. 
AMO 
Fat-faced. 
dard (see condensed); extra-condensed and elongated are of 
unusual thinness ; fat letter or fat-faced is slightly wider 
than the standard; expanded is still wider; extended is of 
unusual breadth. The Roman types for book- and news- 
paper-work are in three series : capitals or upper-case, A, 
B, C, D; small capitals, A, B, c, D; lower-case, a, b, c, d, 
sometimes called small letters, or minuscules. A two- 
line type is a capital of the face height of two lines of its 
accompanying text. A double type is the height of two 
Specimens of Styles of Types. 
ANTIQUE. 
CLARENDON. 
txt. 
GOTHIC. 
DORIC. 
(fljnrrtj 
ITALIC. 
RUNIC. 
CDI00J9UQ. 
This is Caslon old style. This is Elzevir old style. 
This Is the Title-type of some newspapers. 
TITLE OR TWO-LINE Soots': 
M 
bodies of the size specified by its name. Copper-faced 
type is type covered on its face only with a thin coat of 
copper by an electrotyper's battery. White-faced type or 
barefaced type is type uncoppered : so called to distin- 
guish it from the coppered, or to specify type that is new 
and that has never been covered with ink. Nickeled type 
is type plated on its face with nickel. Bastard type is a 
type with a face too large or too small for its body. Type- 
hifjh is of the standard height of type. Type hiyh to paper 
is above the standard of height. High-bodied type is a 
type with too high shoulders. American type -founders 
apportion the characters of a font, or complete collection 
of characters, by weight. In a font of 1,000 pounds there 
are of roman lower-case 514 pounds ; capitals, 86 ; small 
capitals, 20; figures, 40; points, 23; spaces, 85; quadrats, 
122 ; fractions, 5 ; italic lower-case. 73 ; italic capitals, 23 ; 
sundries, 4 total, 1,000 pounds. The numbers of the types 
of ordinary width in 800 pounds of pica roman are as fol- 
lows: 
This Mis two-line non- "1VT This M is double non- 
pareil: lines with text. -"J-pareil: does not line. 
a . 
8500 
4500 
A . 
600 
A 
.. 300 
b .. 
1600 
800 
B .. 
400 
B 
.. 200 
c .. 
3000 
600 
C .. 
500 
C 
.. 250 
d .. 
4400 
2000 
D .. 
500 
D 
.. 250 
e . 
12000 
1000 
E .. 
600 
K 
.. 300 
f .. 
2500 
? 
200 
F .. 
400 
1 
.. 200 
g .. 
1700 
! 
150 
G .. 
400 
a 
. . 200 
h .. 
6400 
700 
H .. 
400 
H 
. . 200 
i 
8000 
( 
300 
I .. 
800 
i 
. . 400 
j .. 
400 
t .. 
150 
J .. 
300 
j 
. . 150 
k .. 
800 
100 
K .. 
300 
K 
. . 150 
1 .. 
4000 
t .'.' 
100 
L .. 
500 
L 
.. 250 
m . . 
3000 
j 
100 
M .. 
400 
H 
.. 200 
n . . 
8000 
.. 
100 
N .. 
400 
N 
.. 200 
o . . 
8000 
100 
. 
400 

.. 200 
P .. 
1700 
ii 
60 
P .. 
400 
P 
.. 200 
q 
500 
Q .. 
180 
Q 
.. 90 
r .. 
6200 
i . . 
1300 
400 
R 
. . 200 
8 . . 
8000 
2 .. 
1200 
8 '. 
500 
S 
. 250 
t .. 
9000 
3 .. 
1100 
T .. 
650 
T 
. . 326 
U . . 
3400 
4 .. 
1000 
U . 
300 
n 
. . 150 
V . . 
1200 
5 .. 
1000 
V 
300 
V 
. . 150 
w . . 
2000 
6 .. 
1000 
W .. 
400 
w 
. . 200 
X .. 
400 
7 .. 
1000 
X .. 
180 
X 
90 
y 
2000 
8 .. 
1000 
Y .. 
300 
Y 
. . 160 
z .. 
200 
9 .. 
1000 
Z .. 
80 
Z 
40 
& .. 
200 
.. 
1300 
M .. 
40 
20 
a .. 
400 
(E .. 
30 
(R 
15 
fl .. 
500 
6 .. 
200 
fl .. 
200 
Jl .. 
200 
Spaces. 
ffl .. 
100 
a 
200 
Thick 
18000 
ffl .. 
150 
6 .. 
200 
Middle .. 
12000 
e .. 
100 
Thin 
8000 
ce . . 
60 
All 
other 
Hair 
3000 
150 
accents, 100 
each. 
Em qt 
En qu_ 
lads. . . . 
2500 
ads 
r.ixMi 

90 
60 
Large quadrats, 80 pounds. 
9. In numis., the principal device or subject 
on the obverse and reverse of a coin or medal. 
For example, on sovereigns of Queen Victoria the head 
of the queen is the obverse type and the group of St 
(eorge and the Dragon the reverse type. 
10. In chem., a fundamental chemical com- 
pound which represents the structure of a large 
number of other and more complex compounds. 
6562 
Hydrochloric acid (HC1), water (H 2 0), ammonia (NH 3 ), 
and marsh-gas (CH4) are the four types, or typical com- 
pounds, which have been most employed. 
11. [ca;i.] In church hist., an edict of the em- 
pei-or Constans II., issued in 648. The Type (su- 
perseding the Ecthesis) forbade all discussion of the 
question whether there are in Christ two wills and two 
operations or energies, or only one will and one operation. 
12. In math., a succession of symbols susccp- 
tibleof + and signs. Checker-type. Seecfcccted. 
Chess-type. See chessi. Chromatic, compressed, 
elastic type. See the adjectives. Elizabethan type. 
Same as church text (which see, under church). Grade Of 
a type, in alg. See yradei. Monadelphic type. See 
monadelphic. Rubber type. See rubber. Test types. 
Seetesil. Type genus, in biol., a generic type; that genus 
which is typical of the family or other highergroup to which 
it belongs, or which is formally so taken and held to be. It 
may be the only representative of such more comprehen- 
sive group, or one of several generic components of the 
higher group. In the actual technic of classification and 
nomenclature the name-giving genus of a family or sub- 
family is regularly assumed to be the type, though it may 
not be in fact the truest or best representative of the group 
thus indicated. Type of a reciprocant. See recipro- 
cant. Type Of a Stress or strain, the character of the 
stress or strain as defined by the stress-ellipsoid or strain- 
ellipsoid. Type Of a wave, the relation between the 
extent of disturbance at a given instant of a set of parti- 
cles and their respective undisturbed positions. Type 
Of Desor, a nemertean worm which does not pass through 
a pilidium stage, or the type of structure characterizing 
such a nemertean. Type species, in biol., a specific 
type ; that species of a genus which is regarded as the 
best example of the generic characters, and especially 
that species upon which a genus has been nominally or 
ostensibly based ; the type of a genus. The determina- 
tion of the type species is always a matter of much prac- 
tical concern in the nomenclature of zoology and botany, 
since upon it turns the assignation of generic names, and 
consequently the major term in the binomial designation 
of every species. It is often difficult and sometimes im- 
possible to make this determination, so intricate has be- 
come the synonymy of many species, and so far from be- 
ing actually typical of a genus is the species assumed to 
be its type in many cases. (See synonymy.) It is now 
the rule (neglect of which is a decided breach of nomen- 
clature! propriety) for the author who names a new genus 
to declare his type species ; and such declaration of the 
basis of his genus is conclusive of his intent, however 
well or ill he may proceed to characterize his genus. But 
no such custom prevailed with the earlier naturalists, 
whose genera we have consequently to take either (a) 
upon the face of the generic diagnosis originally made, or 
(b) upon the specific contents that is, upon the species 
actually grouped under the generic name. Nearly all the 
older genera were made more comprehensive than modem 
genera are allowed to be, and have been restricted by refer- 
ence of nearly all (often of all but one) of their usually 
numerous species to other genera; yet a generic name 
once established upon any species must always rest upon 
some (one or more) species ; hence the occasion and the 
necessity for the determination of the type species in 
every such case. This has been done mainly in three ways. 
(1) The first species given by an author in the list of the 
species of his genus is arbitrarily assumed to be his type 
species. But this is a mere convention, which often be- 
comes an absurdity. (2) The species which agrees best 
with the author's diagnosis of his genus is selected as the 
type species. This is reasonable, but it is at best a mat- 
ter of opinion, and opinions differ enough to unsettle the 
whole system of nomenclature if each is to be allowed its 
own full weight. (3) The most feasible and only safe pro- 
cedure is to consider that species to be the type species 
which has as a matter of fact been left in the original 
genus from which the other species have been succes- 
sively detached to form new genera ; or, if there be more 
than one left, to choose the best-known, that being almost 
always the one which has oftenest borne the original ge- 
neric name, and hence is most closely identified with it. 
For example : Let there be a Linnean genus Aba, with 3 
species, A. am, A. ada, and A. aga; let A. ada and A. ago, 
have been detached as types respectively of two new gen- 
era; then A. oca remains as the type species of the ori- 
ginal genus Aba, in its now restricted sense. This rule is 
applicable with force and precision to thousands of ques- 
tionable cases; and its observance, together with insis- 
tence upon the fundamental law of priority, tends to the 
utmost attainable fixity of zoological and botanical no- 
menclature. Type specimen, in biol., an individual ani- 
mal or plant, or any part of one, prepared and preserved 
as a specimen of natural history, from which the descrip- 
tion of a species has been prepared and upon which a 
specific name has been based ; the actual object which 
serves as the type of a species in zoology or botany. In 
theoretic strictness every type specimen is unique ; prac- 
tically, a species may be based upon several or many 
specimens which answer exactly to the diagnosis made, or 
typify different phases of the species, as male and female 
specimens of the same animal, flowering and fruiting spe- 
cimens of the same plant, and so on. Type specimens 
have a particular part and high value in descriptive zool- 
ogy and botany, comparable to that of the actual object 
which is taken as the authoritative standard in any sys- 
tem of weights, measures, or coinage. When available for 
examination, they take precedence over any published de- 
scription or figure, and are conclusive evidence in cases 
of doubtful or disputed specific identity. Unity of type 
in biol., that fundamental agreement in structure which' 
we see in organic beings of the same class, order, etc., and 
which is independent of their habits of life, and conse- 
quently unaffected by adaptive modifications. 
On my theory, unity of type is explained by unity of de- 
scent. Darwin, Origin of Species, vi. 
Woodbury type. See Woodburytype. =Syn 3 Image 
shadow, adumbration, prophecy. 2 and 3. Symbol, etc. 
See emblem. 4- 6. Prototype, archetype, standard form, 
type (tip), ti. t. ; pret. and pp. typed, ppr. ty/iiit//. 
[< type, n.] 1. To exhibit or constitute a type 
of; typify. 
typembryo 
But let us type them now 
In our own lives. Tennyson, Princess, vii. 
2. To reproduce in type, or by impression from 
types, as with a type-writer. 
MSS. carefully typed by experienced copyists. 
N. and Q., July 17, 1886, adv't. 
type-bar (tip 'bar), n. 1. A line of types in the 
form of one solid bar, east during the process 
of composition in some type-setting machines. 
2. In some type-writers, a short bar of iron 
having at its extremity one of the steel types 
which serve to make the impressions. 
type-block (tip'blok), n. A body of inetal 
or wood on which a character used as a type 
is cut or cast. 
type-case (tip'kas), n. See case 2 , 6. 
type-casting (tip'kas"ting), n. The act or pro- 
cess of founding type in molds. It was former- 
ly done by hand, now chiefly by machinery. 
Type-casting and -setting machine, a machine which 
collects over a mold the matrices that are needed by the 
operator, and fills this mold with melted inetal, either in 
the form of a single type or of a full line of types. Type- 
casting machine, a mechanism which casts or founds 
type_, but does not rub or dress them. A complete type- 
casing machine is a mechanism which founds, rubs, 
dresses, and sets up in lines perfect types. 
type-chart (tlp'chart), n. In 610?., a chart ex- 
hibiting the details of a typical form or struc- 
ture ; a chart of a type. [Rare.] 
There are type-charts of each organ, ... so that there 
is not the least difficulty in tracing the homologies of 
structure throughout the whole vertebrated kingdom. 
Nineteenth Century, XXI. 386. 
type-cutter (tlp'kut"er), n. A punch-cutter; 
one who engraves dies for printing-types; a 
die-sinker employed in a type-foundry. 
He was a die-sinker and type-cutter with a nebulous and 
questionable record. Atheneeum, No. 3253, p. 281. 
type-cutting (tlp'kuf'ing), n. The engraving 
of a type or a type-die : usually called punch- 
cutting. See punch 1 , 6. 
type-cylinder (tlp'sil"in-der), n. The cylinder 
of a rotary printing-machine on which types 
or plates are fastened for printing. See cut 
under printing-machine. 
type-dressing (tlp'dres"ing), n. The process 
of cutting off with suitable knives or planes the 
superfluous metal on newly cast types Type- 
dressing machine, a mechanism which removes the 
burs or feather-edges from the angles of recently made 
types, and cuts off all superfluous metal. 
type-founder (tip'foun"der), n. A manufac- 
turer of type by founding or molding. Also 
called letter-founder. 
type-founding (tip'foun"ding), n. The art or 
process of manufacturing movable metallic 
types used by printers. It includes punch-cutting, 
mold-making, and type-casting, by hand or by machine. 
Also called letter- founding. 
type-foundry (tip'foun"dri), n. A place where 
printing-types are manufactured. Also called 
letter-foundry. 
type-gage (tip'gaj), n. A mechanism used by 
type-founders to test the accuracy of type, it 
consists of an exact right-angled flat bar of steel, against 
which can be moved another flat bar slightly out of par- 
allelism with its mate. The sides of the bars are graduated 
in standard lines. A type too thin or too thick when put 
between these bars shows its deviation from the standard. 
type-high, (tip'hi), a. Of the height of type: 
noting a woodcut or blocked electrotype plate. 
Type-high clump, a square block of type-metal made 
of various sizes to uphold to a proper height stereotype 
plates in the process of printing. (Eng.] 
type-holder (tlp'hol"der), n. A pallet or re- 
ceptacle for holding type, used by bookbinders 
and for hand-stamping. 
type-matrix (tip'ma"triks), n. See matrix, 2 (d). 
typembryo (ti-pem'bri-6), . [NL., < Gr. riVcf, 
type, + e/i3pvov, embryo. ] That stage or period 
in the development of an embryo when the 
characteristics of the main type to which it 
belongs are first discoverable ; an embryo ad- 
vanced to the stage when it shows the type of 
structure of the phylum or subkingdom to which 
it belongs. The term was lately introduced by A. Hyatt, 
with special reference to the embryology of mollusks. 
Hyatt considered the typembryo of a mollusk to be the veli- 
ger stage, when the embryo is far enough advanced to be 
recognized as molluscan ; he also applied the term to the 
completed embryonic shell, or protoconch (which see). 
Later (July, IStW) R. T. Jackson used typembryo in a more 
restricted and precise sense, as the fifth of the following 
six recognizable embryonic stages of mollusks : (1) protem- 
bryo, prior to blastulation ; (2) metembryo, the blastula ; 
(3) metembryo, the gastrula; (4) neoembriio, the trocho- 
sphere (which see); (5) typembriin, the period when that 
essential molluscan feature, the shell-gland, and plate-like 
beginnings of the shell are discoverable, yet in which the 
embryo is not far enough advanced to show to what class 
it belongs ; ((>) the phylembrt/o, or that early veliger stage 
(see veliger, with cut) in which the structure of the shell 
and other characters render the embryo referable to the 
class of mollusks to which it belongs. 
