type-measure 
type-measure (tip'me/.h'ur), . Same as ////>- 
XCIlll'. 
type-measurer (Hp'me/,h"ur-er), n. In print- 
in;/, ii graduated rod <>u the sides or edges of 
winch the body of each different size of type 
is marked. I n use it Is laid alongside a column of mat- 
ter or proof, to ascertain the number of lines and the mini- 
tier (if t-lns. 
type-metal (tip'me.t/'iil), . An alloy of lead 
with untimony, or with tin and antimony, used 
to make types for printing. Alloys of lead and an. 
tiniony containing not over 15 per cent, of the latter metal 
hiivi! tlie >Mij>.iri:ini property of expanding on cooling, 
which adds much to the sharpness of the type. The value 
of the alloy is also increased by the addition of a small 
amount of tin (from 6 to 8 percent.). Copper and Iron 
have also been used in small quantity to give greater re- 
sistance to the alloy. The proportions of the metals used 
vary considerably with the quality desired, and in differ- 
ent type-foundries. The metal used in some foundries for 
small types, from brilliant to brevier, consists of 100 pounds 
of lead, 40 pounds of antimony, and 20 pounds of tin ; 
while larger types, from bourgeois to pica, are cast from 
100 pounds of lead, 80 pounds of antimony, and is pounds 
of tin. Extra hard or copper-alloy metal contains 100 
pounds of lead, 44 pounds of antimony, 24 pounds of tin, 
and 6 per cent of copper. Electrotype-metal contains 100 
IH in nils of lead, 4 pounds of antimony, and 5 pounds of tin. 
Stereotype-metal contains 100 pounds of lead, 20 pounds 
of antimony, and 10 pounds of tin. .Soft metal, such as 
is used for leads and quadrats, contains a very large pro- 
portion of lead, and but little tin and antimony. 
type-mold (tip'inold), n. See mold*, 3. 
type-punch (tip'punch), . See punch*, 6. 
type-scale (tip'gkal), . A measuring-rod of 
stout paper, ivory, or thin brass, which shows 
the dimensions of the most- used bodies of type. 
It is used to measure composed types. 
type-setter (tlp'set-'er), n. 1. A composer of 
types ; a compositor. 2. A type-setting ma- 
chine. See type-setting. 
type-setting; (tip'set'ing), . The act or pro- 
cess of setting or combining types in proper 
order for printing. It is usually done by picking up 
each type from an exposed case, and arranging the types 
so collected in a composing-stick In lines of even length. 
Type-setting machine, a mechanism Intended to quick- 
en the operation of type-setting. In the simpler forma 
of mechanical type-setters, the types, separately arranged 
in inclined tubes or channels, are successively dislodged 
by the pressure of appropriate levers moved by the fingers 
of the operator on a keyboard. As the types fall they 
are collected in a long line, and afterward subdivided in 
lines of proper length. The Kastenbeln and McMIUen 
machines are of this construction. Distribution of types 
is usually done by a separate machine, of which there are 
many varieties. In all, each distinct letter or character 
is provided with Its own special nick, which serves the 
Thome Type-setting Machine. 
a, distributing -cylinder ; *. seuinu-cytindcr; c, mechanism actuat- 
ing distributing-cylinder; </, driving mechanism actuating type-car- 
rying disk, curryim:-belt, packer, keyboard, levers, etc. : t, shaft, 
which transmits the power to alt parts excepting the distributing-cyl- 
inder ;/, type-carrying disk: p, packer, which lifts the type singly 
into a continuous line; A, keyboard ; i', levers, connecting keyboard 
with bottom of setting-cylinder : /, copy-holder : -c, justifying mecha- 
nism ; /, iron case for spaces and hyphens ; m, type-bank, containing 
italics, which are inserted by hand as required ; H, case for small cap- 
itals, in some machines for fractions and other odd characters, to be 
put in by hand. 
same purpose as the nicks or channels in a key for the 
wards of its lock. When the types are successively pre- 
sented before outlets with wards, the proper nick finds 
its proper ward, and is discharged in Its proper channel. 
Some machines combine the two operations of setting 
and distribution, as the Thome and I'aige machines. The 
Paige machine adds the operation of automatic justifying, 
or making its lines of even length. A more complex form 
of machine dispenses with types and distribution, and 
makes the types as they are needed. The operator at the 
keyboard moves levers that assemble the matrices in 
proper order over a mold, and justifies the words of each 
line, in a line evenly spaced and of uniform length. The 
mold is then instantly filled with melted type-metal, 
which casts all the words in one piece. The Mergenthaler, 
or linotype, and the Rogers are of this form. The Lan- 
6563 
ston casts single types by the pressure of the finger on a 
keyboard, and arranges the cast types in lines for print 
Ing. The first type-setting and type-making machine was 
planned at London l>yl)r. Church in 1824. Mori' than fifty 
varieties of machine type-setters have been invented, hut 
few are in use. 
type-wheel (tip'hwel), N. A disk or revolving 
sector bearing letters in relief on its periph- 
ery: used in some adaptations of the telegraph 
and in some type-writers. 
type-write (tip'rit), . t. and i. To print or re- 
produce by means of a type-writer; practise 
type-writing. [Recent.] 
type-writer (tip'ii'ter), . 1. A machine for 
mechanical writing, operated by hand, and 
printing one letter, or combination of letters, 
at a time, by the impress of type adapted to the 
purpose. There are now several distinct types 
of these machines. 2. An operator on a type- 
writing machine ; one who prints characters on 
paper by means of a type-writer Automatic 
type- writer telegraph. See telegraph. 
type-writing (tip'ri'ting), n. The process of 
printing letter by letter by the use of a type- 
writer; also, work done by this process. 
Typha (ti'fft), n. [NL. (Tournefort, 1700 ; ear- 
lier by Lobel, 1576), < Or. TV^TI, cattail.] A ge- 
nus of plants, type of the order Typhacete. it Is 
distinguished from Sparyaniwn, the other genus of the 
family, by its linear an tilers, stalked ovary, and dry indehls- 
cent fruit. There are 13 
species, natives of fresh- 
water swamps in both 
tropical and temperate 
regions. They are smooth 
herbs with strong creep- 
Ing rootstocks from which 
grow erect unbranched 
and often tall and robust 
stems with a submerged 
base. The leaves are chief- 
ly radical, long and linear, 
spongy, and at first some- 
what fleshy and watery. 
The monoecious flowers 
form a cylindrical termi- 
nal spadix, the upperpart 
of which is stamlnate and 
deciduous ; both parts 
are partly covered in the 
bud by very perishable 
thin spathaccous bracts. 
The long-stalked minute 
fruit is produced In 
great abundance, over 
60,000 to the average 
spike In the common 
species ; each fruit con- 
tains a single seed, and 
isisurnmiided near the base by twenty to forty long slen- 
der white hairs which expand at maturity, aiding in dis- 
persion by the wind. The plant usually reaches from 5 to9 
feet high ; in California T. Domingensig sometimes reaches 
18 feet. Including an inflorescence of 3 feet ; in the com- 
mon T. latifolia the handsome dark rusty-brown fertile 
part of the spike is usually from 5 to 8 inches long, some* 
times 14, and is much used for rustic decoration. The 
abundant mealy pollen is made into bread In India and 
New Zealand ; it is inflammable, and has been used aa a 
substitute for tinder and for matches. The powdered 
flowers have been used for poultices, and the farinaceous 
rootstocks are considered astringent and diuretic In east- 
ern Asia. The long leaves are much used in central New 
York to make chair-bottoms, and are elsewhere woven 
into mats and baskets. Three species occur in the United 
States, of which T. latifolia, with four-grained pollen, and 
T. anfftistifolia, with single-grained pollen, are widely dis- 
tributed throughout the northern parts of both hemi- 
spheres ; the latter is In the United States more local and 
largely maritime, and often shows a distinct interval be- 
tween the male and female divisions of the spike. The 
other and larger species, T. Dominyrnsi*. occurs In the 
West Indies, Mexico, Texas, California, and the Argentine 
Republic. For T. elephantina, see elephant-gran* ; for the 
others, cattail, reed-mace, and reree; and compare marsh- 
beetle and dtinehe-down. They are also commonly known 
as flag and as bulruth. 
Typhaceae (ti-fa'se-e), n, pi. [NL. (A. P. de 
Candolle, 1805), < 'Typha + -acex.} An order 
of monocotyledonous plants, of the series Nu- 
difloree. It is characterized by nsnally monoecious 
flowers with a perianth of irregular membranous scales 
or of very slender elongated hairs. It includes about 19 
species, belonging to 2 genera, Typha (the type) and Spar- 
'iii ilium (where see cut), both marsh-plants of wide distri- 
bution, with unjolnted watery stems and long entire alter- 
nate leaves which project stiffly out of the water or in a few 
cases float on its surface. The small crowded flowers con- 
tain six or more stamens with elongated flaccid filaments, 
and a single superior ovary usually with a single cell and a 
single ovule. 
typh-fever (tif 'fe'ver), n. [< fy/>ft(iw), typh(oid), 
+ fever*.] A term proposed to include both 
typhus and typhoid fevers. 
ty'phinia (ti-fin'i-S), n. [NL., < Or. riif)f, smoke, 
mist: see typhus.} In patliol., relapsing fever. 
[Rare.] 
typhlitic (tif-lit'ik), a. [< typhlitis + -ic.} Per- 
taining to or of the nature of typhlitis ; affected 
with typhlitis. 
typhlitis (tif-li'tis), H. [NL. , < Gr. TfO/df, blind 
(with ref. to the cwcum), + -?)>.] Inflamma- 
tion of the csecum and vermiform appendix. 
typhomania 
typhloBnteritis (tif-io-en-te-ri'tis), n. [NL., 
< (ir. Tlif/Mr, blind, -f- il-i/nn; intestine, + -ill.". I 
Same an typhlitis. 
typhloid ('tif'loid), a. [< Gr. TvfUf, blind, + 
aoot, form.] Having defective vision, as a 
blindworm. 
typhlology (tif-lol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. n^Xof, blind, 
+ ->o;/, < //; (w, speak : see -oloyy.} The sum 
of scientific knowledge concerning blindness. 
typhlope (tif'lop), n. [< NL. Typhlops.} A 
small snake of the family Tijphlopidee ; a worm- 
snake or blindworm. 
Typhlophthalmi (tif-lof-thal'ml), n.pl. [NL., 
< Gr. rv(f).6f, blind, + o^oWuof, eye.] In Cope's 
Cattail ( Tyfha laltfolial. 
a, the spadix, with male flowers 
above and female ones below ; f>, a 
male flower ; c, a female flower. 
classification, a superfamily of pleurodont liz- 
ards. represented by the .tin-li/tni/iiil{c. Antiiti- 
idse, and Aniellidee. 
typhlophthalmic (tif-lof-thal'raik), a. [< Typh- 
/<>lilitlialmi + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the 
Typhlophthalmi. 
Typhlopida (tif-lop'i-de),.^. [NL., < Typli- 
lui/n + -idle.} A family of angiostomatous scole- 
cophidian serpents, typified by the genus Typh- 
lops ; the worm-snakes or blindworms. It for- 
merly Included all the small serpents with the mouth not 
distensible and teeth only in one jaw, upper or lower, being 
the same as Typhlopoidea. By the division of these into 
two families, Catodonta and Epanodonta, with lower and 
with upper teeth only, respectively, the Typhltijridtr are 
restricted to the latter, and contrasted with Slenostomidte. 
Typhlopoidea (tif-lo-poi'de-ij), n. pi. [NL., < 
Gr. n>0/.oV, blind, -r infi, eye, + tWoc, form.] 
A suborder of Ophidia, containing the small 
scolecophidian or angiostomatous snakes of the 
families Typhlopidee and Stcnostomatidee, and 
thus equivalent to Typhlopid/e in a broad sense. 
They differ from all other ophidians in having no trans- 
verse bone of the skull, the pterygoid disconnected from 
the quadrate, the palatines with their long axes transverse 
and bounding the nasal choame behind, and the ethmo- 
turhinal forming part of the roof of the mouth. 
Typhlops (tif 'lops), n. [NL. (Schneider), < Gr. 
n$A<iV, blind, < rix/iMf, blind, + tup, eye.] The 
typical genus of Typhlopidx, having the muzzle 
covered above with rostral and internasal 
scutes, and one ocular, one preocular, and one 
nasal plate. 
typhlosis (tif-16'sis), . [NL., < Gr. T^uaif, a 
making blind, blindness, \ rv^Xow, make blind, 
< nxfrlof, blind.] Blindness. 
typhlosolar (tif-lo-so'lSr), . [< typhlosole + 
-ar 3 .} Of the character of or pertaining to a 
typhlosole. Micros. Sci., N. 8., XXVII. 565. 
typhlpsole (tif'lo-sol), n. [< Gr. rw0?,oc, blind, 
+ <7o/v, tube, pipe: see solen.} A thick fold- 
ing of the intestine of certain annelids, mol- 
lusks, etc., formed by the involution of the wall 
of the intestine along the dorsomedian line, and 
projecting into the intestinal cavity. Huxley, 
Anat. Invert., p. 196. 
TyphoSan (tl-fo'e-au), a. [Also, erroneously, 
Typhoon, Typhean;'<. L. Typhoeus, < Gr. Tv^uftif, 
contr. TI^<JC, Typhoeus (see def.) ; cf. Typhottf.] 
Of, pertaining to, or resembling Typhoeus (or 
Typhos), a monster of Greek mythology, who 
tried to conquer the gods, but was overcome 
by Zeus and buried under Mount Etna. Typhoeus 
is described as vomiting flame from a hundred mouths, 
and thus typifies a volcano. 
typhoid (ti'foid), a. and n. [= F. typhoide, < Gr. 
*0oEM%, contr. Tt^<j%, delirious, of persons 
suffering from fever, also of the fever itself, 
< rixpos, smoke, also stupor arising from fever: 
see typhus.} I. a. Resembling typhus : noting 
a specific continued fever Bilious typhoid fe- 
yer. See /ereri. -Typhoid bacillus, or Eberth's bacil- 
lus, a micro-organism found in the intestinal ulcers, and 
elsewhere in the bodies, of those dying from typhoid fever, 
and believed to be the cause of this disease. Typhoid 
condition or state, a condition occurring sometimes in 
the course of acute diseases of a depressing type, in which 
there is marked lowering of all the vital forces, shown by 
prostration, muttering delirium, carphologla, muscular 
twitchlngs, unconscious discharges from the bladder and 
bowels, a dry, cracked, often blackish tongue, etc. Ty- 
phoid fever. See/ewri. Typhoid pneumonia. See 
pneumonia. 
II. n. Typhoid fever. Seeferer*. 
typhoidal(ti'foi-dal),a. [< typhoid + -al.} Of, 
pertaining to, or characteristic of typhoid fe- 
ver: as, ti/phoidal symptoms. 
typhomalarial (tl'fo-ma-la'ri-al), a. [< ty- 
pho(id) + malarial.} Involving both typhoid 
and malarial characters: applied to a disease 
caused by the combined influence of filth and 
the malarial poison, or a typhoid fever in which 
the symptoms are modified by the action of ma- 
laria. Whether either of these conditions ex- 
ists has been a subject of dispute among medi- 
eal writers. 
typhomania (ti-fo-ma'ni-ii), n. [< Or. Ti^of, 
stupor (see typhus, typhoid 1 ), + fiavia, madness.] 
