univalve 
body-whorl or aperture nre collectively the spire, ending 
at the tip, point, 01- iijiri. Tin- opjMj.sitr end of tin slid] 
is the bag?, which often presents a depression, the HHI- 
Inlii-im; the circumference, a completely lippc'il aperture, 
is the peristonif. The spiral line Iwtween the successive 
whorls or volutions is the suture. See words italiri/<'<! 
altove with various cuts there, or there cited. 
univalved (ii'ni-valvd), . [As univalve + -erf 2 .] 
Saino as univalve. 
univalvular (u-ni-val'vu-lar), . [As univalve 
+ -iil-nr.\ Same as ititirtiln: 
universal (li-ni-ver'nal), . and n. [< F. uni- 
ri'i-f/i'l = Sp. PK- iniiri'i-tHil = It. universalc, < L. 
Hiiii-1-rsiilin, of or belonging to all or to the 
whole, < universus, all together, whole, entire, 
collective, general: see untrerxr. Hence colloq. 
abbr. vernal, varxal.~] I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
the universe in its entirety, or to the human 
race collectively. 
Sole monarch of the universal rart h. 
.SVm'.., i;. :oid .1., lii. 2.04. 
All partial evil, univerml good. 
/'";', Essay on Man, i. 202. 
2. Pertaining to all things or to all mankind 
distributively. This is the original and most 
proper signification. 
Those men which have no written law of God to shew 
what is good or evil carry written in their hearts the 
universal law of mankind, the Law of Reason, whereby 
they judge, as by a rule which God hath given unto all 
men for that purpose. Huoter, Eccles. Polity, 1. 16. 
Nothing cau be to us Catholic or universal in Religion 
hut what the Scripture teaches. 
Miliiin, Elkonoklastes, xlil. 
Which had the universal sanction of their own and all 
former ages. Story, Speech, Salem, Sept. 18, 1828. 
3. Belonging to or predicated of all the mem- 
bers of a class considered without exception : 
as, a universal rule. This meaning arose In logic, 
where it is called the complex sense of universal, and has 
been common in Latin since the second century. 
Hearing applause and universal shout. 
Shak., M. of V., lit 2. 144. 
We say that every argument which tells in favour of the 
universal suffrage of the males tells equally in favour of 
female suffrage. Macaulay, West Rev. Def. of MilL 
4. In lor/ic, capable of being predicated of many 
individuals or single cases ; general. This, called 
the simple sense of universal, in which the word is pre- 
cisely equivalent to general, is quite opposed to its ety- 
mology, and perpetuates a confusion of thought due Ui 
Aristotle, whose aoAor it translates. (See II., 1 ('<).) In 
Latin it is nearly as old, perhaps older, than def. 3. Uni- 
versal agent, in law, an agent with unqualified ]K>wer 
to act, in place of his principal, in all things which the 
latter can delegate, as distinguished from a general agent, 
who has unrestricted power in respect to a particular kind 
of business or at a particular place. Universal arith- 
metic, algebra. Universal Chuck, a form of chuck 
having a face-plate with dogs which can move radially 
and simultaneously, to hold objects of different sizes. 
Universal church, in theol., the church of God through- 
out the world. Universal cognition. See cognition. 
Universal compass, a compass with extension legs 
adapted for striking circles of either large or small size. 
Universal conception, a general concept. Universal 
conversion. See convention, 2. Universal coupling, 
a coupling so made that the parts united may meet at 
various angles, as n gimbal joint Universal deluge. 
See detune, 1. Universal dial. See dial. Universal 
ferment. See/ermcnt. Universal Friends, an Ameri- 
can sect of the eighteenth century, followers of Jemima 
Wilkinson, who professed to have prophetic and miracu- 
lous powers. Universal galvanometer, a galvanom- 
eter capable of measuring either currents or electromo- 
tive forces or resistances. It usually consists of an ordi- 
nary galvanometer, which may have any suitable form, 
combined with a set of resistance-coils and a slide-bridge 
all mounted on one base. Universal gravitation. See 
gravitation. Universal instrument, in astron., a spe- 
cies of altitude and azimuth instrument constructed so as 
to combine portability with great power. The telescope 
of the instrument, instead of being a straight tube, is usu- 
ally broken into two arms at right angles to euch other in 
the middle of its length, and at the break a totally reflect- 
ing prism turns the rays entering the object-glass along 
the eye-end of the telescope which forms part of the hori- 
zontal axis of the circle, so that the telescope becomes 
free to move through all altitudes. Universal joint. See 
jnint. -Universal legatee, in Scots (air, a legatee to 
whom a testator gives his whole estate, subject only to the 
burden of other legacies and debts. Universal lever, 
logic, method, partnership. See the nouns. Univer- 
sal mood, a mood of syllogism concluding a universal 
proposition. Universal part, apart of anniversal whole. 
Sir W. Hamilton. -Universal Postal Union. See po- 
to/. Universal proposition. See proposition. Uni- 
versal successor, in Scots late, an neir who succeeds 
to the whole of the heritage of a person who dies intes- 
tate. Universal suffrage. Sec >ufra:ie. Universal 
switch, an apparatus used in telegraph- and telephone- 
omces tor facilitating the connecting of one line to an- 
other. It usually consists of a large board or slab of 
insulating material, on the face of which are mounted 
two sets of parallel condtieting-rods placed across one 
another. Each rod forms the terminal of one line, and 
hence any two lines can be connected together by a plug 
where their terminal rods cross each other. Universal 
syllogism, theorem, time, etc. see the nouns. Uni- 
versal umbel. See umbel. Universal unity, the ca- 
pability of existing in many subjects while retaining Its 
identity. This is the unity of a general clianu'trr lie- 
longing to many objects. Universal validity, cogency 
6623 
fur all men. This IK a phrase used hy certain writers who 
iiii*a|ipivin-ii'i tin' tin, Him- oi Kant. Universal whole, 
a class with respect to the milijri t, ini-liMi-d uml. i ii 
-Syn. 3. General, etc. 8e common. 
ft. . 1. In logic: (a) One of the five pre.li 
cables of the Aristotelians, or logical varieties 
of predicates, which are suiil to be genus, spe- 
cies, difference, property, and accident. (6) A 
general term or predicate, or the general nature 
which such a term signifies. In order to under- 
stand the great dispute concerning universals it is neces- 
sary to remark that the word In this sense entirely departs 
from its etymology. The universe is incapable of general 
description, and consists of objects connected by dynam- 
ical relations and recognized by associations of contigu- 
ity; while a universal is an Idea connected with experi- 
ence by associations of resemblance merely. But though 
a universal is, In Its universality, thus not contracted to 
actual existence, it does not necessarily follow that things 
real have In their real existence no universal predicates. 
The common belief Is that the mutual actions of things 
are subjected to laws that are really general that the 
laws of mechanics, for instance, are not mere accidental 
uniformities, but have a real virtue. These laws may be 
subject to exceptions and interference; such has always 
been the vulgar belief, and in most ages that of philoso- 
phers ; It may be they are never precisely followed. But 
any tendency in the things themselves toward generaliza- 
tions of their characters constitutes what Is termed a uni- 
versal in re. Before the laws of physics were established 
it was particularly the uniformities of heredity, and con- 
sequent commonness of organic forms, which specially 
attracted attention ; so that man and hortt are the tradi- 
tional examples of universals in re. The dispute concern- 
ing universals chiefly concerns the universals in re, and 
arises from the different degrees of importance attributed 
by different minds to the dynamical and to the intelligible 
relations of things. Those who follow the common opinion 
are called realists. The other party, looking at the blind 
dynamical character of the connections of things, denies 
that there is any real operation of law or Intelligible guid- 
ance. These are the nominalists, who may take one of 
three main positions. First, there are those who hold 
that the uniformities of nature are due to the interference 
on every single occasion of general creative ideas, called 
universal* ante rem. Second, there are those who, ad- 
mitting that intelligible relations do govern one great de- 
partment of creation namely, the world of thought, so 
that there are general conceptions, called universals post 
rem insist that the notion of a law of nature, properly 
speaking, is purely illusory. Things as they are are there- 
fore entirely incomprehensible, and all that is intelligible 
is mere seeming. Vet this seeming has so consistent a 
character that it is for all intents and purposes the real 
world ; and this seemingly real world is seemingly gov- 
erned by law, which, indeed, is the only feature in It which 
makes it seem like real. This Is substantially Kantianism. 
Third, there are those who deny universals in re, ante 
rem, and post rem, holding that association by resem- 
blance is reducible to association by contiguity, that gener- 
alization takes place only upon paper or in talk, and that 
every fact is at bottom unintelligible. In the middle ages, 
if not at all times, the realistic opinion has often )>een 
carried too far, the mere resemblances of things, which 
are nothing but the native tendency of the mind to asso- 
ciate them, being supposed to indicate more intimate 
dynamical relations than can justly be inferred on such a 
ground alone. 
2f. The whole ; the system of the universe. 
To what end had the angel been set to keep the en- 
trance into Paradise after Adam's expulsion if the uni- 
versal had been paradise? Raleigh, Hist. World. 
Ppsterioristic and prioiistlc universals. See paste- 
rioristic. 
Universalian (u'ni-ver-sa'li-an), a. < M- 
versal + -tan.] Same as Universalist. [Rare.] 
universalisation, universalise, etc. See i- 
versaliztttion, etc. 
Universalism (u-ni-ver'sal-izm), M. [< univer- 
sal + -ism.] The doctrine or belief of Univer- 
salists. 
Universalist (u-ni-ver'sal-ist), a. and H. [< i- 
versal + -is/.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Uni- 
versalism : as, Universalist views. 
II. . 1. One who, professing the Christian 
faith, believes that all mankind will eventual- 
ly be redeemed from sin and suffering, and 
brought back to holiness and God. The name is 
properly applicable to all those who hold to the final sal- 
vation of all men ; but it is specifically applied to a body 
of Christians with a distinct church organization, who, 
like the Unitarians, have no authoritative symbol of doc. 
trine, and on other points than the salvation of the race 
differ among themselves. 
2. [/. c.] One who affects to understand every- 
thing. [Rare.] 
A modern freethinker is an univertalist In speculation ; 
any proposition whatsoever he is ready to decide ; self- 
assurance supplies all want of abilities. 
Bentley, Phileleutherus Llpsiensis, $ 3. 
universalistic (u-ni-ver-sa-lis'tik), a. [< MHI- 
rersalist + -e.] 1. Of, relating to, or affecting 
the whole ; universal. 
Distinguishing hedonism into the two kinds, egoistic 
and unirrrsalistif. according as the happiness sought is 
that of the actor himself or is that of all. 
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 151. 
2. [<v<7>.] Of or pertaining to Universalism; 
Universalist. 
universality (u'ni-ver-sal'i-ti). . [< F. uninr- 
snlitc = Sp. iniiri I'xiiliilnil = Pg. uuiversaliilmlt' 
= It. wuversalitA, < ML. vnivcrsalita(t-)s, < L. 
university 
in::::! Ill: . I II 1 i V I I'SH I '. IM II II I I I rtlll . ] 1. TllO 
stall- or i-hai-ader ol' licing universal ; unlimit- 
ed application nr extent. 
Set before your faith the frcencss and the imirertality 
of the promise. Consider of God's offer, and urging It 
upon all ; and that he hath excepU-d from the conditional 
covenant no man in the world, llailer, Saints' Rest, Iv. 4. 
Another objection to all this remedy Is, IU want of ni- 
vrrtality. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 14. 
2. Unlimited adaptability; boundless versa- 
tility. 
It was soon manifested that Garrlck's universality, by 
reason of hit natural endowment* and acquired ; 
plishments, would no longer admit of any competitor for 
theatrical fame. Life of (Juin (reprint IbsTX p. 37. 
3f. The universe. .s /'. Sidney, Arcadia, iii. 
universalization (u-ni-ver'sal-i-za'shgn), n. [< 
universalize + -ation.] The act or process of 
making universal or general ; generalization. 
Also spelled universalisation. 
Reflexion, by separating the essence or species from the 
subsistence, obtains the full specific idea (univerialim- 
tionX Jtuyc. Jlril., XX. SM. 
universalize (u-ni-ver'sal-lz), r. t. and i. ; pret. 
and pp. universalized, ppr. unircrs(ili:ing. f= 
F. wiiversaliser ; as universal + -i:e.~\ To make 
universal ; generalize. Berkeley. Also spelled 
universalise. 
To find out what is morally right, we have only to ask 
what actions may be universalised. Cain/, Hegel, p. 121. 
The former Realism and Nominalism were lifted into 
higher phase by the principle of the unirersalitirty action 
of intellect JSncye. Brit., II. M. 
universally (li-ni-ver'sal-i), adr. In a univer- 
sal manner ; as a universal ; with extension to 
the whole ; in a manner to comprehend all ; ' 
without exception. 
uniyersalness (u-ni-ver'sal-nes), n. Univer- 
sality. 
universanimous (u'ni-ver-san'i-mus), a. [< L. 
universus, general, + animus, mind.] Of one 
mind or opinion; unanimous. Loicell, Biglow 
Papers, 2d ser., p. 36. [Rare.] 
universe (u'ni-vers), n. [< F. Hirer* = Sp. Pg. 
It. unircrso, < L. universum, all things, as a 
whole, the universe, neut. of univcrsus, OL. oinn- 
rorsus, also contr. oinror.ius, later unvorsux, all 
together, whole, entire, collective, general, lit. 
turned or combined into one, < unus, one, + 
vertere, pp. versus, turn.] 1. The totality of 
existing things; all that is in dynamical con- 
nection with general experience taken collec- 
tively embracing (a) the Creator and crea- 
tion; or (6) psychical and material objects, 
but excluding the Creator ; or (c) material ob- 
jects only. 
For nothing in this wide universe I call, 
Save thou, my rose ; in it thou art my all. 
Shale. , Sonnets, clx. 
For this beauty of the universe is an emblem and reve- 
lation of the Divinity. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 13. 
2. The whole world; all mankind; all that 
meets us in experience, in a loose sense. 3. 
In logic, the collection of all the objects to 
which any discourse refers: as, the universe of 
things. The things belonging to a universe cannot be 
defined or discriminated by any general characters; for 
every universal proposition excludes some general descrip- 
tion of objects from the universe which had been supposed 
to be found in it. It is only in their dynamical connec- 
tions that the objects of the universe can be distinguished 
from all others ; and therefore no general term in a prop- 
osition can show what universe is meant; but an index 
is necessary. See index, n., 2. 
Everything in the universe (whatever that unirerse may 
embrace) Is either A or not A. 
De Morgan, Formal Logic (1847), II. 
We must be supposed to know the nature and limits of 
the unitvrM of discourse with which we are concerned, 
whether we state it or not. If we are talking of ordinary 
phenomena we must know whether we refer to them with- 
out limit of time and space; and If not, within what 
limits, broadly speaking. If we include the realms of 
fiction and Imagination we must know what boundaries 
we mean to put upon them. Venn, Symbolic Logic, vL 
Egg of the universe, see ;//' - The hub of the uni- 
verse. SecAud. Tree of the universe. BMzMrastt 
Universe of discourse, a universe in sense 3, above, 
university (u-ni-ver'si-ti), n. ; pi. uniri-r.titii.-- 
(-tiz). [* ME. univcrsite, < OF. vniversite, P. 
nniversitc = Sp. loiirfrsidad = Pg. unicersidatii 
= It. universita = D. vnirersiteit = G. unirersi- 
tdt = Dan. Sw. universitet = Russ. universitftu, 
< L. nniversi1a(t-)s, the whole, the universe, LL. 
a society, company, corporation, gild, ML. a 
university, < miirerstts, all together, whole, en- 
tire, collective, general: see universe.'] If. The 
whole ; the universe. 
The eye of intelligence is heyere, for it snrmounteth 
the envyronynge of the unippriff. 
Chaurcr, Boe thins, v. prose 4. 
Speaking with respect to the unirrrrity of things. 
Barruif, Sermons, IL 12. 
