verbally 
Verbally to deny it. South. 
(&) Word for word : as, to translate verbally, (c) Like a 
verb ; as or in the manner of a. verb. 
The verbally used [.Scythian] forms are rather tint one 
step removed from nouns used predicatively, with subjec- 
tive or possessive pronominal elements appended. 
Whitney, Life and (Jrowth of Lang., p. 233. 
verbarian (vor-bii'ri-an), . 
bitm, word, + -/(.]" I. . 
and . [< L. m-- 
A -word-coiner; a 
verbalist. 
In "The Doctor" Southey gives himself free scope as 
averbarian, much after the way of Rabelais, Thomas Nash, 
Taylor the Water-poet, or Feltham. 
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 21, note 2. 
II. a. Of or pertaining to words ; verbal. 
verbarium (ver-ba'ri-um), it. [NL., < L. ver- 
bmn, word: see verb.] A game played with 
the letters of the alphabet, (a) A game in which 
the player strives to make out a word when all the let- 
ters that compose it are given to him indiscriminately. 
(6) A game in which the player tries to form from the 
letters that compose a long word as many other words as 
possible. 
Verbasceae (ver-bas'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (G. Don, 
1835), < Verbascum -f- -ese.] A tribe of gamo- 
petalous plants, of the order Scrophutarinese 
and series Pseudosolaium. It is characterized by 
flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, having a wheel- 
shaped or rarely concave corolla with five broad lobes, of 
which the two upper are exterior. It includes the 3 gen- 
era Staurophragma, Celsia, and Verbascum. 
Verbascum (ver-bas'kum), . [NL. (Tourne- 
fort, 1700; earlier in Brunfels, 1530), < L. ver- 
bascum. mullen.] A genus of plants, type of 
the tribe Verbasccse in the order Scrophulari- 
nese. It is distinguished from the other genera of its 
tribe by its five perfect stamens. About 140 species have 
been described, many of them hybrids or varieties : only 
100, or a few more, are now admitted. They are natives 
of Europe, North Africa, and western and central Asia. 
They are herbs, usually biennial, more or less clad in floc- 
cose wool, commonly tall and erect, rarely low and branch- 
ing or spiny. The soft alternate leaves vary from entire 
to pinnatifid. The flowers are yellow, purplish, red, or 
rarely white, solitary or clustered in the axils of bracts, 
and disposed in terminal spikes or racemes, less often in 
panicles. The fruit is a two-valved capsule, globular, egg- 
shaped, or flattened. The stem-leaves are sessile and often 
decurrent, the radical leaves (frequently very large), coarse 
and conspicuous. The leaves of V. Thapsus, the common 
mullen, are mucilaginous and somewhat bitter, are used 
as emollient applications to tumors, and are the source of 
several popular remedies. (See mullen, with cut.) Four 
species are naturalized in the United States; 6 are na- 
tives of Great Britain, and about 50 others of continental 
Europe. V. Lychnitis and V. pulvendentum, the white 
mullens of England and other parts of Europe, produce 
stiff branching panicles of yellow flowers with white- 
bearded filaments ; they are covered with a white pow- 
dery down which readily rubs off. About a dozen yellow- 
flowered species are thought worthy of cultivation for 
ornament, among which V. Cham is remarkable for its 
tall stem. 111 feet high, with large green leaves, and enor- 
mous branching panicles of yellow flowers with purplish 
filaments. V. phonniceum, from southern Europe, is pecu- 
liar in its large spike of showy violet flowers. 
verbatim (ver-ba'tim), ado. [< ML. verbatim, 
word for word, < L. verbum, word: see verb.'] 
1 . Word for word ; in exactly the same words : 
sometimes extended into the phrase verbatim, 
literatim, etpuncttitim, word for word, letter for 
letter, and point for point, as in the most exact 
transcription, in bibliography, etc. 
Antonius, in a letter which is recited verbatim in one 
of Cicero's Philippics, called him [Decimus Brutus] "vene- 
flca," witch as if he had enchanted Csesar. 
Bacon, Friendship (ed. 188V). 
And this I have set downe almost verbatim from the re- 
port of the aforesaid Ambrose Earle of Warwicke that 
now is, who was present at that action, and had his horse 
also wounded under him with two or three arrowes. 
Sir J. Smyth, in Ellis's Lit. Letters, p. 56. 
2f. By word of mouth ; orally ; verbally. 
Think not, although in writing I preferr'd 
The manner of thy vile outrageous crimes, 
That therefore I have forged, or am not able 
Verbatim to rehearse the method of my pen. 
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 1. 13. 
Verbena (ver-be'nii), it. [NL. (Tournefort, 
1700; earlier in Brunfels, 1530), < L. verbena, 
usu. in pl.verbense, foliage, leaves, branches used 
in sacred rites, also plants used as cooling 
remedies: see vervain.] 1. A genus of plants, 
type of the order Verbenacese and tribe Verbe- 
nese. It is characterized by flowers sessile in an elongated 
or flattened spike, and by a dry fruit with four one-seeded 
nutlets or cells included within an unchanged tubular 
calyx. There are about 80 species, mostly American. 
One, V. officinal, is widely dispersed over warm and tem- 
perate parts of the Old World ; another, V. Bonariensa, 
is naturalized in Africa and Asia ; one only, V. supina, is 
peculiar to the Old World, and occurs in the Mediterra- 
nean region from the Canary Islands to western Asia; 
another, V. macrostachya, is confined to Australia. They 
are diffuse decumbent or erect summer-flowering herbs 
(shrubby in a few South American species), commonly vil- 
lous with unbranched hairs. Their leaves are usually 
opposite, and incised or dissected ; their flowers are ses- 
sile, and solitary in the axils of the najrow bracts of a ter- 
minal spike. The spikes are compact and thick, or loug 
Verbena Aubletia 
6726 
and slender, sometimes corymbed or panicled. About 
14 species are natives of the United States, mostly weedy 
and small-flowered ; 5 of these occur within the north- 
eastern States, of which the principal are V. haittata, the 
blue, and V. urticafolia. the white vervain, tall plants 
with long panicled or clustered spikes. For V. ojfccina- 
lis, the chief introduced 
species, see vervain, herb 
of the cross (under kerb), 
Itiifeon'n-yraKS, simpler'K- 
joy, and cut under lacini- 
ate. Four southwestern 
species produce large 
showy pink or purplish 
flower-clusters, which 
elongate into spikes in 
fruit; among these V. 
bipinnatijida ( V. mon- 
tatia) and V. Aubletia sire 
sometimes cultivated. 
The latter is a creeping 
and spreading perennial 
with incised leaves, pa- 
rent of many garden hy- 
brids ; it occurs in open 
places from Florida to Il- 
linois. Arkansas, and Mex- 
ico, in nature with rose- 
colored, purple, or lilac 
flowers. The numerous 
cultivated verbenas, very 
popular in the United 
States from their brilliant 
and continuous bloom 
and from their growth in 
masses, are largely de- 
rived from the South 
American species V. chamsedrtfolia, V. phloyifulia, V. ten- 
maii.es, and V. crinoides. in nature respectively scarlet, 
rose-colored, white, and lilac-purple. In cultivation they 
include all colors except yellow and pure blue ; many are 
striped ; and the best have a distinct eye, or bright central 
spot. Several species are also very fragrant, especially V. 
teucrioides. V. venosa is more often cultivated in England. 
2. [I. c.] A plant of this genus Lemon-scented 
verbena. Same as lemon-verbena. 
Verbenaceae (ver-be-na'se-e), n.pl. [NL. (Jus- 
sieu, 1806), < Verbena + -acese.] An order of 
gamopetalous plants, of the series Sicarpellata 
and cohort Lamiales. It is characterized by an infe- 
rior radicle, usually opposite leaves, and irregular bisexu- 
al flowers, and is particularly distinguished from the near- 
ly related order Labiatse by an entire ovary and a fruit with 
either two or four nutlets. It includes about 740 species, 
belonging to 05 genera, classed in 8 tribes, of which the 
types are Phryina, Stilbe, Cloanthes, Verbena, Vitex, Ca- 
ryopteris, Symphorema, and Avicennia. They are either 
herbs, shrubs, or trees. Their leaves are usually opposite 
or whorled, entire, toothed, or incised, and without stip- 
ules. The inflorescence is a spike, raceme, panicle, or 
cyme, either simple or compound. The corolla is usually 
small, commonly with a distinct tube which is often in- 
curved, five or frequently four imbricate flat-spreading 
lobes, and four didynamous stamens ; some genera pro- 
duce only two stamens or a two-lipped corolla with one or 
more lobes enlarged or erect. The ovary contains at first 
one, soon two, and at length commonly four cells, each 
cell usually with one ovule ; in fruit it becomes more or 
less drupaceous, with a juicy, fleshy, or dry exocarp, and 
an indurated endocarp, which is indehiscent, or breaks 
into two or four nutlets, or rarely more. They are rare in 
the north temperate zone, common in the tropics and in 
temperate parts of South America. They are herbaceous 
in colder regions, becoming shrubby in the tropics, or 
even very large trees, as the teak. The fruit is sometimes 
edible, as in species of Lantana and Premna, but is more 
often acrid. Their properties are sometimes aromatic. 
Many are of medicinal repute, as species of Catticarpa, 
Congea, and Clerodendron. (Compare Stachytarpheta and 
Vitex.) Many genera are cultivated for ornament, as Ver- 
bena, Lantana, and Clerodendron, or for the colored fruit, 
as Catticarpa. Only 4 genera are native within the United 
States Lippia, Calltearpa, Phryma, and Verbena. 
verbenaceous (ver-be-na'shius), a. Pertaining 
to or having the characters of the Verbenacese. 
verbena-oil (ver-be'na-oil), n. Same as Indian 
Meligaa-oil (which see, under mclissa-oil). 
verbenatet (ver'be-nat), v. t.; pret. and pp. 
rerbenated, ppr. rerbenating. [< L. vcrbenatus, 
crowned with a garland of sacred boughs, < 
rerbenx, sacred boughs: see Verbena.] To^trew 
or sanctify with sacred boughs, according to a 
custom of the ancients. 
verbene (ver'ben), n. [< NL. Verbena, q. v.] 
A plant of the order Verbenacese. Lindley. 
Verbeneae (ver-be'ne-e), M. pi. [NL. (Reich- 
enbach, 1828), < Verbena + -ex.] A tribe of 
plants, of the order Verbenacese. It is character- 
ized by acentripetal and usually unbranched inflorescence, 
a two- or four-celled ovary, and ovules usually erect from 
the base. It includes 19 genera, of which Verbena is the 
type. 
verberatet (ver'ber-at), v. t. [< L. verberatus, 
pp. of verberare (> It. verberarc = Pg. Sp. ver- 
berar), lash, scourge, whip, beat, < vcrber, a 
whip, rod. Cf. reverberate.] To beat; strike. 
Bub. I have a great desire to be taught some of your 
. . . brave words. . . . 
Gory. You shall be verberated, and reverberated. 
Shirley, Love Tricks, iii. ft. 
Bosom-quarrels that verberate and wound his soul. 
Abp. Sanerqft, Modern Policies, 1. 
verberation (ver-be-ra'shon), n. [= F. verbera- 
tion = Sp. verberacion = Pg. verberafSo, < L. 
verbosity 
verberatio(n-), a beating, chastisement, < verbe- 
rare, lash, whip, beat: see verberate.~] 1. The 
act of beating or striking; a percussion. 
Riding or walking against great winds is a great exer- 
cise, the effects of which are redness and inflammation ; all 
the effects of a soft press or verberation. 
Arbuthnot, On Air. 
Distinguishing nerberatimt, which was accompanied with 
pain, from pulsation, which was attended with none. 
Jllackstone, Com., III. viil. 
2. The impulse of a body which causes sound. 
Verbesina (ver-be-si'nji), n. [NL. (Linnsuus, 
1737), altered from Verbena on account of a re- 
semblance in the leaves of the original species.] 
A genus of composite plants, of the tribe Heli- 
tiutlioiflpit. type of the subtribe Verbesinese. Itis 
characterized by small or middle-sized corymbose flower- 
heads (sometimes large, solitary, and long-peduncled) 
with the rays fertile or rarely lacking, and by achenes 
laterally compressed, distinctly two-winged, sometimes 
ciliate, and usually awned by a pappus of two rigid or slen- 
der bristles. There are about 55 species, natives of warm 
parts of America, occurring from the Argentine Republic 
to Mexico.and with 9 species in the southern United States, 
one yellow-flowered species, V. occidental, and perhaps 
also the white-flowered V. Virginica, extending mirth 
into Pennsylvania, A few species are naturalized in the 
Old World. They are herbs or sometimes shrubby, a few 
becoming small trees of about 20 feet in height, and are 
known as crown-beard. Their leaves are usually toothed 
and opposite, and the petioles decurrent. The flower- 
heads are usually yellow; after blossoming, they are apt 
to become ovoid or globose by the elevation of a conical 
receptacle. V. encelioides of Texas, Arizona, and Mex- 
ico, now widely dispersed through warm regions, is culti- 
vated for its yellow flowers, sometimes under the name 
of Ximemsia. 
verbiage (ver'bi-aj), . [< F. verbiage, wordi- 
ness, < L. verbum, word: see verb.'] The use 
of many words without necessity; superabun- 
dance of words ; wordiness ; verbosity. 
He evinced a constitutional determination to verbiage 
unsurpassed, . . . and only those who knew him could pos- 
sibly appreciate'his affluence of rigmarole. 
J. T. Fields, Underbrush, p. 98. 
=Syn. Verbosity, etc. See pleonasm. 
verbicide 1 (ver'bi-sid), n. [< L. verbum, a word, 
+ -cidiunt, a killing, < ceedere, kill.] The kill- 
ing of a word, in a figurative sense ; perversion 
of a word from its proper meaning, as in pun- 
ning. [Rare and humorous.] 
Homicide and verbicide that is, violent treatment of a 
word with fatal results to its legitimate meaning, which 
is its life are alike forbidden. 
0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, i. 
verbicide 2 (v6r'bi-sld), n. [< L. rerbiim, a 
word, + -cida, a killer, < csedere, kill.] One 
who kills a word or words. [Rare and humor- 
ous.] 
These clownish verbicides have carried their antics to 
the point of disgust. 
M. C. Tyler, The Independent (New York), May 2, 18B7. 
verbiculture (ver'bi-kul-tur), n. [< L. verbum, a 
word, + ctiltura, cultivation : see culture."] The 
cultivation or production of words. [Rare.] 
Our fathers . . . brought forth fruits which would not 
have shamed the most deliberate verbiculture. 
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 289. 
verification (ver'bi-fi-ka'shon), n. [< LL. 
verbijicatio(n-), a talking, < L. verbum, a word, 
+ facere, do, make.] The act or process of 
verbifying. Trans. Amer. PJiilol. Ass., XV. 32, 
App. [Rare.] 
verbify (ver'bi-fl), v. t.; pret. and pp. verbified, 
ppr. verbifying. [< verb + -i-fy."} To make into 
a verb ; use as a verb ; verbalize. 
Nouns become verbified by the appending of inflectional 
affixes, generally suffixes, and are inflected like verbs. 
Tram. Amer. Philol. Ass., XV. 27, App. 
verbigeration (ver'bi-je-ra'shpn), n. [< LL. 
n-rbigere, talk, chat, dispute, < L. verbum, a 
word. + gerere, bear about, cany.] In pathol., 
the continual utterance of certain words or 
phrases, repeated at short intervals, without 
any reference to their meaning. 
verbose (ver-bos'), a. [= F. verbeux = Sp. Pg. 
It. verboso, < L. verbosus, full of words, prolix, 
wordy, < verbum, word : see verb.] Abounding 
in words ; using or containing more words than 
are necessary ; prolix ; tedious by multiplicity 
of words ; wordy : as, a verbose speaker ; a ver- 
bose argument. 
They ought to be brief, and not too verbose in their way 
of speaking. Ayliffe, Parergon. 
= Syn. Wordy, diffuse. See pleonasm. 
verbosely (ver-bos'li), adv. In a verbose man- 
ner ; wordily ; prolixly. 
I hate long arguments verbosely spun. 
Cowper, Epistle to J. Hill. 
verboseness(ver-bos'nes), . Verbosity, 
verbosity (ver-bos'i-ti), w. [< F. ri-rbosii<' = Sp. 
verbosidad = Pg. verbosidade = It. verbosity, < 
