version 
of different ITotestiint i-vungelieal dcniunlnatlons waa In- 
vite'l ; ami the work wits :tri'"in|>li>lieil )>> the livo inter- 
national eniiiinlttee:-. i>n tin- lia>U uf the King Jttnfll vi - 
si- Hi tilt; resolutions uf tilt f 'ill IV 'Till Inn ^],n itir:l]]> JtMIVilt- 
i 1 1" thai " we lit not en I em plate any lieu I! ;ui-l [1 i"ii nf I lie 
Hihli:, or uny alteration of (lit- lan^intu'e, exempt u i 
the judgment of the moat competent cnolajra, Meli 
is neeeswary." The work <>f reviHint- th-- Neu I '-i:uiini! 
was completed in vn.-mi-i L880; tint nf tin- uMTesta- 
nt in July, l*M. \ijhrc\iated /. r.. /;.!. ivr. Spon- 
taneous version, in n>-t,t., tin- irrtiiieaiimi nf a mal- 
prcttentation hy tin .n'tii.M nt (hi nli i Hi' innhele* alulie, 
without tin: Intel fen-nee of the ueeimehi-llr. - Syn. 4. See 
Iranxltiti* i< 
Versional (verShon-al). ii. [< ri'i-xiiiH + -a/.] 
Of or pertaining ID u version or translation. 
All the HUggcstlomi fdi- emendations (of the Bible), 
whether textllltl nr f. fxit'lfll. 
The Independent (New York), March 23, 1871. 
versionist (ver'slmn-ist), . [< version + -ixt.\ 
One \vlni makos a, version; a translator; also, 
one who favors a certain version or translation. 
<;i-iil. Mil;/. 
verso (ver'so), H. [< L. verso, abl. of versus, 
turned, pp. of vertcre, turn : see rcrse 1 .] The 
reverse, back, or other side of gome object. 
Specifically (a) Of a coin or medal, the reverse : opposed 
to obverite. (b) Of a manuscript or print, the second or any 
succeeding left-hand page; a page of even number: op- 
posed to redo, or one of uneven number : as, verso of title, 
the back of the title-page of a hook. 
versor (ver'sor), H. [ML., < L. rertfre, pp. ver- 
XMX, turn: seewrsel.] A particular kind of qua- 
ternion ; an operator which, applied to a vector 
lying in a plane related in a certain way to the 
versor, turns the vector through an angle with- 
out altering its modulus, tensor, or length. 
Every quaternion is a product, in one way only, of a ten- 
sor and a versor, and that versor is called the versor of 
the quaternion, and is represented by a capital I written 
IN II.JT the symbol of the quaternion. 
versorium (ver-so'ri-um), u. A magnetic nee- 
dle delicately mounted so as to move freely in 
a horizontal plane: so called by Gilbert. Kn- 
cyc. Brit., XV. 220. 
verst (verst), n. [Also sometimes irergt (after 
G.); = P. verstc, < Kuss. versta, a verst, also a 
verst-post, equality, age; perhaps orig. 'turn,' 
hence a distance, a space, for *vertta, < Russ. 
vcrtietl (Slav. -y/ vert), turn, = L. vcrtere, turn: 
see verse 1 .} A Russian measure of length, con- 
taining 3,500 English feet, or very nearly two 
thirds of an English mile, and somewhat more 
than a kilometer. 
versual (ver'su-al), a. [< L. versus, a verse, + 
-/.] Of the character of a verse; pertaining 
to verses or short paragraphs, generally of one 
sentence or clause: as, the versual divisions 
of the Bible : correlated with capital, sectional, 
pausal, parenthetical, punctual, M-ral, etc. W . 
Smith's Bible IHct. 
versus (ver'sus), prep. [< L. versus, toward, 
against, pp. of vertcre, turn: see verse 1 .] 
Against : used chiefly in legal phraseology: as, 
John Doe versus Richard Roe. Abbreviated 
., vs. 
versute (ver-suf), . [< L. versutux, adroit, 
versatile, < vcrtere, pp. versus, turn: see rerse 1 , 
and cf. rerxant.] Crafty; wily. 
A person ... of versute and vertiginous policy. 
Up. Gatuien, Tears of the Church, p. 132. (Davits.) 
vert 1 (vert), n. [< F. vert, green, < OF. verd, < 
L. viride, green, green color: see verd.} 1. 
In Eng. forest law, everything within a forest 
bearing a green leaf which may serve as a cover 
for deer, but especially great and thick coverts ; 
also, a power to cut green trees or wood. 
Cum furca, fossa, sock, . . . vert, veth, venison. 
Chartrr, Q. jtnnf, 1707. (Jamieson. ) 
The Holy Clerk shall have a grant of vert and venison 
. in my woods of Warneliffe. Scott, Ivanhoe, xl. 
I was interested in the preservation of the venison and 
the pert more than the hunters or wood-choppers. 
Thoreau, Walden, p. 269. 
2. In licr., the tincture green. It 
is represented by diagonal lines 
from the dexter chief to the 
sinister base. Abbreviated v. 
Nether vert, underwoods. Over 
vert or overt vert, trees serving for 
browse, shelter, and defense ; the great 
forest as distinguished from under- 
woods. Special vert, in vl<l Kii'J. Vert. 
forext law, trees and plants capable of 
serving as covert for deer, and bearing fruit on whicli 
they feed : so called because its destruction was a more 
serious offense than the destruction of other vert, 
vert- (vert), 11. [Taken for convert and pervert, 
with the distinguishing prefix omitted.] One 
who leaves one church for another; a convert 
or pervert, according as the action is viewed by 
members of the church joined or members of 
the church abandoned: said especially of per- 
vertebral 
i, Walden, p. 268. 
Cervical Vertebra of Horse. 
right side view, 
i. rudimentary spinous pro- 
<>ns who go from the Church of Knglaii'l to 
the I'hnrcli of Rome. (Colloi|., Kng. ] 
vert- i vert), /. i. [< n-rt-. n.\ To become a 
vert' 1 : leave tin- Omreli of Kngland for the 
L'oman ........ mini. .n. or vice versa. [I'olloq., 
Kng. | 
vertant (ver'tant ), (i. [< L. vertere, turn, turn 
about, + -tint."] In Her., bent in a curved form ; 
tle\ed or bowed. 
VCrte ( ver'te). r. [L.: " i-ti . 'J'l pers. sing. impv. 
of n I'li-n , turn : see n 1:11 '. | In mii.tii-. same as 
i-iilli, Verte sublto. Same as volti mliilo. Abbrevi- 
ated v. i. 
vertebra (ver'te-brti), n.; pi. >-<//////,v (-bre). 
in K. for'in n rli-ln f, q. v. ; = F. ver- 
= Sp. rn lil, ni = !'g. It. rtrtflini, < L. 
vertebra, a joint, a bone of the spine, < n ri> 1-1 . 
turn, turn about: see verse 1 .] 1. In Verte- 
lu-iitii, any bone of the spine; any segment of 
the backbone. See luii-khinn ami .i/iim-. S],eeni 
eally (a) Broadly, any axial metamere of a vertebrate, 
whether osseous, cartilaginous, or merely flbrous, Includ- 
ing the segments of the skull as well as those of the trunk. 
(b) Narrowly, one of the usually separate and distinct 
bones or cartilages of which the spinal column consists, 
in most cases composed of a centrum or body, with or 
without ankylosed ribs, and with a neural arch and vari- 
ous other processes. The centrum Is the most solid and 
the axial part of the bone, witli which a pair of neura- 
pnphyses are sutured (see cuts under cervical and nevru- 
crntral), these apophyses forming the pedicels and lamina.' 
of human anatomy, united in a neural spine or spinous 
process. Each ncurapophysis bears a ulapophysis, the 
transverse process of human anatomy, and a prezyga- 
pophysls and a postxygapophysig, called In man til? supe- 
rior and inferior oblique or articular prvcmet, by means of 
whicli the successive arches are jointed ; together with, 
in many cases, additional processes connected with these 
(the anapophyses, metapophyses, and parapophyses), the 
trace of one of which in the lumbar vertebra of man is 
known as the mammillarif 
tubercle. (See cuts under nl- 
lat, endoskcletoH, dorsal, hypo- 
jwv/i^xit.amUum&ar.) Certain 
other formations on the neu- 
rupopbyses provide In some 
eases for the additional In- 
terlocking of these arches. 
(See zyijafpheiu, zygantrum.) 
The above-named processes 
are eitherautogenous or endo- 
genous, or else exogenous, In 
different cases and in differ- 
ent animals ; they are all that 
ordinary vertebne present ; 
and all of them may abort, 
especially ill the caudal re- 
glon, or be disguised, as by of "><=. 
ankylosis, in the sacral region. 
(See cuts under rptpleura, 
Mcrariwn, and sacrum.) The 
centrum of certain vertebra) 
of some animals bears a single median inferior process. 
(Bee hyvapophysin.) Vertebral centra do not always cor- 
respond exactly to neural arches, owing to intercalation 
of additional bodies (perhaps corresponding to ordinary 
intervertebral disks), so that a given arch, like most ribs, 
may articulate with two centra. (See intercrnlrum, em- 
bolmneroun, racttitomous.) Bodies of free vertebra artic- 
ulate with one another by their faces, usually with the 
intervention of a pulpy flbrocartilage. According to the 
shapes of these faces, they are described as uinjihicaelian, 
pnM'ti'tiun, opisthocoHian (see these words), and hetcrocae- 
lian, and also called biconcave, ctmcavo-concex, convextt- 
concatf, and saddle-shaped. Arches of vertebra are often 
connected, as in many fishes, with dermal bones. (See 
uiti /-In in'it, iHtenicvral.) Ordinary vertebrae are conve- 
niently grouped, according to the region they occupy, as cer- 
vical, doral or thoracic,lutnbar, sacral, and cauJafur coccy- 
gcal, respectively indicated In vertebral formula; by the 
letters C, l>. L, S, I'll. In man and most mammals this 
grouping is well marked by the developed or undeveloped 
condition of the ribs in the three former regions, and by 
extensive ankyloses in the two latter, as well as hy the size, 
shape, and other characters of the individual bones ; but 
such distinctions fall of application to some vertebrates. 
Cetaceans and slrenians have no sacrum to separate lum- 
bar from caudal vertebra; : some cetaceans have consoli- 
dated cervicals (see cut under anJrylorin) ; birds have ex- 
tensively ankylosed dorsals and a remarkably complex sa- 
crum (see cuts under xacrarium and itacrum) ; snakes have 
vertebra gently graded in character from head to tail ; in 
fishes the vertebra: are ordlnarily*grouped as abdominal, 
which extend from the head as far as the cavity of the 
belly extends, and caudal, all the rest of the bones, in- 
cluding some special elements (see heterocercal, homocer- 
col, epural, hjrvurol). Such regional variations in the char- 
acters of vertebra also give rise to the terms ctrvicodor- 
9al, doritotumbar, lumbonacral, urosatrat, etc. Certain ver- 
tebra? have individual names, as atlas, axis, odontoid; see 
also phrases given below. The number of vertebra varies 
widely : it is greatest in some reptiles (over 200). Seven 
cervicals is the rule in mammals, with rare exceptions 
(see rfnfAl); but there is no constancy, as regards num- 
ber, in any of the other regions of the spinal column. See 
skeleton and the cuts there cited, also cuts under atla*. 
axis, chevron-bone, and xenarthral. 
2. In echinoderms, any one of the numerous 
axial ossicles of the arms of starfishes. See 
vertebral, a., 5 Cranial vertebra, any one of the seg- 
ments of the skull which has been theoretically assumed 
to be homologous with a vertebra proper, as by Goethe, 
Carus, Oken, Owen, and others. Three or four such ver- 
tebra) have been recognized in the composition of the 
skull, named as follows, from behind forward : (1) the 
occipital or epencephalic, nearly or quite coincident with 
the compound occipital bone, of which the basioccipital 
U the centrum, I 
111! (lie 
parietal* u ft pi 
all are the neurapophrKs, 
ll"MI:il -pine (KB CUtS UII- 
i); (2) the pnriftal, maen- 
inalnly by tlie lia-n-pln-noi'l 
!|.i.ph\ - t*, mi'! the 
iiit also 
articular proceoes: s. convex 
anterior face of centrum or body 
ertebra ; 8. its concave 
rit>s, or cli.iix.physesaml pleura 
iln 111'!, : ile -killl 'if ttir i :u t>. . 
/;. it. i ,,'/, : ,,/,,, r.if !>,-: ''/, :>nd fympMii ;(8)the>) n 
tal, prottfnc*~]iltttli> . 'iil-'t tiiiiinl) hy 
the presphenoid as centrum, the nil.it"-|,hi : 
rapophyses, and the frontal or frontals as a MI.. 
hind neural spine (see cuts under er" 'liiur, 
and tnihf will); (4) the mixr/. rhtm- itcryhalic 
Inueu mainly U|HHI the vnmer. ethnmiil. and nasil 
llema! arches of each of these tin Meal tcrti-bne are 
sought In the facial, hyoldean, and branchial arches. 
Three of these suppoaed vertebra are <gniz- 
able In most skulfa u cranial segmentH : but these seg- 
ments are exclusive of the capsules of the special sense*, 
and are not regarded as vertebral, in<. n,, n . artilsgl- 
nous l>asls Is not metamt-rfcally egmenteii. See tuUl, 
parachordal, and cuts und< i < A "rlnt^tkulli, 
and lanuphenuid. Dorsocervlcal vertebra, secrfor- 
iocervical. Epencephalic vertebra ' verte 
frro.- False vertebra, an ankylused vetd 1'ia as "f the 
sacrum and coecyx .it man : an antUiuated phrase In hu- 
man anatomy.- Frontal vertebra, see rmmal verte- 
bra. Laminae of a vertebra ,, ,,"i Hesen- 
cepnalic, nasal, occipital, olfactory, ophthalmic, 
otic, parietal, prosencephallc, rlilnencephallc ver- 
tebra. See cranuilrrrtrbra. Odontoid vertebra. Same 
as <uui, :i (a). SplnoiiB process of a vertebra. Bee 
smitout. Toothed vertebra. Same as anil, S (a). 
True vertebra, tree vertelira : an antiquated phrase 
in human anatomy. Vertebra dentata. Same as OTM', 
3 (oX- Vertebra prominens, the [imminent vertebra; 
that vertebra whose splnous process U molt prominent. 
In roan this Is the seventh cervical ; but the most promi- 
nent vertebra is usually one of the dorsals. 
vertebral (ver'te-bral), o. and . [= F. verte- 
bral = 8p. PK. vertebral = It. rertebrale, < NL. 
vertebralis, < I,, vertebra, a joint, vertebra: see 
vertebra.] I. a. 1. Of the nature of a verte- 
bra ; characteristic of or peculiar to vertebrae : 
as, vertebral elements or processes; vertebral 
segmentation. 2. Pertaining or relating to a 
vertebra or to vertebras ; spinal: as, vertebral 
arteries, nerves, muscles ; a vertebral theory or 
formula. 3. Composed of vertebrae; axial, as 
the backbone of any vertebrate; spinal; ra- 
chidian: as, the vertebral column. 4. Having 
vertebrw ; backboned ; vertebrate : as, a rer- 
tebral animal. [Bare.] 5. \nEchinodermata, 
axial : noting the median ossicles of the ray of 
any starfish, a series of which forms a solid in- 
ternal axis of any ray or arm, each ossicle con- 
sisting of two lateral halves united by a longi- 
tudinal suture, and articulated by tenon-and- 
mortise joints upon their terminal surfaces. 
See Opliiuridie. and cuts under Asteriitlte and 
Astruphijton. 
Each of these ossicles (which are sometimes termed 
vertebral) Is surrounded by four plates one median and 
antambulacral, two lateral, and one median and snper- 
ambulacraL Huxley, Anat Invert., p. 482. 
6. In i nli nn.. situated on or noting the median 
line of the upper surface. Anterior vertebral 
vein. See rein. Vertebral aponeurosls, a fascia sepa- 
rating the muscles belonging to the shoulder and arm from 
those which support the head and spine, stretched from 
the spinous processes of the vertebra* to. the angles of the 
ribs, beneath the serratus postlcus superior, and continuous 
with the fascia nuchw. Alsocalled rrrlebral fascia. Ver- 
tebral artery, a branch of the subclavian which passes 
through the vertebrarterial canal to enter the foramen 
magnum and form with its fellow the basllar artery. It 
gives off in man posterior meningeal, anterior and poste- 
rior spinal, and inferior cerehellar arteries. Vertebral 
arthropathy, a form of spinal or tabetic arthropatby ac- 
companied by changes in shape of the vertebra. Verte- 
bral border of the scapula, in human anat., that border 
of the scapula which lies nearest the spinal column. It is 
morphologically the proximal end of the bone. See scapu- 
la and thoulder-bladf. Vertebral canal. Sec canalt. 
Vertebral carles, a tuberculous disease of one or more 
of the bodies of the vertebras ; Pott's disease of the spine : 
the cause of angular curvature of the spine. Vertebral 
chain, vertebral column. 8ameaspm<i/r<><wmn(whlch 
see, under spinal). Vertebral fascia. Same as vertebral 
aponeurosis. Vertebral foramen. See/ornmm and ver- 
tebrarterial. Vertebral formula, the abbreviated ex- 
pression of the number of vertebra? in each of the recog- 
nized regions of the spinal column. The formula normal to 
man is c. 7, D. 12, L. 5, s. s, cd. 4 = 33. Vertebral mus- 
cles, axial (epaxlal, paraxial,or hypaxlal)muscles which lie 
along the trunk in relation with vertebrae or vertebral seg- 
ments. In the lower vertebrates, whose axial muacnlaturr 
is segmented into numerous myocommata (the flakes of 
the flesh of fish, for example), such muscles are coincident, 
to some extent, with vertebra. In the higher, most of the 
vertebral muscles extend undivided along several verte- 
bra?, though their segmentation may be traced in their 
deeper layers or fascicles, as In the so-called fourth and 
fifth layers of the muscles of the back of man. Those 
hypaxial muscles which lie under (In man. In front of) the 
vertebra? are grouped as prcrfrtebral, as the Fcaleni of the 
neck and psoas of the loins. Vertebral ossicle. Same 
as ambulacral ossicle (which see, under amliulacral). See 
also vrrttbra, 2, and vertebral, a., 5. Vertebral plexus. 
See plem*. Vertebral ribs, in man, the two lowest ribs 
on each side, connected with the vertebra only ; the float- 
ing ribs : distinguished from vertebrochondral and from 
tertebrostcrnal ribs. Vertebral vein. See n. 
II. n. 1. A vertebrate. [Rare.] 2. A ver- 
tebral artery. 
