vertebralis 
vertebralis (yi-r-te-bra'lis), n. ; pi. vertebrates 
(-lez). [NL. : see vertebral,] The vertebral 
artery of any animal. 
vertebrally (v6r'tf-bral-i), adv. 1. By, with, 
or as regards vertebra? : as, segmented rerte- 
bi-alli/: n-rtebrtilly articulated ribs. 2. Atorin 
a vertebra, anil not between two vertebra) : cor- 
related with interverti'bra Uij: as, vertebrally ad- 
justed neural arches. 
vertebrarium (vei'-te-bra'ri-um), n. ; pi. vcrtc- 
braria (-a). [NL., <'L. vertebra, a joint, verte- 
bra: seetwwfrro,] The vertebras collectively; 
the whole spinal column. 
vertebrarterial (ver'te-brar-te'ri-al), a. Per- 
taining to a vertebra and an artery : specifically 
noting a foramen in the side of a cervical ver- 
tebra transmitting the vertebral artery. A ver- 
tebrarterial foramen is formed by the partial confluence 
of a rudimentary cervical rib, or pleurapophysis, with the 
transverse process proper, or diapophysis, of a cervical ver- 
tebra ; the series of such foramina constitutes the verte- 
brarterial canal. This structure is one of the distinguish- 
ing characters of a cervical vertebra in man and many 
other animals. Also verte-bro-arterial. See cut under cer- 
vical. 
Vertebrata (ver-te-bra'ta), . pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of L. vertebratus, jointed, articulated : see 
vertebrate.'] A phylum or prime division of the 
6736 
nal class Pisces was dismembered into four classes : Ley- 
tocardia or I'harynnobranchii or Cirrostomi, the lancelets 
or acranial vertebrates alone ; Marsipabranchii or Cyclos- 
tomi, the mouorliine vertebrates, or lampreys and hags; 
Selachii or Kamobmtuktt, the sharks and rays ; and Pis- 
ecu proper, or ordinary lishes. (8ee/!Ai.) None of the divi- 
sions of Amphibia, Jteptilia, or Mammalia are usually ac- 
corded the rank of classes; so that the phylum Vertebrata, 
is now usually taken to consist of the eight classes above 
noted. After the discovery by Kowalevsky, in 1866, of 
the possession of a notochord by the embryos of ascidians 
and by some adults of that group (see urochord, and cut 
under Appendicidaria), the Tvnicata, under the name of 
Urochorda, were added to the Vertebrata, and the larger 
group thus composed was called Chordala by Balfour. 
Later the worm-like organisms of the genus Balatioylossua 
were admitted to the same association, and it has been 
supposed that some others (as Cephalodincux and llhabdo- 
pleura) may require to be considered in the same connec- 
tion, with such extension of the scope of Vertebrata, or 
rather the merging of that group in a higher one compris- 
ing all the chordate animals which agree in possessing 
a (temporary or permanent) notochord, a dorsal neural 
axis, and pharyngeal slits, the arrangement of Ckordata 
becomes (1) Hemichorda, the acorn-worms; (2) Urn- 
chorda, the tunicates; (3) Cephalochorda, the lancelets or 
acranial vertebrates ; and (4) Vertebrata proper, or ordi- 
nary skulled vertebrates. 
vertebrate (ver'te-brat), a. and n. [= F. 
vertebre = Sp. Pg. vertebrado = It. vcrtebruto, < 
L. vertebratus, jointed, articulated, vertebrated, 
< vertebra, joint, vertebra: see vertebra.'] I. a. 
animal kingdom, containing all those animals 1. Having vertebra) ; characterized by the pos- 
T,!I. i,.,..,, v..i,i .t. J..-1-..4.. .n.. segs i on o f a g pjp a i column; backboned; in a 
wider sense, having a notochord, or chorda dor- 
salis; chordate; specifically, of or pertaining to 
the Vertebrata. Also vertebrated, and (rarely) 
vertebral. 2. Same as vertebral: as, a verte- 
bratc theory of :the skull. [Rare.] 3. In bot., 
contracted at intervals, like the vertebral col- 
umn of animals, there being an articulation at 
each contraction, as in some leaves. 
II. n. A vertebrated animal; any member 
of the Vertebrata, or, more broadly, of the Chor- 
data: as, ascidians are supposed to be verte- 
brates. 
rertebrate (ver'te-brat), v. t.; pret. and pp. 
vertebrated, ppr. vertebrating. [< vertebrate, a.] 
To make a vertebrate of ; give a backbone to ; 
hence, figuratively, to give firmness or resolu- 
tion to. [Rare.] 
which have a backbone or its equivalent; the 
vertebrates, formerly contrasted with all other 
animals (Invcrtebrata), now ranked as one of 
seven or eight phyla which are severally con- 
trasted with one another. This division was formal- 
ly recognized in 1788 by Batsch, who united the four Liune- 
an classes then current (Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, and 
Pisces) under the German name Knochenthiere; and next in 
1797 by Lamarck, who called the same group in French ani- 
maux a vertebres, and contrasted it with his animaux sans 
verttbres, whence the New Latin terms Vertebrata and In- 
vertebrata. But this identical classification, with Greek 
names, is actually as old as Aristotle, whose "Evaino. (Ens- 
ma), or 'blooded' animals, were the vertebrates, divided, 
moreover, into four classes exactly corresponding to the 
modern mammals, birds, reptiles with amphibians, and 
nshes, and contrasted with his "AKaijia (Ansema), or 
' bloodless ' animals, these being all invertebrates. Verte- 
brates are the most highly organized metazoans, with per- 
manent distinction of sex, and consequent gamic reproduc- 
tion without exception. Their essential structural charac- 
ter is the presence of an axou from head to tail, dividing the ' i. L j / /*- i - * JN r , 
trunk into an upper neural canal or tube containing the Vertebrated (ver te-bra-ted), a. [< vertebrate 
main nervous cord, and an under hemal cavity or cavities + -tfrf 2 .] 1. Same as vertebrate, 1. 2. Joint- 
; the arms of starfishes, by means of ver- 
ed, as 
tebrae. See vertebra, 2, vertebral, a., 5, and am- 
bulacral ossicles (under ambulacra!). 
containing the principal viscera of digestion, respiration, 
circulation, and reproduction, together with a sympathetic 
nervous system. Except in the lowest class of vertebrates 
(Acrania), the head has a skull and brain (Craniota). 
The alimentary canal is completely shut off from the body- Vertebration (ver-te-bra'shon), n. [< vertebrate 
cavity, and open to the exterior at both ends. Special 4- ; on n The formation of"vprtpbrw division 
organs of respiration are confined to this canal, and form 
in the higher vertebrates lungs and in the lower gills, the mto segments resembling those of the verte- 
latter structures being developed in connection with cer- bral column. 
tain visceral clefts (see Ki, 5) and arches which are pres- vertebret ( ver'te-ber), n. See vertcber. 
ent in embryos of all vertebrates, but which for the most V pr+phrn artprial (vi?>r''tp brn Hr tfi'ri all n 
part disappear in those above amphibians. Organsofcir- vCrte Dro-arceriai (ver te-Dro-ar-te ri-al), a. 
culation are present in two main systems the blood-vas- t>ame as vertebrarterial. 
cular, consisting of a heart or its equivalent, arteries, vertebrochondral (ver^te-bro-kon 'dral), a. 
veins and capillaries, and the lymph-vascular, consist- Connected, as a rib, with Vertebne at one end 
ing of lymphatic bodies and vessels, These two systems lmH at t ,, . ' tlnpl . w ; t i pnota , -.=, , - ,. 
V^WilJ-l^ViV^VAj CIiO Oi liVj VTAIIU V^'lWWltXj tkV \JZlt3 CIJU 
communicate with each other, and the lymphatic with and at the other with costal cartilages of other 
both the mucous and the serous cavities of the body the nbs; vertebrocostal, but not vertebrosternal. 
Vertebrochondral ribs, the uppermost three of the 
false ribs of each side of man, which are connected in front 
their costal cartilages. 
blood-vascular system is otherwise closed. The" main 
nervous system is primitively tubular ; except in Acrania, 
it becomes differentiated into a brain and spinal cord, with one another by 
p? r r ft h he^dt^ 
the sympathetic system. Organs of the special senses 
are present, with sporadic exceptions, especially of the 
eye. The organs of reproduction in both sexes are con- 
nected with the alimentary canal, except in a few fishes 
and in all mammals above marsupials. Ova are matured 
either within or without the body of the female. The em- 
as costovertebral : as, the vertebrocostal articula- 
tion of the head of a rib with the body or cen- 
trum of a vertebra. Compare costotransverse. 
2. Same as vertebrochondral: as, man has 
three pairs of vertebrocostal ribs. 
bryo or fetus develops from a four-layered germ, whose VertebTO-iliaC (ver"te-bro-iri-ak), a. Common 
epiblast is the origin of the cuticle and main nervous axis, to vertebrae and to the ilium ; specifically, ilio- 
whose hypoblast lines the alimentary canal, and whose i,, mhll ,. a.!^ tn t> ,A . ,/l'oti 
mesoblast, splitting into somatopleural and splanchno- 
pleural layers, forms a body cavity and most of the sub- 
lumbar : applied to the connection or relation 
of the ilium to lumbar vertebrae. 
stance of the body. All vertebrates have an endoskele- Vertebrosa (ver-te-brd'sa), n. pi. Same as Ver- 
ton and an exoskeleton, the former constituting the main tebrata. 
^fTe^brat^me^eei^^mi^y^l^^^a^^n Vertcbrosacral (ver*te-bro-sa'kral), . Of or 
physiological considerations, into (i) oviparous, ovovi- pertaining to sacral and antecedent vertebrae ; 
viparous, and viviparous; (2) cold-blooded and warm- lumbosacral; sacrolumbar Vertebrosacral an- 
blooded, or Ilxmatocrya and Hamatotherma ; (3) those gi e ,in Aumon anat., the lumbosacral eminence ; the prom- 
with nucleated and those with non-nucleated blood-cells, ontory of the sacrum 
orPyrenamataamlApt/renannata. (b) Upon mixed physi- vertebrosternal (ver"te-bro ster'nan n Fv 
ological and anatomical grounds, into (1) those with verl fDrosiernai (ver le-Dio- er nal,), a. H.X- 
gills and those without them, or Branchiata and Abranchi- tending, as a rib, trom the backbone to the 
ata; (2) those without amnion and allantois in the em- breast-bone; connecting a vertebra or vertebras * 
- 
bryo, and those with these embryonic organs, respective- 
ly the Anammonata or Anallantoidea, and the Amnionata 
with a sterneber or sternebers __ Vertebroster- 
..... 
These are (1) fishes and amphibians together; (2) rep^ (-tek-sez, -ti-sez). [= F. vertex (in zool.) = Sp. 
tiles proper and birds together; (3) mammals alone. 
1 nese three brigades have become best known under Hux- 
ley's names (1) Ichthyopnda, (2) Sauropnida, (3) Mam- 
malia. They are also called (1) Lyrifira, (2) Quadratifera, 
(3) Malletfera. The classes into which vertebrates were 
Pg. It. vertice, < L. vertex, vortex (-tic-), a whirl, 
whirlpool, eddy, vortex, the top or crown of 
the head, the head, the pole of the heavens, 
,.. the highest point, peak, summit, lit. 'turn' or 
ton?- w tly fl li h icled 7 it i'- t bri * a d>?S were originally 'turning-point,' < vertere, vortere, turn, turn 
2; SST; ^S^&' m &S^ d w ^n : ^out: lee vessel, and ct vertebra, etc.' The 
by separation of the second of these divisions into the L- vertex and vortex are diff. forms of the same 
classes Amphibia and Reptilia proper. Finally, the origi- word, though ancient grammarians attempted 
verticality 
to distinguish them; from the form vortex is 
E. rortcx, q. v.] 1. The highest or principal 
point; apex; top; crown; summit. Specifically 
(a) In anat. and zoril., the crown or top of the head ; of 
man, the dome, vault, or arch of the head or skull, between 
the forehead and hindhead. See calvariuin, xincipict, and 
cuts under birdi, brain, cranium, and vkitlll. (b) The sum- 
mit or top of a hill, or the like. Derham. (c) The point 
of the heavens directly overhead ; the zenith. 
2. In nut tli., a point of a figure most distant 
from the center; any convex angle of a polygon. 
Principal vertex of a conic section, the point 
where the transverse axis meets the curve. -Vertex Of 
an angle, the point in which the two lines meet to form 
the angle. Vertex presentation, vertex delivery. 
See presentation!, 6. 
vertical (ver'ti-kal), a. and . [< F. vertical = 
Sp. Pg. vertical = It. rerticale, < ML. *r<'rHcnli, 
< L. vertex (-tic-), the highest point, vertex: 
see vertex. Cf. vortical.'] I. a. 1. Of or re- 
lating to the vertex ; situated at the vertex, 
apex, or highest point ; placed in the zenith, or 
point in the heavens directly overhead ; figura- 
tively, occupying the highest place. 
I behold him [Essex] in his high-noon, when he ... 
was vertical in the esteem of the soldiery. 
Fuller, Worthies, Herefordshire, II. 77. 
If zeal ... be short, sudden, and transient, ... it is 
to be suspected for passion and frowardness, rather than 
the vertical point of love. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 3. 
'Tis raging noon ; and, vertical, the sun 
Darts on the head direct his forceful rays. 
Thomson, Summer, 1. 432. 
2. Specifically, being in a position or direction 
perpendicular to the plane of the horizon ; up- 
right; plumb. A vertical line or plane is one in which, 
if produced, the vertex or zenith lies. The word is applied 
to a number of tools and machines, to indicate the posi- 
tion in which they are placed or used: as, the vertical 
mill ; a vertical planer. 
3. In mcd., of or relating to the vertex, or crown 
of the head. 4. In zool. and anat.: (a) Per- 
taining to or' placed on the vertex, or crown of 
the head; sincipital; coronal: as, vertical stem- 
mata of an insect; vertical eyes of a fish; the 
vertical crest of some birds is horizontal when 
not erected. (6) Placed or directed upward or 
downward; upright or downright; being at 
right angles with an (actual or assumed) hori- 
zon. Vertical in this sense is either (1) intrinsic, with 
reference to an actual or assumed horizontal plane of the 
body itself, as to the dorsal or ventral surface of most ani- 
mals, or (2) extrinsic, with reference to the earth's hori- 
zon ; in the latter case it is the same as def. 2. Median 
vertical plane, in any vertebrate, the meson. - Ver- 
tical angles, in geom., the opposite angles made by two 
lines which intersect one another. Thus, if the straight 
lines AB and CD intersect one another in the point B, the 
opposite angles AEC and DEB are vertical angles, as are 
also AED and CEB. Vertical anthers, anthers attached 
by the base and as erect as the filaments. Vertical axis 
Of a crystal, that axis which stands erect when the crys- 
tal is placed in its proper position : in the orthometric 
systems it is at right angles to the basal plane. Vertical 
Circle, (a) Same as azimuth circle (which see, under azi- 
muth), (b) See circle. Vertical composition, musi- 
cal composition in which the chief attention is put on 
the harmonic structure of the successive chords, as con- 
trasted with horizontal composition, in which it is put 
on the melodic structure of the several voice-parts. 
Vertical dial, drill, engine. See the nouns. Ver- 
tical escapement, an old escapement in watches, in 
which the plane of revolution of the scape-wheel was ver- 
tical. Vertical fins, in ichth., the median unpaired fins, 
extended in the plane of the meson. They are the dorsal, 
anal, and caudal, as distinguished from the lateral and 
paired pectorals and ventrals. In most fishes, in ordinary 
attitudes, these fins are actually perpendicular to the hori- 
zon; in the flatfishes they are usually horizontal. Ver- 
tical fire. See jfre, 13. Vertical fissure, in anat., same 
as precentral sulcus (which see, under precenlral). Ver- 
tical force at any point of the earth's surface, in 
magnetism^ the vertical component of the total magnetic 
attraction of the earth. Vertical index, in craniom., 
the ratio of the greatest height of the skull to its great- 
est length. See craniometry. Vertical leaves, in bot., 
leaves with the blade in a perpendicular plane, so that 
neither of the surfaces can be called upper or under, as 
in the eucalypts of Australia, the compass-plants, etc. 
Vertical line, any line perpendicular or at right angles 
to the plane of the horizon. In conies, a vertical line is 
a straight line drawn on the vertical plane which passes 
through the vertex of the cone. Vertical margin, in 
entom., the posterior boundary of the vertex, wnere it 
adjoins the occiput, forming with it either a sharp or a 
rounded edge. Vertical orbit, in entom., that part of 
the orbit or border of the compound eye which adjoins 
the vertex. Vertical plane, (a) A plane perpendicular 
to the plane of the horizon. (6) In conic sections, a plane 
passing through the vertex of a cone and through its axis, 
(c) In persp., a plane perpendicular to the geometrical 
plane, passing through the eye, and cutting the perspec- 
tive plane at right angles. Vertical section. See or- 
thograph. Vertical Slur, in mtirical notation, a name 
sometimes loosely given to the curved or wavy sign for 
the arpeggio rendering of a chord. Vertical steam- 
boiler, steam-engine, triangle, etc. See the nouns. 
Vertical sulcus, in anat, same as precentral mdcm 
(which see, under precentral). 
II. n. A vertical circle, plane, or line. 
Prime vertical, in astron. See prime. Seismic ver- 
tical. See seismic. 
verticality (ver-ti-kal'i-ti), n. [= F. rerticiilite; 
as vertical + -ily.'] The state of being verti- 
