Viburnum 
of which V. Tinus is the laurustinus, a winter-flowering 
shrub of southern Europe, in Corsica forming large forests, 
often cultivated for its ornamental evergreen leaves, white 
blossoms, and dark-blue berries. V. Opulus, the cranberry- 
tree or high cranberry, in England also known as white 
dogwood, marsh- or water-elder, and gaiter-tree, is widely 
diffused through the north of both continents ; in Norway 
it is used for the manufacture of small wooden articles, 
of spirits, and of a yellow dye. For the other European 
species, V, Lantana, see wayfaring-tree. 1'ourteen species 
occur within the United States : 11 in the northeast ; the 
others, V. ellipticum near the Pacific, V. denidflorum and 
V. obovatum near the South Atlantic coast ; V. acerifolium 
extends north to Fort Yukon, V. pauciflarum to Sitka. 
Two American species, V. Lentago and V. prunifulium, be- 
come small trees. The bark of several species is used in 
the United States as a domestic remedy, and the inner bark 
of V. Lantana is esteemed a vesicant in England. A bever- 
age known as Appalachian tea is sometimes made from the 
leaves of V. cassinoides, an early-flowering, thick-leafed 
species of American swamps. Several species are known 
as arrow-wood, chiefly V. denlatum in the north, V. molle 
in the south, V. ellipticum in California. The species 
are somewhat widely known by the generic name, espe- 
cially V. acerifolium, the maple-leafed viburnum, or dock- 
mackie. The sweet viburnum is V. Lentago (for which 
see sheepberry). V. nuduin is known as ivithe-rod, V. pruni- 
folium as black haw or staff-bush, and V. lantanoides as hob- 
ble-bush or American wayfaring-tree. The preceding are 
among the most ornamental of native American shrubs, ad- 
mired for their white flowers, usually compact habit, and 
handsome foliage, also for their fruit, a bright blue-black 
in V. prunifolium, V. pubescetis, and V. acerifolium, blue 
in V. dentatmn and V. molle, and bright-red in V. Opulus; 
that of V. Lantana is an orange-red turning dull-black. 
Garden varieties produced by cultivation from V. Opulus 
are the snowball, or guelder-rose, and the rose-elder. V. 
rugosum of the Canaries, V. tomentosum (V. plicatum) of 
northern China, and V. cotinifolium of Nepal, are also es- 
teemed ornamental shrubs. 
2. [/. c.] A plant of this genus. 
vicar (vik'ar), . [Early mod. E. also vicker ; 
< ME. vicar, viker, vicair, vicaire (also vicary, 
q. v. ),< OF. (and F.) vicaire = Sp. Pg. It. vicario, 
< L. vicarius, substituted, delegated, as a noun 
a substitute, a deputy, vicegerent, vicar, proxy, 
< *vix (vie-), found only in oblique cases (gen. 
vicis, etc.) and pi. vices, change, interchange: 
see vice 4 :] 1. A person deputed or authorized 
to perform the functions of another; a substi- 
tute in office: as, the Pope claims to be vicar 
of Jesus Christ on earth. 
He hath thee [the Virgin] maked vicaire and maistresse 
Of al the world. Chaucer, A. B. C., 1. 140. 
Consider also the presence of the king's majesty, God's 
high vicar in earth. 
Latimer, 6th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549. 
Antichrist wee know is but the Devil's Vicar. 
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst. 
2. In Eng. eceles. law, the priest of a parish the 
tithes of which belong to a chapter or religious 
house, or to a layman, and who receives only 
the smaller tithes or a salary. The title is also 
now given to incumbents who would formerly have been 
known as perpetual curates (see curate). 
Ye persons and victors that haue cure and charge, 
Take hede to the same, and roue not at large. 
Babees Book(K. E. T. S.), p. 354. 
All Rectors and Viclcers of the same deanery (Bristol). 
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 287. 
The distinction therefore of a parson and vicar is this : 
the parson has for the most part the whole right to all the 
ecclesiastical dues in his parish ; but a vicar has generally 
an appropriator over him, entitled to the best part of the 
profits, to whom he is in effect perpetual curate, with a 
standing salary. Blackstone, Com., I. xi. 
3. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., an ecclesiastic as- 
sisting a bishop and exercising jurisdiction in 
his name. He cannot perform acts properly belonging 
to the episcopate nor collate to benefices without special 
authority. Cardinal vicar, an ecclesiastical dignitary 
in Borne who, as delegate of the Pope, performs his func- 
tions as local bishop of thediocese of Rome. Lay vicar, 
clerk vicar, secular vicar. See lay*. Vicar apos- 
tolic, in Mom. Cath. usage, formerly, a bishop, archbishop, 
or other ecclesiastic to whom the Roman pontiff dele- 
gated a portion of his jurisdiction ; now, a missionary or 
titular bishop stationed either in a country where episco- 
pal sees have not yet been established or in one where 
the succession of Roman Catholic bishops has been inter- 
rupted. Vicar choral, in the Ch. of Eng., an assistant 
of the canons or prebendaries in such parts of public 
worship as are performed in the chancel or choir, espe- 
cially in connection with the music. They may be either 
clergymen or laymen. 
In all cathedrals of the old foundation in England, 
in St. David's, and in twelve Irish cathedrals, the Vicars 
Choral form a distinct corporation, the members of which 
vary in number from twelve to three : these corporations 
are distinct from the chapter as regards property, but in 
subjection to it as to the performance of the services. 
Grove, Diet. Music, IV. 260. 
Vicar forane, in Rom. Cath. mage, an ecclesiastical dig- 
nitary appointed by the bishop to exercise a limited juris- 
diction in a particular town or district of his diocese. The 
office is analogous to that of rural dean. Vicar-general, 
in the Ch. of Eng., an ecclesiastical officer who assists a 
bishop or archbishop in the discharge of his office. The 
vicar-general of a bishop is his chancellor. 
For He that is the Formere principal 
Hath maked me [Nature] his vicaire-general 
To forme and peynten erthely creaturis. 
Chaucer, Physician's Tale, 1. 20. 
6746 
And I also find that the following Vicars General or 
Chancellors to the Bishops of Norwich exercised this 
power of Instituting without special powers in their pat- 
ents so to do. Rev. T. 2Vmner(Ellis's Lit. Letters, p. 331). 
The very first act of the new supreme Head of the 
Church of England was to appoint a layman as his Vicar- 
general. Nineteenth Century, XXVI. 829. 
Vicar Of (Jesus) Christ, a title assumed by the Pope 
with reference to his claim to stand in the place of Jesus 
Christ and possess his authority in the church. Vicar 
pensionary, in the Ch. of Eng., a clergyman appointed 
at a fixed stipend to serve a church the tithes of which 
belong to a collegiate foundation. 
vicarage (vik'ar-aj), . [< vicar + -age.'] 1. 
The benefice of a vicar. 
Mr. Farebrother's . . . was the oldest church in Mid- 
dlemarch ; the living, however, was but a vicarage worth 
barely four hundred a year. 
George Eliot, Middlemareh, xvi. 
2. The house or residence of a vicar. 3. The 
office, position, duties, or functions of a vicar. 
My vicarage is to speak of his [Christ's] compassion and 
his tears. Donne, Sermons, xiii. 
yicarage tithes. See UOuH, 2. 
vicarate (vik'ar-at), n. [< vicar + -ate 3 . Cf. 
vicariate'^.] 1. 'The office or jurisdiction of 
vicar; the territory presided over by a vicar; 
a vicariate. 2. A number of convents united 
together under the supervision of a custos or 
vicar, but too few to constitute a province. 
Encyc. Brit. 
vicaress (vik'ar-es), n. [< vicar + -ess.~\ A 
female vicar; the wife of a vicar. 
Mother Austin was afterwards Vicaress several years. 
Archieologia, XXVIII. 198. 
vicarial (vi-ka'ri-al), . [< L. vicarius, substi- 
tuted, vicarious (see vicar, vicarious), + -al.'] 
1. Vicarious; delegated; substituted. 
All deriv'd and vicarial power. 
Blackball, Sacred Classics, II., Pref., p. xxix. 
It has occurred to me, when weary and vexed I have 
myself gone to bed like a heathen, that another has asked 
forgiveness for my day, and safety for my night. I don't 
suppose such vicarial piety will avail much. 
Charlotte Bronti, Shirley, vii. 
2. Pertaining to a vicar. 
The tithes of many things, as wood in particular, are in 
some parishes rectorial, and in some vicarial, tithes. 
Blackstone, Com., I. xi. 
3. Holding the office of, or acting as, a vicar. 
A resident pastor, either rectorial or vicarial, either an 
incumbent or a substitute. V. Knox, Sermons, VI. xxvi. 
vicarian (yl-ka'ri-an), n. [< LL. vicarianus, of 
or pertaining to a deputy, < L. vicarius, a dep- 
uty: see vicar.] A substitute; a vicar. 
Shall Balbus, the demure Athenian, 
Dream of the death of next vicarian? 
Marston, Scourge of Villainy, iii. 134. 
vicariate 1 (vi-ka'ri-at), a. [< L. vicarius, dele- 
fated (see vicar, vicarious), + -ate 1 .] Having 
elegated power ; pertaining to such authority 
and privilege as a vicar has. 
The vicariat authority of our see. 
Barrow, Pope's Supremacy, vi. 10. 
vicariate 2 (vi-ka'ri-at), n. [< ML. vicariatus, 
the office of a vicar, < L. vicarius, a vicar: see 
vicar and -ate 3 .] The office or authority of a 
vicar ; office or power delegated by, or assumed 
in place of, another; vicarship; specifically, 
the jurisdiction of a vicar apostolic. 
That pretended spiritual dignity, ... or, as it calleth 
itself, the vicariate of Christ. Lord North. (Latham.) 
The further pretensions of the Popes to the vicariate 
of the Empire during interregna the Germans never ad- 
mitted. Bryce, Holy Rom. Empire, xiii. 
vicarii, n. Plural of vicarius. 
vicarious (vl-ka'ri-us), a. [< L. vicarius, that 
supplies the place of person or thing, substi- 
tuted, delegated, vicarious: see vicar.] 1. Of 
or belonging to a vicar or substitute ; deputed ; 
delegated: as, vicarious power or authority. 
2. Acting for or officially representing another : 
as, a vicarious agent or officer. 3. Performed 
or suffered for another. 
The vicarious work of the Great Deliverer. /. Taylor. 
All trouble and all piety are vicarious. They send mis- 
sionaries, at the cost of others, into foreign lands, to teach 
observances which they supersede at home. 
Landor, Imag. Conv., Lucian and Timotheus. 
4. In physiol., substitutive : noting the per- 
formance by one organ of the functions nor- 
mally belonging to another; compensatory. 
Vicarious menstruation, a discharge of blood from the 
nose, bowels, or other part of the body at the menstrual 
period, normal menstruation being absent. Vicarious 
sacrifice, in theol., the sacrifice of Christ on behalf and 
in the place of the sinner, in such a way that God accepts 
his suffering in lieu of the punishment which otherwise 
must have been inflicted on guilty man. L. Abbott, Diet. 
Eel. Knowledge. See atonement, 3. 
vicariously (vi-ka'ri-us-li), adv. In a vicarious 
manner; in the place of another; by substitu- 
tion or delegation. Burke. 
vice 
But such punishment, inflicted not directly upon the 
chief offender but vicariously upon his agents, can come 
only after all the harm has been done. 
W. Wilson, Cong. Gov., i. 
vicariousness (vi-ka'ri-us-nes), . The quality 
or state of being vicarious. 
Dr. Creighton puts forward another favourite assertion 
of the opponents of vaccination the vicariousness of zy- 
motic mortality. Lancet, 1889, II. 175. 
vicarius (vi-ka'ri-us), n. ; pi. vicarii (-i). [L. : 
see vicar.] A substitute; a vicar. 
A new bye-law empowering the President, in his un- 
avoidable absence, to appoint a Fellow of the College who 
has been a Censor to act as his vicarius was passed for the 
first time. Lancet, 1890, I. 27$. 
vicarship (vik'ar-ship), n. [< vicar + -sJiip.] 
The office or ministry of a vicar. Swift. 
vicary H, . [< ME. vicary, vikary, vilcery, vicari, 
< OF. vicaire, etc. : see vicar."] A vicar. 
The vyltary of welles, that thyder had sought 
On the tenth day, that many men dyd se, 
Where .iiii. yere afore he stande nor go mought, 
Released he was of part of his infyrmyte. 
Joseph of Arimathie(E. E. T. S.), p. 45. 
" Sir preest," quod he, "artow a vicary, 
Or art a person ? sey sooth, by my fey ! " 
Chaucer, Prol. to Parson's Tale, 1. 22. 
vicary 2 (vik'a-ri), n. [< vicar + -y s .] A vicar- 
age : the quotation refers to the once common 
practice of the patron's pocketing the best part 
of the vicar's income. 
Pale Maurus paid huge simonies 
For his half dozen gelded vicaries. 
Marston, Scourge of Villainy, v. 65. 
vice 1 (vis), n. [< ME. vice, vyce, < OF. vice, F. 
vice = Sp. Pg. vicio = It. vizio, < L. vitium, ML. 
also vicium, a vice, fault; root uncertain. 
Hence ult. vicious, vitiate.] 1. Fault; mis- 
take ; error : as, a vice of method. 
He with a manly voys seith his message, . . . 
Withouten vice of sillable or of lettre. 
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 93. 
2. An imperfection ; a defect ; a blemish : as, 
a vice of conformation ; a vice of literary style. 
Myda hadde under his longe heres, 
Growynge upon his heed, two asses eres, 
The which vice he hidde as he best myghte. 
Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 99. 
Euen so parsimonie and illiberalitie are greater vices in 
a Prince than in a priuate person. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 34. 
To be wanting therefore in those principal affections 
which respect the good of the whole constitution must be 
a vice and imperfection. Shaftesbury, Inquiry, II. i. 3. 
Ferocity and insolence were not among the vices of the 
national character. Macaulay, Machiavelli. 
3. Any immoral or evil habit or practice ; evil 
conduct in which a person indulges ; a partic- 
ular form of wickedness or depravity ; immoral- 
ity; specifically, the indulgence of impure or 
degrading appetites or passions: as, the CT'ce of 
drunkenness ; hence, also, a fault or bad trick 
in a lower animal, as a horse. 
This Baron was right wise, and full of euell vyces. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 51. 
Lord, Lord, how subject we old men are to this vice of 
lying ! Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2. 325. 
When vices become so notorious that they are a reproach 
and a by-word to Neighbour Nations. 
StiUingfleet, Sermons, II. iv. 
Vices so splendid and alluring as to resemble virtues. 
Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist. 
Him as had no wice, and was so free from temper that 
a infant might ha' drove him. 
Dickens, Master Humphrey's Clock, Conclusion. 
Reared under an open shed, and early habituated to the 
sight of men, to the sound and glitter of weapons, and to 
all the accessories of human life, the colt grows up free 
from vice or timidity. W. 0. Palgrave. 
4. Depravity; corruption of morals or man- 
ners : in a collective sense and without a plu- 
ral : as, an age of vice. 
Be dilligent for to detecte a seruaunt gyven to vyce. 
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 84. 
Vice is the foulest Prison, and in this 
Not John, but Herod the close Pris'ner is. 
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iii. 167. 
Virtue is the Good and Vice the 111 of every one. 
Shaftesbury, Inquiry, II. ii. 1. 
When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, 
The post of honour is a private station. 
Addison, Cato, iv. 4. 
Civilisation has on the whole been more successful in 
repressing crime than in repressing vice. 
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 157. 
5. Depravity or corruption of the physical or- 
ganization; some morbid state of the system : 
as, he inherited a constitutional vice which re- 
sulted in consumption. 6. Viciousness ; ug- 
liness ; misehievousness. 
Half the vice of the ^logger's hitting is neutralized, for 
he daren't lunge out freely for fear of exposing his sides. 
T. Hughe*, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 5. 
