vigor 
2. Strength or force in general ; powerful or 
energetic action; energy; efficacy; potency. 
And with a sudden myour it doth posset 
And curd . . . 
The thin and wholesome blood. 
Sliak., Hamlet, i. 5. 68. 
The vigour of the Parliament had begun to humble the 
pride of the bishops. Milton, Second Defence. 
= Syn. 1. Health, haleness, soundness, robustness, bloom, 
thrfftiness. 2. Might, power. 
vigort, vigourt (vig'or), v. t. [< LL. vigorare, 
make strong/ L. vigor, vigor, strength: see vig- 
or, n.] To invigorate. 
vigorless (vig'or-les), a. [< vigor + -less.'] "With- 
out vigor; feeble. Princeton Jicv., Sept., 1879, 
p. 318. 
vigoroso (vig-o-ro'so), a. [It., = E. vigorous.'} 
In music, with energy. 
vigorous (vig'or-us), a. [< F. vigonreux = Sp. 
Pg. It. vigoroso, < ML. "vigorostis (in adv. vigo- 
rose),< L. vigor, vigor: see vigor.'] 1. Possess- 
ing vigor of body or mind ; full of strength or 
active force; strong; lusty; robust; power- 
ful ; having strong vitality or power of growth, 
as a plant; also, having or exerting force of 
any kind. 
Fara'd for hia valour young ; 
At sea successful, vigorous, and strong. Waller. 
A score of years after the energies of even vigorous men 
are declining or spent, his [Josiah Quincy's) mind and 
character made themselves felt as in their prime. 
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 94. 
Vigorous trees are great disinfectants. 
D. 0. Mitchell, Bound Together, vi. 
2. Exhibiting or resulting from vigor, energy, 
or strength, either physical or mental ; power- 
ful; forcible; energetic; strong. 
His vigorous understanding and his stout English heart 
were proof against all delusion and all temptation. 
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii. 
Vigorous activity is not the only condition of a strong 
will. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 646. 
= Syn. 1. Hale, sound, sturdy, hearty, thrifty, flourishing. 
1 and 2. Nervous, spirited. 
vigorously (vig'or-us-li), adv. In a vigorous 
manner; with vigor; forcibly; with active ex- 
ertions. 
These ronne vpon hym with axes, and billes, and swerdes 
right vigerously. Merlin (E. E. T. S.X iii. 496. 
Money to enable him to push on the war vigorously. 
Slede, Tatler, No. 7. 
vigorousness (vig'or-us-nes), n. The character 
or state of being vigorous or possessed of active 
strength; force; energy; strength. Jer. Tay- 
lor, Holy Dying, i. 2. 
Vigors's warbler or vireo. See warbler. 
Vigo's powder. See powder. 
vigour, H. and v. See vigor. 
viguna, See vicugna. 
vinara (vi-ha'ra), n. [Skt., lit. expatiation, 
recreation.] In' Buddhist arch., a monastery. 
See Buddhist architecture, under Buddhist. 
Six successive kings had built as many viharas on this 
spot [near Patna], when one of them surrounded the whole 
with a high wall, which can still be traced, measuring 1600 
ft. north and south, by 400 ft., and enclosing eight sepa- 
rate courts. Externally to this enclosure were numerous 
stupas or towerlike viharas, ten or twelve of which are 
easily recognised. J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 136. 
vihuela (vi-hwa'la), n. [OSp. : see viol.] An 
early and simple form of the Spanish guitar. 
viking (vi'king), . [Not found in ME., but 
first in mod. historical use; = G. viking, < Icel. 
vikingr (= Sw.Dan. viking), a pirate, freebooter, 
rover, lit. (as indicated by the AS. wicing, mod. 
E. artificially wicking) ' *wick-man,' i. e. ' "bay- 
man, *creeker,' one who frequented the bays, 
fords, or creeks and issued thence for plunder ; 
< Icel. viler = Sw. vik = Dan. vig, a bay, creek, 
inlet, + -iiigr = E. -te</ 3 : see wick 3 and -ing 3 . 
The word has often been confused with sea-king, 
as if riking contained the word king.] A rover 
or sea-robber belonging to one of the predatory 
bands of Northmen who infested the European 
seas during the eighth, ninth, and tenth centu- 
ries and made various settlements in the Brit- 
ish Islands, Prance, etc. Viking has been frequently 
identified with sea-king, but the latter was a man con- 
nected with a royal race, who took by right the title of 
king when he assumed the command: of men, although 
only of a ship's crew, whereas the former name is appli- 
cable to any member of the rover bands. 
She was a Prince's child, 
I but a Vileing wild. 
Longfellow, Skeleton in Armor. 
vikingism (vi'king-izm), n. [< viking + -ism.] 
The characteristics, plans, or acts of vikings. 
The conquest of Palestine was to Robert of Normandy, 
Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemond of Tareiitum, a sancti- 
fied experiment of vikingvnn. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 222. 
vilt, n. Same as vill. 
6754 
vilayet (vil-a-yef), w. [Turk, vilayet, < Ar. 
wilaya, province, government, sovereignty.] 
An administrative territory of the first class ; 
a province of the Turkish empire. Each Turkish 
vilayet is ruled by a vali, or governor-general. The divi- 
sion into vilayets has replaced the old system of eyalets. 
vildt, " [A corrupt form of vile. In some 
cases the word appears to have been confused 
with wild.] Same as rilr. 
Bethylifene're sovilde. Times' tFAisfc(E.E.T.S.),p. 44. 
What mid prisons 
Make we our bodies to our immortal souls ! 
Mitldleton and Rowley, Spanish fiypsy, iii. 1. 
My act, though mid, the world shall crown as just. 
Dekker and Webster, Westward Ho, iv. 2. 
vildlyt, adv. Same as vilely. Spenser, F. Q., 
I. iii. 43. 
vile (vil), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also vyle 
(also vild, q. v.) ; < ME. vile, vil, < OF. (and P.) 
vil, fern, vile = Sp. Pg. vil = It. vile, < L. rilis, 
of small price or value, poor, paltry, base, vile.] 
1. a. 1. Of small value ; held in little esteem ; 
low; base; mean; worthless; despicable. 
And the tre was vil and old. 
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 34. 
Running, leaping, and quoiting be too vile for scholars, 
ami so not flt by Aristotle's judgment. 
Ascham, Toxophilus (ed. 1864), p. 34. 
A poor man in vile raiment Jas. ii. 2. 
I never knew man hold vile stuff so dear. 
Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3. 276. 
2. Morally base or impure; depraved; bad; 
wicked; abject; villainous; shameful: fre- 
quently used as an epithet of opprobrium, con- 
tempt, disgust, or odium generally. 
Wisdom and goodness to the vile seem vile. 
Shak., Lear, iv. 2. 38. 
What can his censure hurt me whom the world 
Hath censured vile before me ! 
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iii. 2. 
It were too vile to say, and scarce to be beleeued, what 
we endured. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 2. 
Rendering those who receive the allowance vile, and of 
no estimation in the eyes of mankind. 
Burke, Rev. in France. 
In durance )* here must I wake and weep '. 
Burns, Epistle from Esopus to Maria. 
=Syn. 1. Contemptible, beggarly, pitiful, scurvy, shabby. 
2. Oroveling, ignoble, foul, knavish. 
II. t A vile thing. 
Which soeuer of them I touche es a vyle. 
Gossan, Schoole of Abuse (ed. Arber), p. 25. 
vileti *> ' [Early mod. E. also vyle ; < rile, v.] 
To make vile. 
I vyle, I make vyle. Jauille, . . . Thou oughtest to be 
a shamed to vyle thy selfe with thyn yvell tonge. 
Palsgrave, p. 765. 
vileheadt, n. [ME. rilehed; < vile + -head.] Vile- 
ness. 
Huanne the man thength . . . and knauth his poure- 
hede, the i-ilhede, the brotelhede of his beringe [birth]. 
Ayenbile of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 130. 
vileint, vileiniet. Obsolete spellings of villain,, 
villainy. 
vilely (vil'li), adv. [Formerly also vildly ; < 
ME. villiche; < vile + -h/ 2 .] In a vile manner; 
basely; meanly; shamefully; abjectly; oppro- 
briously ; odiously ; badly ; wretchedly ; worth- 
lessly; sorrily. 
He speaks most vilely of you, like a foul-mouthed man 
as he is. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 8. 122. 
vileness (vil'nes), n. The state or character of 
being vile, (a) Baseness ; despicableness ; meanness ; 
contemptibleness ; worthlessness. 
Considering the vileness of the clay, I have sometimes 
wondered that no tribune of that age durst ever venture 
to ask the potter, What dost thou make ? 
Sieift, Nobles and Commons, v. 
(&) Moral or intellectual deficiency; imperfection; de- 
pravity ; degradation ; impurity ; wickedness ; sinf illness ; 
extreme badness. 
We, sensible of our corruption and vtteness, may be fear- 
ful and shy of coming near unto him. 
Barrow, Sermons, I. yii. 
vileynst, a. See villain. 
viliacot ( vil-i-a'ko), re. [< It. vigliacco, cowardly 
(= Sp. bellaco = Pg. relhaco, low, bad), prob. < 
L. n'K*, vile : see vile.] A villain; a scoundrel; 
a coward. 
Now out, base viliaco! 
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, v. 3. 
vilicatet (vil'i-kat), v. t. [Apparently an error 
for 'vilificate (see vilify).] To defame; vilify. 
Baseness what it cannot attaine will vilicate and de- 
prave. R. Junius, Cure uf Misprision. 
Vilification (vil"i-fi-ka'shon), n. [< LL. as if 
"vilificatlo(n-), < vilificare, pp. vilifimtiix, make 
or esteem of little value : see vilify.'] The act 
of vilifying or defaming. Dr. H. Mori: 
villa 
vilifier (vil'i-fl-er), . [< vilify + -f)' 1 .] One 
who defames or traduces ; a calumniator, 
vilify (vil'i-fi), v. pret. and pp. vilified, ppr. 
vilifying. [< LL. vilificare, (. L. vilis, vile, + 
-Jicare, < facere, make: see -///.] I. trans. 1. 
To make vile ; debase ; degrade. 
Their Maker's image . . . then 
Forsook them, when themselves they vilified 
To serve ungoverned appetite. 
Milton, P. L., xi. 516. 
The wealth and pride of individuals at every moment 
makes the man of humble rank and fortune sensible of 
his inferiority, and degrades and vilifies his condition. 
Burke, Rev. in France. 
2. To attempt to degrade by slander ; defame ; 
traduce; calumniate. 
This Tomalin could not abide 
To hear his sovereign vilified. 
Drayton, Nymphidia. 
3f. To treat as worthless, vile, or of no account. 
You shall not finde our Saviour . . . so bent to contemn 
and vilifte a poor suitor. 
Hales, Remains, Sermon on Luke xviii. 1. 
= Svn. 2. Asperse, Defame, Calumniate, etc. (see asperse), 
revile, abuse. 
II. intrans. To utter slander ; be guilty of 
defamation. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 153. 
vilifying (vil'i-fi-ing), n. [Verbal n. of vilify. 
v.~] The act of defaming or traducing; defama- 
tion; slander. 
In the midst of all the storms and reproaches and vili- 
fyings that the world heaps upon me. 
Sir M. Hale, Preparation against Afflictions. 
vilipend (vil'i-pend), v. [< F. rilipcnder = 
It. vilipendere (cf. Sp. vilipendiar, < vilipendio, 
n.) ( < L. vilipendere, hold of slight value, dep- 
recate, deprive, < vilis, of small price, + pen- 
dere, weigh, weigh out: see vile and pendent.'] 
I. trans. To express a disparaging or mean 
opinion of; slander; vilify; treat slightingly or 
contemptuously. 
It is wicked to sell heavenly things at a great rate of 
worldly ; but it is most wretched to vilipend them. 
Ret. T. Adams, Works, I. 6. 
Though I would by no means vilipend the study of the 
classicks. Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., i. 
II. intrans. To express disparaging opinions 
of a person ; use vilification. 
It is profane and foolish to deify public opinion, or in- 
deed anything ; but it is not right, it is not safe to err on 
the other side, to ignore and vilipend. 
Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 154. 
vilipendencyt ( vil-i-pen'den-si), n. [< L. villpen- 
den(t-)s, ppr. of vilipendere see vilipend and -cy.] 
Disesteem; slight; disparagement. Bp.Hacket. 
vilityt (vil'i-ti), n. [< ME. vilte, vylte, < OF. 
vilite, viliteii = It. viltfi, < L. rilita(t-)s, lowness 
of price, cheapness, worthlessness, < vilis, cheap, 
worthless, vile : see vile.] Vileness; baseness. 
In all his myghtc purge he the tilte of syn in hyroe and 
other. Hampote, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 12. 
vill (vil), H. [Also til; < ME. *ville (only in legal 
use or in comp. in local names?), < OF. ville, 
vile, F. ville, a village, town, city, = Sp. villa, 
a town, a country house. = Pg. villa, a village, 
town, = It. villa, a country house, a farm, a 
village, also (after the F. and Sp.) a town, city, 
< L. villa, a country house, a country-seat, a 
farm, villa; prob. a reduction of "vicla, dim. 
of vicus, a village, etc., = Gr. okof, a house: 
see iricfr 2 , and cf. vieine, vicinity, etc. Hence 
ult. (< L. villa) E. villa (a doublet of vill), vil- 
lage, villa tie, villain, villainy, etc. The word vill 
exists, chiefly in the form -ville, as in French, 
in many names of towns, taken from or imi- 
tated from the French ville, being practically an 
English formative applicable as freely as -Imrg, 
-town, or -ton, in the United States, to the for- 
mation of local names from any surname, topo- 
graphical name, or other term, as JirmeiiKvillc, 
Pottsville, Jacksonville, Yorkville, Brookvillc. 
Sockville, Troutville, Greenville, Iilac/.ri//i. 
Whiteville, etc.] A hamlet or village; also, a 
manor; a parish; the outpart of a parish. (See 
village, 2.) In old writings mention is made of 
entire vilis, demi-vills, and hamlets. 
Hence they were called villeins or villani inhabitants 
of the vill or district. Brougham, Polit. Philos., I. 291. 
For a long time the rectors of Whallcy and of Blaghorn 
were for the most part married men, and the lords of vilis. 
De Statu Blaghornshire, quoted in Barnes's Hist. Lan- 
[cashire, II. 1. 
The tenantry of thorpe and vill, 
Or straggling burgh. 
Wordsieorlh, Excursion, viii. 
Constable of vilis. Sue constable, 2. 
villa (vil'a), n. [= F. villa, < It. rilln, i\ coun- 
try house, < L. villa, a country house, a farm : 
see vill.] A country-seat; a rural or suburban 
mansion; a country residence, properly one of 
