voyageur 
Such was the routine of our journey, the day, n> ri> i- 
iilly s]ic;tkiny, beiiiK 'Ijvidi ii into six nours of rest anil 
JgntMII "f hlhnur. This almost incrcdililc toil the eoua- 
geurn bore witliout :i iiiiii-iiiur, anil Kcnenilly with such a 
tiil.u ity (if spirit :is few other ntt'ii nmlii sustain for a sin- 
ylt: foiciK'i'ii. 
Uni-. Simpson, Journey Round the W<irlil, I. -a. 
voyaging (voi'aj-ing), n. [Verbal n. of i-ni/m/i , 
r. J The net or process of taking a voyage ; a 
journey liy water. 
It Is, In fact, n diary of tin- ir/,;,i. ;/,/;/ nnd residences of 
tht' aiuhassudors of Henry the Tliinl. 
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 184. 
VOyalt, " Same us r/M. 2. 
V. P. An ul)lireviatio of ricr-)>ri'xiilrnt. 
V-point (ve'point), H. The vertex of two or 
more diverging linos: as, the ( '-poin t of cirrus 
stripes. 
vraisemblance (vrii-son-blons'), [F., < rmi. 
true. + xi-ii/blanee, appearance: see very and 
xrnibliiHi-i; and cf. verisimilitude.'} The appear- 
ance of truth ; verisimilitude. 
V. S. In munir, an abbreviation of volti suliito. 
V. S. An abbreviation of veterinary surgeon. 
vs. An abbreviation of versus. 
V-shaped (vG'sliiipt), a. Shaped like the let- 
ter V; liko the two equal sides of an isosceles 
triangle ; larabdoid V-shaped barometric de- 
pression, a region of low barometer Inclosed by one or 
more V-shaped isobars, the point of the V, in the north- 
ern hemisphere, being usually directed toward the south. 
V-shaped depressions are often accompanied by charac- 
teristic squalls, technically called linf-*mall*. 
V. t. The abbreviation, used in this work, of 
n-rh tnninitii'c. 
V-threaded screw. See serciri. 
V-tOOl (ve'ttil), n. In joinery and can-ing, a 
cutting-tool having the cutting edge in two 
branches, making an impression like a letter 
V, a sort of angular gouge. 
vue (vu), M. [OF., sight, view: see view.'] The 
sight-opening of a helmet: same as trillere. 
vug (vug), . [Al$ovugli,voiiglt,vooga; <Corn. 
vug, vugh, viigga, vooga, etc., a cave, cavern; cf. 
Corn.fogo,fogou,fott, a cave (= W. ffau, a cave, 
den), Corn, liugo, googoo, ogoo, ago (Jago), a 
cave, W. ogof, gogof, a cave.] In mining, a cav- 
ity ; a hollow in a rock or in a lode. Vug is the 
miners' name for that which geologists more 
generally call a geode. See geode. Also called 
lii-lc-ltole, vooga-hole. 
Quartz is very generally found lining the hollow spaces 
(mghs) In lodes. R. Hunt, British Mining, p. 480. 
VUggy (vug'i), . [< vug + -yl.} Of the nature 
of a vug ; containing vugs. 
VUlder, . Same as voider. 
Vulcan (vul'kan), N. [= P. Vulcain = Sp. Pg. 
Volcano = It. Volcano, Vulcano, < L. Volcanus, 
Vulcanus, Vulcan, the god of fire ; cf. Skt. ulkd, a 
firebrand. Cf. volcano.'} 1. In Rom. myth., the 
god of fire and the working of metals, and the 
patron of all handicraftsmen. Originally an indepen- 
dent deity.he became with the advance of time completely 
identified with the Ureek Hephtestus. He was the son of 
Jupiter and Juno, or of Juno alone, and was born with de- 
formed feet, though according to late myths his lameness 
came from his having been hurled down from heaven by 
Jupiter in a fit of anger. Hewasthedlviiieartist.thecrea- 
tor of all that was beautiful as well as of all that was me- 
chanically wonderful in the abodes of the gods. On earth 
various volcanoes, as Lmnos and Etna, were held to be his 
the observance on tliis day, work was begun 
by lamplight, in honor of the fire-god. 
Vulcanian (viil-ka'ni-an ;, ii. |< I.. I'nlnniiiifi, 
I'lili-tnuiii. < I iili-iiinix. I ill <-ii, i n x, Vulcan. 4- -mi. | 
1. Pertaining to Vulcan, or to works in iron, 
etc., and occasionally ( but not so used by geolo- 
'o vo|e:u ..... s or volcanic action. 
A region of vuUanian activity. 
K. A. Proctor, Poetry of Astronomy, p. 228. 
2. In gi'ol., pertaining to or designating the 
system' or theory of the Vulcanists, or oppo- 
nents of \\Vrner. 
Vulcanic (vul-kan'ik), a. [= F. rulcanique = 
Sp. luli-iniiro = Pg. voleaiiico = It. rtilcanico; 
MS 1'idcan + -if. Cf. volcano.'] Pertaining or 
relating to Vulcan or to volcanoes. 
Even the burning of a meeting-house, In Itself a vulcanic 
rarity (so long as he was of another parish), could not 
tickle his outworn palate. LoueU, Study Windows, p. 120. 
VUlcanicity (vul-ka-nis'i-ti), M. [< vulcanic + 
-ily.} Same as volcanicity. 
This [heat-producing] power, Inadequate though it may 
be to explain the phenomena of vulcaiucity. 
J. Pratanck, I-roc. Roy. Soc., XXX Vin. 425. 
The term volcanic action (vulcanlsm or vulcanicity) em- 
braces all the phenomena connected with the expulsion of 
heated materials from the interior of the earth to the sur- 
face. Kitcyc. Brit., X. 240. 
vulcanisable, vulcanisation, etc. See vulcan- 
r.niilr, etc. 
vulcanism (vul'kan-izm), n. [< Vulcan + 
-I'XMI.] In geol., same as vnlcanutm. The words 
volcano and volcanic are firmly fixed in English, and the 
former is In universal and exclusive use among those who 
speak that language. Hence all the derivatives should 
be spelled correspondingly : thus, vofeonwm, tvlcanictly, 
mlcanology, and not mleanimi, etc. 
In the lapse of ages . . . the very roots of former vol- 
canoes have been laid bare, displaying subterranean 
phases of vulcanism which could not be studied in any 
modern volcano. Encyc. Brit., X. 240. 
Vulcanist (vul'kan-ist), . [< Vulcan + -is/.] 
In the early history of geological science, one 
who supported the' Huttonian theory, or who 
was in opposition to the views of Werner. See 
Huttonian. 
It is sufficient to remark that these systems are usually 
reduced to two classes, according as they refer the origin 
of terrestrial bodies to fire or water ; ana that, conforma- 
bly to this division, their followers have of late been dis- 
tinguished by the fanciful names of Vulcanifto and >'ep- 
tunists. To the former of these Dr. Hutton belongs much 
more than to the latter ; though, as he employs the agency 
both of fire and water In his system, he cannot, in strict 
propriety, be arranged with either. 
Plaufair, Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory 
[(ColL Works, I. 21). 
vulgar 
,1. .,!: :. i i nUaHtlt. *K\- vulcciutr Also ipelled mlcan- 
VUlcanize (viil'kan-i/. >, '.; pn-t. and pp. ml. 
rum'.* it . ][>r. riilcnuiziiiy. \ = ]'. ruli-ni 
;i- I'lili-ini i with allusion to the im-lieil -u!|.lmr 
of Mili-aiioi-s) + -r.'. | I. Ininx. ToMibjcct tothe 
proci -> of vulcanization, as caoutchouc. - vul- 
canized fiber Vulcanised glass, glass 
cooled by plnnglnK int" n hath having a comparatively 
high t. n ! ; ii'i; . The nature of the )>ath depends upon 
the effect desired to lie produced. Vulcanized rubber, 
caoutchouc Incorporated with Kiilphin '.! -ui- .ii,.| t<> 
ii> v \Oi' i. ).y It combines chemically with the Hiiliihiir, 
and assumes, when cold, a hard cuniisUmcy mDDlln| 
that of linrii. 
II. iutraiiH. To admit of vulcanization. 
Rubber mdcanuet at 276 Kah. 
Sri. Amtr., N. a, LXII. 140. 
Also spelled i nil-inline. 
vulcanizer (vul'kjin-i-/.erj, . |< r///i,v + 
-')'. | Apparatus used in vulcanizing indut- 
ruliber. Also spelled r-uleanisrr. 
VUlcanot, An old form of volcano. 
vulcanological (vul'ka-no-loj'i-kal), a. Same 
as MlMMJfegfeal .V// //// . XXXVlII. 410. 
workshops, and the Cyclopes were his journeymen. He 
had the power of conferring life upon his creations, and 
was thus the author of Pandora and of the golden dogs of 
Alcinoiis. In art he w.as represented as a bearded man, 
usually with the short sleeveless or one-sleeved tunlc(exo- 
mis)of the workman, with a conical cap, holding hammer 
and tongs or other attributes of the smith, and sometimes 
with indication of his lameness. When Jupiter conceived 
M inerva in his head, the goddess was delivered f ull-anned, 
upon the stroke of an ax In the hands of Vulcan. 
2. A hypothetical planet between the sun and 
the planet. Mercury. An object supposed to be a 
planet was seen crossing the sun's disk on March 28th, 
1859. The period of revolution assigned to it was some- 
thing over 19 days, and its distance from the sun wns 
estimated at about 18,000,000 miles. The existence of 
Vulcan, however, has not been confirmed (may, indeed, be 
said to have been practically disproved) by subsequent 
careful observations. 
3t. A volcano. 
Also In that He is the Mount Ethna, that Men clepen 
Mount Qybelle; and the Wleanes, that ben everemore 
brennyngc. Mandeville, Travels, p. 65. 
Of those [remarkable things] which are In the Vulcans 
and mouths of tire at the Indies, worthy doubtlesse to be 
observed, I will speake in their order. 
AcoHa, Hist. Indies (tr. by E. Orimston, 161)4), ill. 2 
((HakluytSoc., 1.105). 
Vulcan powder, an explosive consisting of nltroglycerin, 
sodium nitrate, sulphur, and charcoal. 
Vulcanalia ( vul-ka-na'li-a), H. pi. [L.: see Vid- 
<.] An ancient Roman festival in honor of 
Vulcan, celebrated on August 23d with games 
in the Flamiuian circus near the temple of the 
god. and with sacrifices of fishes. As part of 
vulcanite (vul'kan-it), . [< Vulcan + 
1. The harder of the two forms of vulcanized 
india-rubber, the other form being known as 
soft rubber. Vulcanite differs from soft rubber In that 
it 'contains more sulphur, and is cured or vulcanized at 
a higher temperature. It is of a brownish-black color, is 
hard and tough, cuts easily, and takes a good polish ; It Is 
largely used for making into combs, brooches, bracelets, 
and many other ornaments. It is not affected by water or 
by any of the other caoutchouc solvents. As It Is espe- 
cially distinguished by the large quantity of electricity 
which it evolves when rubbed, It Is much used in the con- 
struction of electric machines. Also called ebonite. 
2. A name sometimes given to pyroxene, from 
its being found in ejected blocks and lavas vnl- 
canlte flask, an iron box closed by screw-bolts, for hold- 
ing an artificial denture while being vulcanized, to flx the 
artificial teeth In the vulcanite plate. The flask is heated 
In a vulcanizing furnace. 
vulcanizable (vul'kan-i-za-bl), a. [< vulcanize 
+ -able.} Capable of being vulcanized; ad- 
mitting of vulcanization. Also spelled vulcan- 
isable. 
vulcanization (vul'kan-i-za'shon), n. [< /- 
canizc + -iilion.} A method of treating caout- 
chouc or india-rubber with some form of sul- 
phur, to effect certain changes in its properties, 
and yield a soft (vulcanized india-rubber) or a 
hard( vulcanite {product. This was originally effected 
by dipping the rubber in melted sulphur and heating it to 
nearly 300'. Several other methods have been employed. 
probably the best of which for general purposes consists 
in mechanically mixing the rubber at a moderate heat 
with flowers of sulphur, and subsequently "curing " It in 
superheated steam at from 250* to 300* Fahr. The process 
was invented by Charles Goodyear, who obtained his first 
patent for It in 1844. Other Ingredients, as litharge, 
white lead, sine- white, whiting, etc., are added to the 
sulphur to give color, softness, etc., to the rubber. The 
substance thus formed possesses the following proper- 
ties: It remains elastic at all temperatures; it cannot lie 
dissolved by the ordinary solvents, neither is It affected 
by heat within a considerable range of temperature ; final- 
ly, It acquires extraordinary powers of resisting com- 
pression, with a great increase of strength and elasticity. 
Vulcanized india-rubber is employed with great success 
for very many useful purposes, as for waterproofing cloth, 
for boots, shoes, mats, toys, belting, buffers, wheel-tires, 
washers, valves, pipes, tire-host-, medical and surgical 
appliances, etc. Hard vulcanized rubber is known as 
vulcanology (vul-ka-nol'o-ji), n. Same an rol- 
! niiliigy. 
vulg. An abbreviation of vulgar or vulgarly. 
Vulg. An abbreviation of Vulgate. 
vulgar (vul'giir), a. and H. [Early mod. E. also 
vulgare; < F. vulgairc = Sp. Pg. vulyar= It. n>l- 
gare, < L. vulgarin, rolgaris, of or pertaining to 
the multitude or common people, common, vul- 
gar, < rulgux, volgus, a multitude, throng, crowd, 
the mass of people, the common people, the 
multitude; cf. Skt. vraja, a flock, herd, multi- 
tude, varga, a group, troop,< -^varj, turn, twist, 
set aside, = L. vergere, bend, turn : see verge'*. 
From L. vulgus are also E. vulgate, etc., divulge, 
etc.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the com- 
mon people; suited to or practised among the 
multitude ; plebeian : as, vulgar life ; vulgar 
sports. 
A fewe of them went a lande for f resshe water, and fownd 
a greate and high howse after the nianrr of their buyMing, 
hauinge xli. other of their vulgare cotages placed abowte 
the same. 
1'i-trr Martyr (tr. in Eden's First Ilooks on America, ed. 
[Arber, p. 70). 
An habitation giddy and unsure 
Hath he that buildeth on the vulgar heart. 
Shot., 2 Hen. IV., I. 3. 90. 
"Follow my white plume," said the chivalrous monarch 
of France, as he plunged into the thickest of the vulgar 
fight. Suinnrr, Orations, L 188. 
2. Common; in general use; customary; usual; 
ordinary. 
Our Intent Is to make this Art [Poesie] vulgar for all 
English mens vse. Puttentiam, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 19. 
As naked as the vulgar air. Skat., K. John, II. 1. 387. 
They have applied the sense of the parables to certain 
general and vulgar matters, without reaching to their real 
purport. llaciiu. Physical Fables, p. b. 
I shall much rejoice to see and serve you, whom I hon- 
our with no vulgar Affection. HawU, Letters, I. H. 24. 
Unspeakable mysteries in the Scriptures are often de- 
livered In a Tvlijur and illustrative way. 
Sir T. Browne. Kellgio Medici, I. 45. 
If Wordsworth sometimes puts the trumpet to his lips, 
yet he lays it aside soon and willingly for his appropriate 
Instrument, the pastoral reed. And It Is not one that 
grew by any mli/ar stream, but that which A|ol|o breathed 
through, tending the flocks of Admetus. 
Liiu-eU, Among my Hooks, 2d ser., p. 241. 
3. Hence, national ; vernacular: as, the vulgar 
tongue; the vulgar version of the Scriptures; 
in zool. and bot., specifically, vernacular or 
trivial, as opposed to scientific or technical, in 
the names or naming of plants and animals. 
See pseudonym, 2. 
If agalne Art be but a certaine order of rules prescribed 
by reason, and gathered by experience, why should not 
1'oesfe be a vulgar Art with va as well as with the Greek* 
and Latlnes? I'ullrnham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 3. 
We will in this present chapter <t by our own Idle ol- 
seruatlons shew how one may easily and commodfously 
lead all those feete of the anncients Into our vulgar Ian- 
gage. I'uttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 8K. 
Of the Egyptian letter*, or manner of writing, one was 
vulgar, which all people leamt ; others were call'd sacred, 
which the priests only knew among the Egyptians. 
Pococke, Description of the East, I. K!. 
4. Pertaining or belonging to the lower or 
less refined class of people; unrefined; hence, 
coarse; offensive to good taste; rude; IxxiriKh; 
low; mean; base: as, vulgar men, language, 
minds, or manners. 
Stale and cheap to vulgar company. 
SAat.,lHen. IV., IU.Z.41. 
I staid to hear the trumpets and kettle-drums, and then 
the other drums, which are much cried up, though I think 
it dull, vulyar muslck. Pepyt, Diary, I. ISO. 
Gold; 
Before whose image bow the rulyar great 
" , Vueen Mab, Iv. 
