ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., :i Ij adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
dv adverb. 
AF Anglo-t'reuch, 
agrL agriculture. 
A I, Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amur American. 
ail at anatomy. 
AUG. ancient. 
antlq antiquity. 
aor. aorist. 
appar apparently. 
Ar Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archmoL archaeology. 
:ii ii h arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
hot. botany. 
Brat. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus. causative. 
cerara ceramics. 
of. L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
ChaL Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp. composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
conj conjunction. 
contr .contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
cruniol craniology. 
craniom. craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
del definite, definition. 
derlv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrlb. distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E. East. 
E. English (usually mean- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g. L. exempli yrd/j'a, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect. electricity. 
embryoL embryology. 
Eng Engllah. 
engln ........... engineering. 
nt, .i-i .......... entomology. 
I. in- ............ Episcopal. 
equiv ........... equivalent. 
esp ............. especially. 
Eth ............ Ethlnplc. 
ethnog ......... ethnography. 
ethuol ......... ethnology. 
etym ........... etymology. 
Eur ............ European. 
exclam. ........ exclamation. 
f., fern .......... feminine. 
F. .............. French (utually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem ........... Flemish. 
tort. ........... fortification. 
Ireq. ........... frequentative. 
Met. .......... Krieslc. 
fin. ............ future. 
G ............... Ucnnan(iutiaUt/nin>n. 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael ............ Gaelic. 
galv. ........... galvanism. 
gen ............ genitive. 
BOOB ............ geography. 
geol. ........ 
geom ........... geometi 
Goth. .......... Gothic ( 
Or. ............ Greek. 
gram ...... ..... grammar. 
gun ............ gunnery. 
Heb ............ Hebrew. 
her. ............ heraldry. 
herpet ........ herpetology. 
Hind ........... Hindustani 
hist ............ history. 
horol ........... horology. 
hort. ........... horticulture. 
Hung ........... Hungarian. 
hydraul ........ hydraulics. 
hydros. ........ hydrostatics. 
........ 
Icel ............ Icelandic 
meaning 
(u 
Old 
unutfy 
Ice- 
-/ Old None). 
irliili. .......... Ichthyology. 
L e ............. L. id etc, that is. 
Impers. ........ Impersonal 
impf . ........ . . imperfect. 
in 1 1 iv . .......... Imperative. 
improp. ........ Improperly. 
Ind ............ Indian. 
Ind ............. Indicative. 
Indo-Eur ....... Indo-European. 
Indef ........... Indefinite. 
taf. ............ Infinitive. 
Instr. .......... Instrumental. 
inter] .......... interjection. 
inli .. intrans. . . .Intransitive. 
Ir .............. Irish. 
irreg ........... Irregular, irregularly. 
It. ............. Italian. 
Jap ............. Japanese. 
L. .............. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin;. 
Lett ........... Lettish. 
LG ............. Low German. 
lichenoL ....... llchenology. 
lit .............. literal, literally. 
lit .............. literature. 
Llth ............ Lithuanian. 
lithog .......... lithography. 
llthol ........... lithology. 
LL. ............ Late Latin. 
m., masc ....... masculine. 
M .............. Middle. 
mach ........... machinery. 
mammal ........ mammalogy. 
manuf .......... manufacturing. 
math ........... mathematics. 
MD ............. Middle Dutch. 
ME ............. Middle English (other- 
vrite called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mechanics, mechani- 
cal, 
medicine. 
m. ... 
NHG. 
NL. 
sfexiau 
.Middle I 
val Greek. 
MHO Middle High German. 
milit. military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low Herman. 
mod. modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth. mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut neuter. 
H. New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
naut. nautical. 
nav. navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
.New High German 
(auaUy rimply <:., 
German). 
. New Latin, modem 
Latin, 
.nominative. 
Norm. Norman. 
north. northern. 
Norw. Norwegian. 
. .numismatics. 
.Old. 
.obsolete. 
obstetrics. 
OBulg. Old Bulgarian (othrr- 
wiie called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem. Old Flemish. 
OGael Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith ornithology. 
OS Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteol osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon. paleontology. 
part participle. 
pan. passive. 
pat hoi. pathology. 
pert. perfect 
Pers. Persian. 
pers. person. 
persp. perspective. 
Pernv Peruvian. 
grsphy. 
pbotog. photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys. physical. 
phyUol physiology. 
pi. , plur plural 
poet. poetical. 
political. 
Polish. 
rr. Provencal (\uniaUy 
mtantag Old Pro- 
pref prefix. 
prep. .......... preposition. 
pres. present 
prat preterit 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron. pronoun. 
pron. pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. properly. 
pros. prosody. 
Pro*. Protestant 
prov provincial. 
psycho! psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi qua) 
mde, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg. regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Roman. 
Romanic, Romance 
QufWsflQ 
. Russian. 
8. South. 
S. Amer South American. 
sc. L. teilieet, understand. 
phllol. 
phllos 
phonog 
.pharmacy. 
.Phentclan. 
.philology. 
. philosophy, 
phonography. 
go. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp. sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing. singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Bp. Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
super! superlative. 
surg surgery. 
snrv surveying. 
8w Swedish. 
syn synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
techno! technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratol teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic. 
theat theatrical 
theol theology. 
therap. therapeutics. 
toxlcol. toxicology. 
tr. , trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typography. 
ultimate, ultimately. 
T verb. 
Tr. variant 
Tet veterinary. 
v. L Intransitive verb. 
v. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach. Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
soot sootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
n as in tat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
ft as in fall, talk, naught 
a as in ask, fast ant 
& as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
as in mete, meet, meat 
e as In her, fern, heard. 
1 as in pin, it biscuit 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as In note, poke, floor. 
b as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off . 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
ix, x); 
n as in pull, book, could. 
u German ii, French u. 
ol as In oil, joint boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an nnac- 
cented syllable Indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
Its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xL 
Thus: 
as in prelate, courage, captain. 
$ as In ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
as In singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even In the 
mouths of the best speaker*. Its sound Is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. XL Thus : 
a as in errant republican. 
?as In prudent, difference, 
as In charity, density, 
p as in valor, actor, idiot 
ji as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book, 
u as in nature, feature. 
A mark M under the consonant! (, d, 
t, i indicates that they in like manner 
are variable toch,j, ih, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure, 
i.l as in arduous, education, 
s as In leisure. 
( as In seizure. 
th as in thin. 
Til as in then. 
ch as In German ach. Scotch loch. 
D French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (mon- 
Ille) 1. 
'denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent Is not marked if at its 
regular Interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from ; 1. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; t e., from which Is derived. 
+ read and ; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate wM; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
V read root. 
read Utcoretical or alleged; L e,, theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
i n-.i.l 
