who 
He nadde bote u dogter ho niygte ys eir be. 
liol). of Gloucester, p. 89. 
Witnesse on Job whom that we diden wo. 
Chaucer, Friai's Tale, I. 193. 
A verse may And him who a sermon flies. 
G. Herbert, The Church Porch. 
The general purposes of men in the conduct of their 
lives . . . end in gaiiiinsr either the affection or the es- 
teem of those with u-kom they converse. 
Steele, Tatler, No. 206. 
Grant me still a friend in my retreat, 
Whom I may whisper — solitude is sweet. 
Cowpcr, Retirement, 1. 742. 
The antecedent is sometimes omitted, being implied in 
the pronoun, which is in this case usually called a com- 
pound relative. 
Adraweth 3oure suerdes & loke wo may do best. 
Rob. of Gloticester, 1. 127 (Morris and Skeat, II. 6). 
Ac hi casten heore lot hices he [Christ's garment) scolde 
beo. Old Eng. Mixc (ed. Morris), p. 50. 
Nuw tell me who made the world. 
Marlowe, Fatistus, ii. 2. 
The dead man's knell 
« Is there scarce ask'd for who. 
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. 171. 
There be who can relate his domestic life to the exact- 
ness of a diary. Milton. Eikonoklastes, xxvii. 
Her we ask'd of that and this, 
And icho were tutors. Tennyson, Princess, i. 
g) A clause dependent in form, but adding a distinct idea. 
Here the relative force is lUmost entirely lost, who be- 
coming equivalent to and with a demonstrative pronoun. 
He trod the water, 
Whose enmity he flung aside. 
Shak., Tempest, ii. 1. 116. 
The yong man ... at last married her. to whose wed- 
ding, amongst other guests, came Apollonius, who . . . 
found her out to be a Serpent, a Lamia. 
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 438. 
(6) With reference to gender, who originally noted a mas- 
culine or feminine antecedent, whether human, animate, 
or other, the neuter being irhat ; and whose, the posses- 
sive (genitive) of icho, was also that of what, and is still 
correctly used of a neuter antecedent (see whati). More- 
over, before the appearance of the possessive its, whose 
place was tilled by the neuter /*»« (see hel, I.. C. (6)), not 
only were neuter objects designated in the two other cases 
by he and him, but who and irhom were sometimes sub- 
stituted for that as the nt^miinative and objective of the 
neuter relative (see the quotation from Puttenham). In 
modem use, however, icho and whinn are applied regularly 
to persons, fre^juently to animals, and sometimes even to 
inanimate things when represented with some of the at- 
tributes of humanity, as in personification or vivid descrip- 
tion. 
Men seyn over the walle stonde 
Crete engyncs, who were nygh honde. 
limn, of the Rose, 1. 41i>4. 
The nature and condition of man ... is called humani- 
tie ; whiche is a generall mime to those vertnes in whome 
senieth to be a mutuall Concorde and loue in the nature of 
man. Sir T. Ehjot, The Governour, ii. 8. 
Such is the figure Ouall, (rAvw for hisantiquitie, dignitie 
and vse. I place among the rest of the figures to embellish 
our prop«>rti<>ns. Puttenhatn, Arte of Eng. I'oesie, p. 84. 
Death arrests the organ of my voice, 
Who, entering at the breach thy sword hath made, 
Hacks every vein and artier of my heart. 
..WnWowr, TamJiurlaine, I., ii. 7. 
A green and gilded snake . . . 
Who with her head niinlile in threats approach d 
The opening of his mouth. 
Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3. 110, 
Two things very worthy the ob-seruation I saw in two of 
the walkes, eiien two beech trees "''"' were veiy admira- 
ble to behold, not so much for the het^rht, . . . but f(jr 
their greatnesse. Corijat, Crudities, I. 37. 
Animals, who, by the proper application of rewards and 
punishments, may be tauRht any course of action. 
Hume, Human Cnderstanding, ix. 
If strange dogs come by, . , , she fa doe] returns to the 
cows, wjAo, with fierce lowings and meiuu'ing horns, drive 
the assailants quite out of tlie pasture. 
Gilbert White, Nat. Hist. Selborne, xxiv. 
A mirror for the yellow-l)illed ducks, wAo are seizing the 
opportunity of getting a drink. 
Geor-jf Klii't, Adam liede, vi. 
And you, ye stars. 
Who slowly biigin U> marshal, 
As of old, in the fields of heaven, 
Your distant, melancholy lines I 
M. Ariu>ld, Empedocles on Etna, ii. 
(c) With reference to the nature of its antecedent, who 
may note (I) a i)articular or tleterminate person or thing 
(see (a)); or (21 an indefinite antece<lent, in which case 
who has the force of whono, whosoever, or whoever, and is 
called an indpfinite relative. Its antecedent may be ex- 
pressed, or it may be a compound relative. 
flwam ich biteche that bred that iuh on wyne wete, 
He me schal bitraye. 
Old En>j. Mine. (eti. Morris), p. 40. 
Qu{»t deth so he de^yre he dreped als faste. 
Alliterative Poejns (^eti. Morris), ii. 1048. 
Of croice in the aide testament 
Was mani bisening [tokens), gwn to cowde tent. 
II(Ay JtfMid (eil. MoiTis), p. 118. 
*' Whom the gods love die young," was said of yore. 
Byron, DcmJuan, iv. 12. 
As who salth. Same as ax who should say. 
For he was synguler hym-self. and seyde faciamus. 
Ah who seifh ntore mote here t<' than my worde one. 
Pu'rs Plowman {l\), ix. 36. 
6915 
My maister Bukton, whan of Criste our Kinge 
Was axed what is trouthe or sothfastnesse, 
He nat a word answerde to that axinge, 
As icho saith, "no man is al trew," I gesse. 
Chaucer, Envoy of Chaucer to Bukton, 1, 4. 
As who should say, as one who says or who might say ; 
as if one should say. 
He doth nothing but frown, as who should say, "If you 
will not have me, choose." Shak., M. of V., i. ■>. 51. 
The slave . . . holds 
John Baptist's head a-dangle by the hair, 
With one hand (" look you, now," as who should say). 
Browniwj, Fra Lippo Lippi. 
Thewho.thatonewho; who: soaIso the whose, the whom. 
[Archaic] 
The whos power as now is falle. 
Gmver, Conf. Amant., v. 
Your mistress, from the whom, I see. 
There 's no disjunction to be made. 
Shak., W. T., iv. 4. 539. 
Who all, all the persons who ; the whole number (who). 
[CoUoq.] 
I don't know who all, for I aint much of a bookster and 
don't recollect. Haliburton, Sam Slick in England, xlviii. 
Who but he, who else? he only ; nobody else. 
Every one repaireth to Wriothesley, honoureth Wri- 
othesley (as the Assyrians did to Haman), and all things 
as done by his advice : and who bid he ? 
Po)iet, quoted in R. W, Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., 
[xvi., note. 
She made liim Marquis of Ancre. one of the Twelve 
Mareschals of France, Governor of Normandy; and con- 
fered divers other Honours and OflScesof Trust upon him : 
and who bid he? Howell, Letters, 1. i. 19. 
Who thatt, who or whoever : as a relative, either defi- 
nite or indefinite. 
For who that entreth ther, 
He his sauff euere-more. 
William ofShoreham-, De Baptismo, I. 6 (.Morris and Skeat, 
[IL 63). 
And dame Musyke commaunded curteysly 
La Bell Pucell wyth me than to daunce, 
Whome that I toke wyth all my plesaunce. 
Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure (Percy Soc), p. 70. 
= SyTl. Who, which, and that agree in being relatives, and 
are more or less interchangeable as such ; but who is 
used chiefly of persons (though also often of the higher 
animals), ivhich almost only of animals and things (in old 
English also of persons), and that indifferently of either, 
except after a preposition, where ordy who or ivhich can 
stand. Sfjme recent authorities teach that only that 
should be used when the relative clause is limiting or 
defining : as, the man that runs fastest wins the race ; but 
who or which when it is descriptive or coordiTiating : as, 
this man, who ran fastest, won the race; but, though 
present usage is jterhaps tending in the (lirection of such 
a distinction, it neither has been nor is a rule of English 
speech, nor is it likely to l)ecome one, especially on ac- 
count of the impossibility of setting that after a preposi- 
tion; for to turn all relative clauses into the form ''the 
house fAcr( Jack lived jk" (instead of "the house m H'ftic7i 
Jack lived") would be intolerable. In good punctuation 
the defining relative is distinguished (as in the examples 
above), by never taking a comma before it, whether it l)e 
who or which or that. Wherever that could be properly 
used, but only there, the relative may be, and very of- 
ten is, omitted altogether: thus, the house Jack built or 
lived in ; the man (or the purpose) he built it for. The 
adjective clause introduced by a relative may qualify a 
noun in any way in which an adjective or adjective phrase, 
either attributive or appositional, can qualify it, and has 
sometimes a pregnant implication of one or another kind : 
as, why punish this man, who is innocent? i. e. seeing, or 
although, he is innocent (= this innocent man). But a 
relative is also not rarely made use of to add a coordi- 
nate statement, being e(iuivalent to and with a following 
pronoun : as. I studied geometry, uhich I found difficult 
{and [l'\ found it difficult): I met a friend, who kindly 
showed me the way (and he kindly, etc.>. Tliis way of em- 
phiying the relative is by some regarded as a Latinism, 
and condemned ; it is restricted to who and which. 
whoa (livv6),/«^r/;/. [A var.ofAoi.] Stop! staiwl 
still! 
Come, He go teach ye hayte and ree, gee and whoe, and 
which is to which hand. 
HeyuHiod, Fortune by Land and Sea (Works, ed. 1874, 
[VI. :J84). 
whobubt, n. An obsolete form of hiihhub. Also 
[Cry within of Arm, Arm ! 
What a vengeance ails this whobi/b? imx refuse 'em. 
Beau, and Fl., Women Pleased, iv. 1. 
whodet, ". An obsolete form of hood. 
I maruell that he sent not therwith a foxes tayle for a 
scepture, and a whode with two cares. 
Bp. Bale, English Votaries, foL 104. 
whoever (ho-ev'er), itidt'/. pron. [< who + rvcr.'] 
Any person whatever; no matter vpho; any 
one without exception. 
Forsoth by a sidemne day he was wont to leeue to hem 
oon bounden, whovi cuere thei axiden. Wyclif, .Mark xv. ti. 
Whoever bound him, I will loose his bonds. 
Shak., C. of E., v. 1. 339. 
Whoever in those glasses looks may find 
The spots return'd. or graces, of liis mind. 
And l)y the help of so divine an art, 
At leisure view and dress his nobler part. 
Waller, t'pon B. Jonson. 
I will not martdi one foot against the foe till you all 
swear to me that whomewr I take or kill his arms I shall 
quietly possess. Swift, Battle of Books. 
whole 
whole (hoi), a. and 7i. [Early mod. E. also 
whoUe ; with unovig. initial w ; prop., as in 
earlv mod. E., hole, < ME. hoi hool, < AS. ha! 
= OS. hel = OFries. hcl = D. heel = ORG. 
MHG. G. heil, sound, whole, saved, = leel. 
hcill = Sw. hel = Dan. heel = Goth. /(^(//,s-, 
hale, whole, = OBulg. cielu, whole, complete; 
perhaps allied to Gr. Ka/.o^, excellent, good, 
hale, and Skt. kaUja, hale, healthy (> kalydiia, 
prosperous, blessed). From whole (AS. hdl) 
are also ult. E. wholesome, wholcside., ivhoUy, 
heal'^, health, healthij^ and the second element of 
wassail; from the Scand. form (Icel. heill) are 
ult. E. hale'^, hail^, etc. The change of initial 
ho' to icho- was a dial, peculiarity, there being 
an actual change of pronunciation (hotohwo), 
due to the labializing effect of the long 6 ; the 
change was retiected in the spelling, which in 
some words, as ichole, whoop, whore, ivhot, came 
into literary use. while the orig. pronunciation 
with simple // remained or prevailed. In dial. 
use the who- (hwo-) thus developed was after- 
ward reduced in some districts to wo~, as wot 
for whot (orig. whote) for hot (orig. hole). Whole 
is one of the words wliich the American Philo- 
logical Association and the English Philologi- 
cal Society include in their list of spellings to 
be amended, recommending the restoration of 
the old form hole, in keeping with the derived 
or related hoh/, heal^, hale^, etc. (Trans. Amer. 
Philol. Ass., '1886, p. ll>7).] I. a. 1. Hale; 
healthy; sound; strong; well. 
When his men saw hyni hoi and sounde, 
For sothe they were ful fayne. 
Jiobin Hood and the Monk (ChihVs IJallads, V. 15). 
They that be whole need not a physician, l)ut they that 
are sick. Mat. ix. l± 
, A soul , . . 
So healthy, sound, and clear and whole. 
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter. 
2. Restored to a sound state; healed; made 
well. 
What Man that first bathed him, aftre the nievynge of 
the Wafre, was made hool of what maner Sykenes that he 
hadde. Mandemlle, Travels, p. 88. 
Thy faith hath made thee whole; go in peace, and be 
whole of thy plague. Mark v. 34. 
He call'd his wound a little hurt, 
Whereof he shouhl he quickly whole. 
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. 
3. Unimpaired; uninjured: unbroken: intact: 
as. the dish is still whole; to get off with a whole 
skin. 
Fier brennen on the grene leaf, 
And thog grene end hoi bi-leaf. 
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. S.), 1. 277U. 
My life is yet ivhole in me. 2 Sam. i. 9. 
Yet all goes well, yet all our joints are whole. 
Shak., 1 lien. IV., iv. 1. 83. 
4. Entire; complete; without omission, reduc- 
tion, diminution, etc.: as, a (r/*o/^^ apple ; the 
whole duty of man ; to serve the Lord with one's 
whole licart ; three whole days ; the whole body. 
For all the hole temple is dedycate and halowed in the 
honour and name of the holy Senulcre. 
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 27. 
Ther is a parte of the hede of Seynt George, hys left 
Anne with the holl hande. 
Toikitujton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 10. 
Whole we call that, and perfect, which hath a beginning, 
a midst, and an end. B. Jonson, Discoveries. 
Assassination, hm- whide mind 
Blood-thirsting, on her arm reclinVI. 
Churchill, The iJuellist, iii. C7. 
(If the disgraceful dealings whiih were . . . kept up 
with the French Court, Danby deserved little or none t)f 
the blame, though he suffered the whole punishment. 
Macaulay, Sir William Temple. 
5. AH; every part, unit, or member required 
to make up the aggregate: as, the whole city 
turned out to receive him. 
Yeis am ye ordynnaunces of our Clylde, ordeynd be alle 
the hoi fraternite. Enylish Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. lO.J. 
The whole race of mankind. Shak., T. of A., iv. 1. -JO. 
The whole Anglican priesthood, the whole Cavalier gen- 
try, were against him. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii. 
6t. Without reserve; sincerely or entirely de- 
voted. 
Have, and ay shal, liow sore that me smerte, 
lien to yow trew and hool with al myii herte. 
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. ItiOl. 
The Sheriff is noght so hole as he was, for now he wille 
shewe but a part of his frendeshippe. 
Paston Letters, I, '208. 
7t. Uniiied; in hannony or accord; one. 
I think of you as of God's dear children, whose hearts 
are uiude with the Lord. 
J. Bradford, Letters (I'arker Soc, 1863), II. 40. 
8. In DiiniHt/, that part of a coal-seam in pro- 
cess of being worked in which the headings 
