xiphoid 
YarreH designated the "occipital style" of Shiifeldt as 
the xiphoid bone. Science, III. 404. 
Xiphoid lieaznent, a small ligament connecting the en- 
siform cai'tilage or xiphisternum with tlte cartilage of the 
seventh rili on either side. — Xiphoid process, (a) In 
anat, the ensiform appendage of the sternum; the xiphi- 
sternum. See cuts under mesostemum and stertium. (b) 
Tlie tetson of a crustacean, as the icing-crab. See cut un- 
der horseshoe-crab. 
n. n. The ensiform or xiphoid cartilage in 
man, or its representative in other animals. 
See xiphisternum, 1. 
Xiphoides (zi-foi'dez), «. [NL.] In inxit., 
same as xiphoid. 
xiphoidian (zi-foi'di-an), a. [< xiphmd + -ian.] 
In anal., same as xiphoid. 
liphopagU8(zi-fop'a-gus), H. ; pi. xiphopagi (-ji). 
[NL., < Gr. f/jJof, sword, + irayof, that which is 
fixed or firmly set.] In teratol., a double mon- 
ster connected by a band extending from the 
ensiform cartilage to the umbilicus. The Si- 
amese twins constituted a xiphopagus. Also 
xiphodidiinius. 
XipllOphorus(i'i-fof'o-vu8), «. [NL. (Haeekel, 
IfAS), < Gr. f(^o^f<of, also ^t(pri(p6poi;, bearing a 
sword, < i'^of, sword, + <j)epen> = E. 6earl.] In 
ichth., a genus of eyprinoids, having in the male 
the lower rays of the caudal fin prolonged into a 
sword-shaped appendage, sometimes as long as 
all the rest of the fish. Tlie anal fin of the male is 
also modified into an intromittent organ, having one or 
two enlarged rays with hook-like processes. A curious 
fish of this genus is X. helleri of Mexico. 
XiphophyllOllS (zif-o-fil'us), a. [< Gr. f/^, 
sword, + (pi'/Jm; leaf.] In hot., having ensiform 
leaves. 
Ziphorhamphus (zif-y-ram'fus), «. [NL. 
(Blyth, 1843), < Gr. f/'0of. sword, + /J<i/;^f, 
beak.] 1. A genus of timcliine birds of the 
eastern Himalayas, .r. mpercUiarit, the only species, 
is 7J inches long. The general color alwve is olivaceous- 
brown ; over the eye is a white streak, l)nt most of the 
plumage is of sober shades of ashy and rufous. See A'l- 
phorhynchug, 2. 
2. A genus of fishes, .\fiiller and Troschel, \S44. 
Ziphorhynchns (zif-o-ring'kus), n. [NL. 
(Swaiuson, 1827, also ZiphorhynchiiK, 1837), < 
Gr. f i'^, sword, 4- piyxoc- snout. ] 1 . A genus of 
South American dendrooolaptine birds, named 
from the long, thin, and much-curved bill ; the 
saberbills, as A', jirocumct. This tree-creeper is 
10 inches long, and mainly of a fulvous color, the beiul 
blackish witli pale stiaft-spota. Tlie genus ranges from 
Costa Rica to southern Brazil and lV>livia, and contains 
4 other species — X. trachilirostrU, X. lafresnayamts, X. 
pumllvt. and X. pifcherani. In tlie last-named the bill is 
shorter and less curved, and tiierc is no such white spot 
under the eye as all the rest have. See cut under saber- 
bat. 
2. A different genus of birds, named by Blyth 
in 1842 in the form Xiphirhyiiclms, and changed 
by him in 1843 to Xiphnrliamphm. — 3. A genus 
of Dryophidee, or wood-snakes : so called from 
the acute appendage of the snout, .r. tan/aha is 
the langaha of -Madagascar. (See cut under langaha.) This 
genus was named by Wagler in 1830, but the name is pre- 
occupied in ornithology. 
4. A genus of fishes. .Agassi:, 1829. 
Xiphosoma (zif-o-so'mS), n. [NL. (Spix), < 
Gr. {'<j>')<, a sword, + ciifia, body.] A genus of 
large serpents, of the family Boid«, or boas. 
X. cfininum is the dog-headed boa of South 
America. 
Xiphostemam (zif-<)-ster'num), M. Same as 
xiphistrrnum. [Rare.] 
Xiphosora (zif-o-sii'rii), ». pi. [NL., irreg. < Gr. 
f(i^(f, sword, + oi'yxi, tail.] Same as Xiphisura : 
in this form, in Lankester's classification, 
brought under Arachnida as one of three orders 
(the other two being Enrypterina and Trilol/itse) 
brigaded under the name Delobranchia. 
xiphosuran (zif-6-sii'ran), a. and h. [< Xiplio- 
siirn + -an.'] I. a. Of or pertaining to the 
XipUosiira, as a horseshoe-crab. 
II. H. A member of the group .Vip/io.'<M)'( ,■ a 
xiphosure. 
xiphosnre (zif'o-sflr), «. One of the Xiph^isuni, 
as a horseshoe-crab. 
XiphosnroUS (zif-O-su'rus), (I. [< Xijiliii.fiini + 
-o».v.] Same as xiphosuran. 
XiphotentMs (zif-6-tu'this), ». [NL., < Gr. 
^iV<;f, sword, + TciA'f, squid.] A genus of be- 
lemnites, characterized by a very long, nar- 
row, deeply <;haml)ered pliragmacone. Only a 
single species is known, from the Lias. See 
lielemnitidse. 
Xiphotirygon (zlf-o-tn'gon), «. [NL. (Cope. 
1879), < Gr. iiipor, sword, + Ti>v)iliv, a sting-ray.] 
In iriilli., a genus of I'lasnioVjranchiate fishes, of 
tlic family Tryginiidie. 
Xiphnra (zi-fu'ril), «. pi. The more proper form 
of Xiphisura. 
7003 
xiphurons (zi-fu'ms), a. [< Gr. f/'^of, sword, + 
oi'pa, tail.] Ha\'ing a long shai-p telson like a 
dagger, as the king-crab ; of or pertaining to the 
Xiphosura or Xiphura; xiphosuran. See cut 
under horseshoe-crab. 
Xiphydrla (zi-fid'ri-ii), «. [NL. (Latreille, 1802), 
< Gr. iupidpcov, a kind of shell-fish, < f 'i/>of , sword. ] 
In entom., a notable genus of hymenopterous 
insects, of the family i'roceridse, or typical of a 
family Xiphydriidec, having the ovipositor con- 
Wliite-horned Caiiiel-w.^sp ^XipJtytiria albicDrttis). female, 
twice natural size. 
siderably exserted, the neck elongate, and cer- 
tain peculiar venational characters. Ten North 
American and three European species are known. .V. 
camelus and X. dromedarius are British species, known 
as camel-waxps from their long neck. The white-horned 
camel-wasp is X. atbict>mis. They are found commonly 
in willows and hedges. Also Xyphy€ria, Xyphidria. 
Xiphydriidse (zif-i-dri'i-de), «. pi. [NL., also 
Xiphydriadee (heach, 1819), Xiphydrida, Xyphy- 
driites, etc.; < Xiphydria + -idle!] A family of 
hymenopterous insects, named from the genus 
Xiphi/dria, now merged in {'roceridee. 
Xiricutliys (zi-rik'this), n. Same aaXi/riehthys. 
De Kay, 1842. 
X-leg (eks'leg), «. Knock-knee. [Kare.] 
xoanon (zo'a-non), n. ; pi. xoana (-nii). [< Gr. 
iuavm; a carved image, < ^ieiv, scrape, carve, 
especially in wood.] In ««<■. dr. art, a work 
of sculpture of the most ancient and primitive 
class, rudely fonned in wood, the eyes being 
generally represented closed, and the limbs, 
when indicated at all, extended stiffly. The ex- 
amples of tliese statues, representing deities, which were 
preservcfl in Greek historic times, were looked upon witli 
much veneration as divine gifts fallen from heaven ; they 
were usually cloaked with precious stutfs and ricli em- 
broideries. No specimen survives, but represenUttions of 
these old works are found on paiiiteil v.ases. Tile term 
is sometimes applied attriliutively t^i primitive statues in 
stone advanced Iiut little beyond the wooden pro 
t4»types, as the xoanon statue discovered l>y the 
Frencli in Delos. .See cut utnlvr paltadium. 
Xolmi8(zol'mis),H. [NL.(Boie,1828); also 
Xohnus (Swainson).] A genus of South 
American tyrant-flycatchers: a synonym 
Ijoth of Tienioplera and of Fluricola. 
XOnaltite (zo-nal'tit ), n. [< Xonalta (see 
def.) + -ite'i.] In mineral., a hydrous silicate 
of calcium, occumng in massive fonn of n 
white or bluish-gray color. It is found at Te- 
tela de Xonalta in Mexico. 
Xorides (zor'i-dez), H. [NL. (Latreille, 1809).] 
A genus of hymenopterous parasites, of the ich- 
neumonid subfamily I'impliuee, or giving name 
to an unused family Xorididie, having the face 
narrowed, the cheeks tubereulate behind the 
eves, and the tibia? and tarsi long and slender. 
T)ie species are peculiar tfl nortltern regions, 14 having 
been descrilieil from northern Eurojie, including 1 from 
Lapland, and 4 from Briti.^h America. 
Xoridldaet (zo-rld'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Xorides 
+ -idfe.] A family of liymenoptorous insects, 
named by Shuokard in 1840 from the genus 
X()rides,\mt now included in Irhncumonida: It 
has not even sulifainily rank, its characters being shared 
liy a iiiimlier of genera of Pimi>tiH/e. 
XX, XXX. Symbols or designations noting 
ale of certain (|ualities or degrees of strength, 
derived originally from marks on the brewers' 
casks. Compare A', .'). 
Xya (zi'il), H. [NL. (Latreille, 1809), < Gr. il^en', 
scrape, smooth, polish.] A genus of mole- 
crickets, of the orthopterous family dnjllida', 
having filiform ten-jointed antennie and fosso- 
rial front legs. The species are mainly trnjiical ; but 
one is Kuropeari and one {X. apieatis)U North American. 
Also called TrUUirtylus and Rtttj/iptprr/x. 
Xyela (zi-e'lii), «. [NL. (Dalnian, 1819), < Gr. 
ivipt), a plane or ras]), < Sinv, scrape.] A genus 
of saw-flies, of the hymenopterous family Ten- 
Ihredinidie, giving name to the subfamily Xye- 
linie, and having the fciurth and following joints 
of the antenna' long, slender, and lilifiiriii. The 
species arc small and havt- a remarkably long ovipositor. 
One Nortli American and tlirce European .species are 
Xylina 
known. The generic name has recently been ascertained 
to be a synonym of Pintrola (Br^bisson, 1818). 
Xyelinse (zi-e-li'ne), H. /)/. [NL., < Xyela + 
-inee.] A subfamily of the hymenopterous 
family Tenthrcdinidee, founded on the genus 
Xyela, and having the antennae nine- to thir- 
teen-jointed, irregular, third joint very long, 
anterior wings with three marginal and four 
submarginal cells, and ovipositor long. Also 
Xyelidas, Xyelidcs, Xyelites. 
^lanthrax (zi-lan'thraks), n. [NL., < Gr. fi- 
/-ov, wood, + avdpa^, coal.] Woodcoal: in dis- 
tinction from lithanthrax. 
Xyleboms (zi-leb'o-ras), n. [NL. (Eiehoff, 
1864), < Gr. iv?.!i,Upoc, eating wood,< f I'v'.oi', wood, 
+ fiopoc, devouring.] A notable genus of bark- 
boring beetles, of the family Scolytidse, having 
the antennal funicle five-jointed, the club sub- 
globose and subannulate, the tarsi with the 
first three joints subeqnal and simple, and the 
tibije with the outer edge curved and finely 
serrate. About 75 species are known, of which 14 inhabit 
Nortli America. .V. diapar is common to Europe and 
North America. It is known in tlie United States and 
Canada as the pin-borer, shot-borer, and pear-blight beetle. 
See these words, and cuts under pin-borer and u-ood-en- 
graver. 
xylem (zi'lem), II. [Irreg. < Gr. (i'?.ov, wood.] 
In hot., that part of a fibrovascular bundle 
which contains duets or traeheids — that is, the 
woody part, as distinguished from the jihloem, 
or bast part. Compare phloem. See protoxy- 
lem, leptoxylem. 
xylene (zi'len), n. [< Gr. ^v7.ov, wood, + -ene.] 
Any one of the three raetameric dimethyl ben- 
zines CrH4 (CHg)2. They are volatile, inflam- 
mable liquids obtained from wood-spirit and 
from coal-tar. Also xylol, xylolc. 
Xylesthia (zi-les'thi-ii), «. [NL. (Clemens, 
1859), < (jtr. fi'/.oi', wood, 4- iaftieiv. eat.] A pe- 
culiar genus of North American tineid moths, 
allied to tkhsenheimeriii and Hapsifera of the 
European fauna, .v. prtmiramiella, the type, feeds as 
a larva upon tlie black-knot of the plum {Sphferia mor- 
bosa\ and the larva of A"", clemensella feeds upon dead 
locnst-timlit-r. 
Xyletinus (/.il-i -ti'nus), «. [NL. (^Latreille, 
1829), irreg. < Gr. ^v'aoi-, wood, + NL. I'tinus, 
q. v.] A genus of coleopterous insects, of the 
family Ptinidsc, comprising about 30 species, 
and very widely distributed. The elytra are striate 
and the aiitcnmo serrate with joints nine to eleven, not 
elongate. Seven species occur in Nortli America, as X. 
pubescent. 
Xyleutes (zi-hi'tez), «. [NL. (Hiibner. 1816), 
< (ir. ii'?.(i'f, a wood-cutter, < ii'?.ov, wood.] A 
Comition Locust liorcr (.rj'/''"'' 
genus of moths, of the family Cossidsp. X. rohi- 
ni;e is the common locust-borer of the United 
States. See also cut under earprnter-motli. 
Xylbarmonica (zil-hiir-mon'i-ka), )(. [< Gr. 
fi'v'-oi', wood, + E. harnioniea.] An enlarged and 
improveil form o£ the xylosistron (which see). 
Xylia (zil'i-ii), ». [NL. (Bentham, 1852), so 
called from the wooily pod; < Gr. ^ilor, wood.] 
A genus of leguminous trees, of the tribe Eumi- 
moseir. it is characterized by a liroadly falcate com- 
pressed woody two-valved pod witli transverse obovate 
seeds. The only species, .V. dotabriformis (fornieriy Inga 
xylocarpa), isatail tree of tropical Asia, iirodncing a hanl 
wood and bearing bipinnate leaves of only two pinna", tiiese 
with four or five pairs of lar^e leailets and an odd one. 
The small iiale-green flowers arc condensed Into globose 
heads which form terminal laremes or axillary clusters. 
It is known as the ironn-ood of Pegu, or by its Burmese 
name, pgengadu (which scej. 
xylidine (zil'i-din), «. Htimo an xi/lnidinr. 
Xylina (zil'i-nii), «. [NL. (Tn'itsi'likc, ]S2(i), < 
Gr. ^r'/u'ot;, of wood. < Jfr/or, wood.] A geiuis of 
noi^tuid moths, giving name to the Xyliiiida', 
and having the male anteniue simple, the pro- 
boscis short, the boiiy roliust,aiid the fore wings 
rounded at tlie aiiex. riic larvie usually live on trees, 
and the pnpie are snbterraneaii. The gnnis is represented 
in nil parts of the woild, and the sjiecies muiilier about .SO, 
