Xylina 
of which 8 are European ami about 20 North American. 
X. citierea, of the United States, is called the ash-<jraii pill- 
ion, and its larva bores into green apples and peaches, and 
Ash-gray Pinio.. ^^.^ -,. 
u, lan-a, borinp into a peach ; l>, moth. 
feeds upon the U iliage of various trees. Tliree of the British 
species are fancifully named respectively the conformist, 
X furcifera (A', wi^ormis), tlie nonconformist, A', lamb- 
da, tiuAiW gray shoulder-lcnot, X omlthopiis. 
Xylinidae (zl-lin'i-de), «. pi. [NL. (Guen6e, 
18152), < Xijliiui + -irfcE.] A family of noctuids, 
named from the genus Xylitia, many of which 
are known as shark-moths, Tliey have the antenna; 
almost always simple, well-developed palpi, thorax robust, 
wings oblong, with longitudinal marltings, and somewhat 
plicated when at rest, giving the insect an elongated ap- 
pearance. Tile family includes about 20 genera. 
xylobalsamum (zi-lo-Tjal'sa-miim), n. [< L. 
j-ijlohaJsumnm, < Gr. ^flopd/.aafiov, the wood of 
the balsam-tree, < ^i/-ov, wood, + :3a/-aa/ioi; bal- 
sam.] 1. The wood, or particularly the dried 
twigs, of the balm-of-Gilead tree, Comniiphovd 
Opohdlsamnm. Tlie wood is heavy, pinkisli, and fra- 
grant A decoction of it, as also of tlie fruit {carpobalsa- 
mum), is given in the East as a carminative, etc. 
2. Tlie balsam obtained by decoction from this 
wood. 
Xylobius (/.i-16'bi-us), n. [NL., < Gr. ^'iT-xiv, 
wood. + liio;, life.] 1. A genus of beetles, of 
the family Jiiicnemidas. named by Latreille in 
1834, and containing two European species. 
Also called Xijlopliilus. — 2. A genus of fossil 
chilognath myriapods. Dawson, 1859. 
Xylocarp (zi'lo-karp), n. [< Gr. fi'/or. wood, 
+ Kaf)-6(. fruit.] In hot., a hard and woody 
fruit. 
xylocarpOUS(zi-lo-kar'pus),n. [As xylocarp + 
-oiis.] Having fruit whicli becomes hard or 
woody. 
xylochlore (zi'lo-klor), n. [< Gr. fv?Mv, wood, + 
x'^-up6(, greenish-yellow.] An olive-green crys- 
talline mineral, closely resembling apophyllite, 
if not a variety of it. 
Xylocopa (zi-iok'o-pii), n. [NL. (Latreille, 
1802), < Gr. ^'I'/.nv, wood, + -ftOTrof, < noirTtiv, 
cut.] An extensive genus of solitary bees, con- 
taining many of those large species known 
as carpenter-bees. They resemble bumblebees, from 
which they differ in having tlie abdomen usually naked, 
and in important venational characters. Their liurrows 
Virginian Carpenter-bee i,JC^locafi(i virj^tni/a). 
e, hint! tarsus of female carpenter-bee ; c, hind tardus of buml»lebee. 
are f(^»rmed in solid wood, and their cells are separated by 
partitions usually made of agglutinated sawdust, and 
provisioned witli pollen. .Six species occur in Europe and 
nine in Xortli America. X. viotacea is tlie common Euro- 
pean species, and .V. viryinica tlie common one in the 
t'nited States. See also carpenter-bee (with cut). 
Xylocopus (zMok'o-pu8), n. [NL. (Gabanis, 
1863), < Gr. ^i'/.ov, wood, -\- -kotzoi;, < KOTntiv, 
cut.] A genus of woodpeckers, such as I'icus 
Minor and /'. major, respectively the lesser and 
greater spotted woodpeckers of Europe: gener- 
ally considered a synonym of I'icus proper. See 
Diiidrocopyis, 'l, au<l cut under Picks. 
xylogen (zi'lo-jen), n. [< Gr. ii''/.ov, wood, -I- -yi- 
v?/r, producing.] 1. Same as liynin. — 2. Wood 
or xylem in a formative state. 
xylograph (zi'lo-graf), n. [< Gr. ^i/ov. wood, 
-i- }fmif'iv, engrave, write.] 1. (a) An en- 
graving on wood. (I)) An impression or print 
from a wood-block. In botli senses tlie term is 
most coinnionl}- applied to old work, especially 
to that of the very earliest period. — 2. A me- 
chanical <^opy of the grain of wood, executed 
V>y a method of nature-printing, and used as a 
7004 
surface decoration. The wood to be copied is treated 
chemically so that the grain remains in relief and serves 
tu give an impression in a suitable pigment. 
xylographer (zi-log'ra-fer), n. [< xijloyruph-y 
-¥ -<')•!.] An engraver on wood, especially one 
of the earliest wood-engravers, as of the fif- 
teenth century. 
xylographic (zMo-graf'ik), a. [< xylograph-y 
+ -if.] Of or pertaining to xylography; cut in 
or on wood. 
Some of these changes of form, otherwise inexplicable, 
since they are from simpler and easier forms to others 
more comjilicated and seemingly more difficult, can be 
readily accounted for by the fact that the runes were es- 
sentially a xylographic script. 
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, TI. 221. 
xylographical (zi-16-graf'i-kal), a. [< xylo- 
graphic + -«/.] Same as xylographic. 
Xylographus (zi-log'ra-fus), n. [NL. (Dejean, 
1834): see xylograph. Ji A genus of coleopterous 
insects of the family Oioidee, distinguished 
mainly by the structure of the legs. About a 
t'.ozen species are known, most of which are Soutli Ameri- 
. can. Two, however, are from southern Europe, one is from 
Algeria, and one from Madagascar. 
xylography (zMog'ra-fi), «. [= F. xylographic ; 
< Gr. ^i-'/.on, wood, -I- -ypa'pla, < ypd^eiv, engrave, 
write. Of. ^v'/.nypatptiv, write on wood.] 1. 
Engraving on wood: a word used only by bib- 
liographers, and chiefly for the woodcut work 
of the fifteenth century. — 2. A process of dec- 
orative painting on wood. A selected pattern or de- 
sign is drawn on wood and is tlien engraved, or the design 
is reproduced on zinc by the ordinary method. An elec- 
trotype cast is taken from the woodcut or zinc plate, and 
smooth surfaces of wood are printed from the electrotype, 
under a regulated pressure, with pigments prepared for 
the purpose. The color penetrates the wood, leaving no 
outside film, and after being French polished, or covered 
with a tlnid enamel, the wood may be washed, scrubbed, 
or even sandpapered without destroying the pattern. 
Ure. 
Xyloid (zi'loid), a. [< Gr. ^v7.oeiiM/i;, like wood, 
(. ^ii'/.ov, wood, + ehhg, form.] Woody; of the 
nature of, resembling, or pertaining to xylem 
or wood ; ligneous. 
xyloidine (zi-loi'din), n. [As xyloid -h -(«e2.] 
An explosive compound (CgHgNOy) produced 
by the action of strong nitric acid upon starch 
or woody fiber. It somewhat resembles gun- 
cotton in its nature. Also called xylidine. 
xylol, Xylole (zi'lol, zi'161), n. [< Gr. iiiop, 
wood, -t- L. oleum, oil.] Same as xylene. 
Xyloma (zi-16'mii), «. ; pi. xylomata (-ma-til). 
[XL., < Gr. ^i-'/.iiv, wood, + -owa.] In liot., a 
scleriotoid body in certain fungi which produces 
sporogenous structures in its interior. 
Xylomelum (zi-lo-me'lum), »(. [NL. (Smith, 
1798), so called from the woody apple-like fruit ; 
< Gr. ^i?-ov, wood. + fiij/.ov, apple.] A genus 
of apetalous plants, of tlie order I'roteaceee and 
tribe (1 rcrilleese. It is characterized by opposite leaves, 
densely spicate flowers, an ovary with two ovules later- 
ally affixed, and a hard, nearly indehiscent, somewhat 
ovoid fruit. The 5 species are all Australian. They are 
trees or tall shrubs, with opposite entire or spiny-toothed 
leaves. The flowers are of medium size, sessile in pairs 
under the bracts of a dense spike, which is commonly per- 
fect below, but in tlie upper pai-t sterile. The spikes are 
opposite or axiilary, or crowded into a terminal cluster 
which finally becomes lateral. X. pyrtforme, the wooden- 
pear tree of New South Wales, is remarkable for its fruit, 
which is exactly like a common pear in size and shape, 
but attached by the broad end and composed of a hard 
woody substance diflicult to cut ; when ripe it splits length- 
wise, discharging a flat winged seed. The tree grows 
from 20 to 40 feet high, 6 to 8 inches in diameter, pro- 
ducing a dark-reddish wood, used in cabinet-work. 
Xylomiges (zi-lom'i-,iez), H. [NL. (Guen^e, 
1852, as Xylomygcs), < Gr. iv/.ofiiyi/c, mixed with 
wood, < ^i?.ov, wood, -f- fii} vi'vai, mix.] A genus 
of noetuid moths, of the family Apamidee, com- 
prising species of moderate size, robust body, 
short proboscis, and palpi hardly reacliiug 
above tlie liead. The genus is wide-spread, but con- 
tains only about a dozen species, of which 9 inhabit the 
United States. See silver-cloud. 
xylonite (zi'lo-nit), «. [Irreg. < Gr. ^i?-ov, wood, 
+ -itc.] Same as celhdoid. 
Xylonomus (zi-lon'o-mus), n. [NL. (Graven- 
horst, 1829), < Gr. !;v7.ov, wood, + vF/j.eiv, graze, 
feed.] An important genus of hymenopterous 
parasites, of the ichneumonid subfamily Pim- 
pliuic, having very long legs and antenna?, and 
the marginal cell of the fore wing extending 
nearly to the aiiex of the wing. The species are 
r.ather large, are wide-spread, and are parasitic upon the 
larvse of the larger wood-boring beetles, .^ueli as the Ceram- 
bijridse ; 1.5 are known in Europe, and 9 have been de- 
scribed from the United States. 
xylopal (zi-16'pal). n. [< Gr. ^!'7.ov, wood, + 
o-(i///or, opal.] Same as uood-opal. 
Xylophagai (zi-lof'a-ga), «. [NL. (Turton. 
1822), < Qr. fi'/.o^ii; or, wood-eating, <fr/-ot>, wood, 
-¥ iperitiv.eni.'] 1. A genus of boritig bivalves, 
xylophone 
of the family Pholadidse, as X. dorsalis. — 2. 
[/. c] A member of this genus. 
Xylophaga looks like a very short ship-worm, making 
burrows in floating wood, against the grain, alxiut an inch 
long. P. P. Carpenter, Lectures on MolluBca(lS«lX p. 99. 
Xylophaga^ (zi-lof'a-gii), «. pi. [NL. : see 
XylopjItaga^.J 1. A series of Hymenoptera di- 
trocha, in Hartig's classification (1837), con- 
taining only the family Vroeeridie: distin- 
guished from the Phyllophaga on the one hand 
and the Parasitica on the other. Compare these 
two words. — 2. A group of rhyncnophorous 
insects. Motschuhlnj, 1845. 
xylophagan (zi-lof'a-gan), a. and n. [< Xy- 
lophaga + -an. 1 I. a. In en toJH., of or pertain- 
ing to the Xylophaga, in either sense. 
II. n. A member of the Xylophaga, in either 
sense. 
xylophage (zi'lo-faj), «. [< Xylophagm.'i A 
xylophagous insect. [Rare.] 
Wood yellowish, ... of a somewhat unequal coarse 
fiber, soon attacked by xylophages. 
Kurz, Flora Brit. Burmah. 
Xylophagi (zi-lof 'a-ji), «. pi. [NL., pi. of Xy- 
lophagus, q. v.] 1. In Latreille's system of 
classification, the second family of his tetram- 
erous Coleoptera, containing many forms now 
distributed among the Jiostrichidee, Mycetopha- 
gidse, Cioidse, Lathridiidx, Cucujidse, Colydiidse, 
and Trogositidee. — 2. In Meigen's classification, 
same as Xylophagidie. 
Xylophagldse (zi-lo-faj'i-de), n. pi. [NL. 
(Stephens, 1829), < Xylophagus + -idee.} A fami- 
ly of brachycerous dipterous insects, typified by 
tlie genus Xylophagus. They have the costal vein en- 
compaflsjng the entire wing, and the tibiae spurred. Their 
larvaj live in dead and decaying wood, and the adults are 
found most commonly on tree-trunks in higli places in the 
woods. About 60 species are known. Compare Berida. 
xylophagous (zi-lofa-gus), a. [< Gr. iv/ixpdyoi, 
wood-eating, < ^i?m', wood, + (jxiyeiv, eat.] 1. 
Wood-eating; habitually feeding upon wood; 
lignivorous, as an insect. See Vis (with cut). — 
2. Perforating and destroying as if eating tim- 
ber, as a moUusk or a crustacean. 
Xylophagus (zi-lofa-gus), «. [NL. (Meigen, 
1803) : see xylophagous. ] The typical genus of 
Xylophagidse. The larvie live in ganieu-mold or under 
the hark of decaying trees, and the aitult flies are remark- 
able for their resemblance to certain hymenopterous in- 
sects. They are i-ather large, almost naked, blue or black 
in color, often with a broad brownish band on the abdomen. 
A dozen or more species are known, of which eight are 
North American. Also incoiTectly Xitopltagvg (Latreille, 
1829). 
Xylophasia (zi-lo-fa'si-a), n. [NL. (Stephens, 
1829), < Gr. fi'/or. wood, + 0dmf, an appear- 
ance.] A genus of noetuid moths, of the family 
Apamidie, allied to Xylomiges, but having the 
palpi reaching above the head. X. hepatica is the 
cloutled brindle-moth. A', polyodon is the dark arches, 
exiianding about 2 inches. Many of the species ftfmierly 
included in this genus are now placed in Hadena and Ma- 
vxestra. 
Xylophilan (zi-lof 'i-lan), «. [< Xylophili + -on.] 
Any member of the Xylophili. 
Xylophili <zi-lof'i-li), h. pi. [NL. (Latreille, 
1825), pi. of Xylojihihis: see rylophilous.'j A 
group of scarabseoid beetles, including several 
genera of the modern family Scaraieeidse : cor- 
responding to the families Dynastidae and Pu- 
telidsp of Macleay. 
xylophilous (zi-lof'i-lus), a. [< NL. Xylophilus, 
< Gr. ^i'/Mv. wood, + (fi'/.tiv, love.] Fond of wood, 
as an insect; living or feeding upon wood. 
Xylophilus (zi-lof'i-lus), w. [NL. (Latreille, 
1825): see xylophilous.'] 1. A genus of small 
beetles, of the family Anthicida?. It is represented 
in many parts of the world, and comprises more than 40 
species, of whicli 16 are found in the Unitetl States, as 
X. metuheimeri, remarkable in that the males have fial)el- 
late antenna;. 
2. Same as Xylobius, 1. Mannerheim. 
xylophone (zi'lo-fon), n. [< Gr. ^v7j>v, wood, + 
ifuvii. voice.] A musical instrument consisting 
of a graduated series of wooden bars, often sup- 
ported on bands of straw, and sounded by means 
Xylophone. 
of small wooden hammers or by rubbing with 
rosined gloves. The tone is often agreeable 
and effective. Also aigelira, sticcada. and straw- 
fiddle. 
