young 
God forbid I should be so bold to press to heaven in my 
yoiitig days. Shak., Tit. And., iv. 3. 91. 
King Edward the sixt, being of young yeres, but olde in 
wit. Puttenkam, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 158. 
7, Junior: applied to the yoiiuger of two per- 
sons, especially when they have the same name 
or title : as, young Mr. Thomas Kay called with 
a message from his father. [Colloq.] — 8. 
Newly or lately arrived. [Australia.] 
So says I, " You're rather young there, a'n't you ? I was 
by there a fortnight ago." 
H. Kingsley, Geotfry Hamlyn, p. 33. 
The Young Pretender. See pretender, Z, — Young 
America, the rising generation in the United States. 
[Colloq.] — Young beer. See schenk beer, under heeri.— 
Young blood. See Woorf.— Young England, a group 
of Tory politicians, chiefly recruited from the younger 
members of the aristocracy, who, about 1844, opposed 
free trade and radicalism, and advocated the restoration 
of the supposed former condition of things. Among their 
leaders were Disraeli and Lord Jolni Manners.— Young 
flood, fustic, hyson, ice. See the nouns.— Young Ire- 
land, a group of Irish politicians and agitators, active 
about 1840-50, wlio were at first adherents of O'Coiuiell, 
but were separated from him through their advocacy of 
physical force, and took part in the rising of 1848.— Young 
Italy, an association of Italian republican agitators, ac- 
tive alH)ut 18;i4, under the lead of Mazzini. Analogous 
republican groups in other countries were called Young 
Germany, Young Poland, and Young France, and these 
republican associations collectively were known as Young 
Europe. 
II. ti. Offspring collectively. 
The egg that soon 
Bursting with kindly rupture forth disclosed 
Tlieir callow young.' Milton, P. L., vii. 42U. 
Tlie mother-linnet in the brake 
Bewails her ravish 'd young. 
Bums, A Mother's Lament. 
With youJlg, pregnant ; gravid. 
So many days my ewes have been urith young. 
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 5. 35. 
Young of the year, in omitk., specifically, birds which 
have left the nest and acquired their first plumage. Most 
birds hatch in summer, and, after putting off the down- 
feathers cliaracteristic of the nestling, acquire a special 
first feathering ; and as long as this is worn, or initil the 
first true molt, tliey are young of the year, without regard 
to the length of time this plumage may be worn, as it is 
always replaced by the following spring. 
youngert (yung'ger), n. [< ME. yonger, monger, 
giingrcj singre, etc. , < AS. gyngray gingra, gengra 
(= 0. jiinger, etc.)? a follower, disciple, lit. a 
younger person (as distinguished from yldra, 
an eliler), compar. of geong, giiutg^ iu^Hh young: 
aeayDunq.'] A young person ; a disciple. Shal'., 
M. of V.\ ii, 6. 14 (quartos). 
youngerly (yung'ger-li), a. [< younger^ com- 
par. of youug, + -/;/!, after cUlerhj.'] Somewhat 
young; below middle age. [Colloq., U. S.] 
Tiie life-blood of Christendom flows in the veins of her 
youngerly men. Church Union, Jan. 11, 1868. 
young-eyed (^-ung'id), a. Having the fresh, 
briglit eyes or look of youth. 
Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubins. 
Shak., M. of v., V. 1. 62. 
youngheadt (yung'hed), w. [< ME. youghede; 
< young + -head.'] Youtli. 
Elde was paynted after this, 
Thatshorter was a fote, iwys, 
Than she was wont in her yonghede. 
Horn, of the Ro)>e, 1. 351. 
Young-Helmholtz theory of color. See color. 
youngling (yung'liui;), u. and (t. |< ME. .yox/y- 
(ing, S^mgliiig, ^ungliug, < AS. gcongUng (=z OHG. 
juugeling), a voung man, < gcong, young, + -Hug, 
E. -//////!.] J, n. 1. A young person ; a youth 
or child. 
Due privilege allow'd, we all should go 
Before, and she, the youngling, come beliind. 
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iv. 10. 
2. Any young thing, as an animal, a plant, etc.; 
anything immature, undeveloped, or recent. 
More dear unto their God then younglings to tlieir dam. 
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 57. 
Speak, whimp'iing younglings, and make known 
Tlie reason why 
Ye drooj) and weep. 
lien-ick, To Primroses Fill'd witli Morning Dew. 
3. A novice: a new-comer; a beginner. 
Tills Naaman was but an youngling in God's religion. 
J. Bradford, Works (I'arker Hoc, 1853), II. 388. 
II. a. Youthftd; young. 
The monntain rav«:n'8 yonm/Ung brood 
Have left the mother and lite nest. 
Wordsiforth, Idle Sliephcrd-boys. 
The frequent chequer of !i voun'iling tree. 
KeatH, I St^jod Tiptoe upon a Little Hill. 
youngly (yung'li), a. [< ME. c'^ngly, vunglich, 
< AS. gronglie, < geottg^ young, + -Ite, E. -??/!.] 
Voutliful. 
Hum men clepen it the Wellu of Zouthe : for thci that 
ofttij (Jrynken there of wemen alle weys Zongly, and lyven 
with outen Sykenesse. Mande'nlle, Travels, p. 169. 
7024 
youngly (yung'li), adv. [< young + -/2/2.] In 
youth; as a youth. 
How youngly he began to serve his counti-y. 
Shak., Cor., ii. 3. 244. 
youngness (yung'nes), 71. [< young 4- -ness.] 
The condition of being young. Cudwortk. 
Young's modulus. See modulus. 
youngster (yung'ster), n. [< young + -ster.'] 1 . 
A young person ; a lad : sometimes applied also 
to young animals, especially horses. 
For Adon's sake, a youngster proud and wild. 
Shak., Passionate Pilgrim, 1. 120. 
A youngster at school, more sedate than the rest. 
Cowper, Pity for Poor Africans. 
With the exception of her fidl sister, . . . this filly is 
considered the highest bred trotting youngster now on the 
American continent. 
yew York Evening Post, June 28, 1889, 
2. A junior officer in a company, battery, or 
troop. [Familiar and colloq.] 
youngtht (yungth), n. [Early mod. E. yongth ; 
< ME. yongth, ^ongthe, gungthe; < young + -th^. 
Cf. youth, an older word of the same ult. ele- 
ments.] Youth. 
The lusty yongth of mans might. 
Gower, Conf. Amant. (ed. 1554), p. clxviii. 
The ntornefuU Muse in myrth now list ne niaske, 
As shee was wont in youngth and sommer dayes. 
Spenser, Shep. Cal., November. 
youngthlyt (yungth'li), a. [Formerly yongthly : 
< youngth + ~ly^.~\ Youthful. 
He breathlesse did remahie, 
And all his yongthly forces idly spent. 
Spenser^ Muiopotmos, 1. 431. 
younker (yung'k^r), h. [Formerly also yonker 
(= Sw. Dan. junker); < Ml>. joncker, D.jonker 
= MLG. junker, jnnchery LG. junker = MHG. 
junker^ junkher, junckher, jonker, G. junker, a 
young gentleman, a young man ; contracted 
and reduced to the form of a derivative in -er, < 
D. jonkheer = hGr. jungheer = MHG. juncherref 
juncherre, G. jungherr, junger H&rr, young gen- 
tleman: see young and herre^, herr. Cf. G. 
jungfer^ similarly reduced ivom jungfrau.~\ If. 
A young man of condition; a young gentleman 
or knight. 
Amongst the rest, there was a jolly knight ; . . . 
But that same younker scone was overthrowne. 
Spenser, F. Q., IV. i. 11. 
Ulysses slept there, and close by 
The other younkers. Chapman, Odyssey, xiv. 
2. A young person; a lad; a youngster. 
Pagget, a school-boy, got a sword, and then 
He vow'd destruction both to birch and men ; 
Who wo'd not think this yonker fierce to fight? 
Herrick, Vpon Pagget. 
It was a pleasure to see the sable younkers lick in the 
unctuous meat. Lamb, Chiinney-Sweepers. 
The juveniles and yvunkers in the town. 
S. Judd, Margaret, i. 0. 
3t. A novice; a simpleton; a dupe. 
What, will you make a younker of me? shall I not take 
mine ease in mine inn but I shall have my pocket picked? 
Shak,, 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3. 92. 
Ang. Is he your brother, sir? 
Eunt. Yes.— Would he were buried! 
I fear he'll make an ass of me, a younker. 
Fletcher (and another). Elder Brother, iii. 5. 
4. Same an Junker. 
youpon (yo'pon), n. Same as yapon. 
your (yor), pron. l{a) < ME. your^ s^^'''^-, E^ure, 
^ure, iour, cower, < AS. eower (= OS. iuwar = 
OHG. iuu-er = Goth, izwora), gen. of ge (dat. 
ace. cow), you: see ye'^, you. (h) < ME. your, 
sour, goure, 7owre, iour, owcr, our, coure, eowre, 
eowcr, < AS. cdwer = OS. inward hnca = OFries. 
imve, etc., = Goth, izwar, poss. pron.: see (a), 
above.] At. pers. pron. Of you: the original 
genitive of yc'^, you. 
Sitthen I am ,-^oure aire hefd [i. e., liead of you all], 
icli am o""^'''^ aire hele [salvation]. 
Piers Plowman (C), xxii. 47S. 
B. poxs. pron. If. Of you; belonging to you; 
used predicatively: now replaced by yours, 
I wolde pcnnute [change] my penaunce with .ycHTe. 
Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 110. 
1 . . . mot ben 2/o«re whil that my lyf may dure. 
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 642. 
An<l she ansuerde, "I am yoiere and the childe youre, 
tlierfore do with me and with hvni voure will." 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 89. 
2. Belonging to you: possessive and adjective 
in use, i)receding the noun. While plural in form 
and original meaning, it is now commonly also used, like 
the nominative you, in addressing an individual. 
"I haue no kyiule knowyng," quod I, " to conceyue alle 
,;o%ire wordes." Piers Plonman (B), viii. 57. 
Promise nnto the Lord your God, and keep it, all ye that 
are round about him. 
Book of Common Prayer, Psalter, Ps. Ixxvi. 11. 
youth 
I leave It [the poem] to your honourable Burvey, and 
your honour to your heart's content. 
5fta*., Venus and Adonis, Ded. to the Earl of Southampton. 
[Your was used formerly to denote a class or species well 
known. This use survives as an archaism, and now often 
adds a slurring or humorous significance. 
Your serpent of Egypt is bred now of your mud by the 
operation of your sun. Shak., A. and C, II. 7. 29. 
Your great Philosophers have l)ceu voluntarily poor. 
BurtoHj Anat. of MeL, p. 352.] 
yoxirn (yom), pron. Yours. [Prov. Eng. and 
U. S.] 
yours (yorz), jtron. [< ME. youres, goureSj etc, ; 
with added poss. suf&x, as in ours, theirs, etc. : 
see your.] That which belongs or those which 
belong to you: the possessive used without a 
following noun. Preceded by of, it is equivalent to 
the personal pronoun you : as, a friend of yours. Compare 
the similar phrases made with the other possessivea in 
the independent form. 
Ye cruell one! wlxat glory can be got 
In slaying him tliat would live gladly yours! 
Spenser, Sonnets, Ivif. 
What 's mine is yours and what is yours is mine. 
Shak., M. for M., v. 1. 543. 
Yours is no love, Faith and Religion fly it 
Fletcher, Wife for a Mouth, t 1. 
If by Fate yours only must be Empire, then of necessitie 
oiu-8 among the rest must be subjection. 
Milton, Hist Eng., iL 
[Yours is sometimes used in specific senses without refer- 
ence to a noun previously mentioned : (a) Your prop- 
erty. (6) Tlie persons belonging to you ; your friends or 
relatives. 
Bothe to me & to niyne mykull vnright. 
And to yow & also yours gomeryng [mourning] for ener. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.X L 1722. 
O God, I fear thy justice will take hold 
On me, and you, and mine, and yours for this ! 
Shak., Rich. III., it 1. 132. 
(c) Your letter : as, 7/owr* of the 16th Inst is at hand. 
I have yours just now of the 19th. 
Swift, To Dr. Sheridan, July 27, 1726w] 
Abbreviated yrs. 
Yours truly, yours to command, etc., phrases of con- 
ventional politeness immediately preceding the signa- 
ture at the end of a letter : hence sometimes used play- 
fully by a speaker in alluding to himself. 
Yours truly, sir, has an eye for a fine woman and a fine 
horse. W. Collins, Armadale, IL 168. {Hoppe.) 
yourself, yourselves (y9r-self%-selvz'),pr(m. 
[< ME. your selven, etc.: see your and self."] An 
emphatic or reflexive form of the second per- 
sonal pronoun, ye, you. Yourself \& used when a sin- 
gle person is addressed (compare ye, your\ and yourselve* 
when more than one. As nominatives, the wortis are used 
for emphasis, either in apposition with you or alone. 
Ye se well your-seluyn the sothe at your egh. 
Hit is no bote here to byde for baret with-oute. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 12333. 
I knowe yow alle aswele orbeterthan ye do youre self . 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iL 141. 
Conversation is but carving; 
Carve for all, yourself is staning. 
Sirift, Verses on a Lady. 
In the objective case yourse^ or yourselves is commonly 
reflexive: when emphatic it is usually in apposition with 
you. Compare himself, herself, etc. 
Call forth your actors by the scroll. Masters, spread 
yourselves, Shak., M. N. D., i 2. 16. 
"Stay then a little," answered Julian, "here, 
And keep yourself, none knowing, to yoursdf." 
Tennyson, Lover's Tale, Golden Supper. 
yourta, yourte, n. French spellings of yurt. 
youse (yoz), n. [E. Ind.] The chetah or hunt- 
ing-leopard, iiuepardus Jubatus. Also youse. 
See cut under cheUih. 
youth (yoth), n. [< ME. youthe, yovhthe, 
iouthe^ ^ouihe, yhouthe, guuethe, gu^ethe, ^eo- 
^uthe, iugethe, etc., < AS. gedgoih, gidguth, 
iugoth = OS. juguth, jugud = J).jeugd = OHG. 
jugund, ^iHG. jugent. G. jugend, youth; with 
abstract formative -th {-oth, etc.). < AS. geong^ 
etc., young: see young. A "restored "form ap- 
pears in youngth.'] 1. The condition of being 
youn«^; youthfulness ; youngness; juvenility. 
These opinions have youth in their countenance; an- 
tiquity knew them not; it never thoufiht nor dreamed of 
them. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vi. 4. 
In fact, tliere 's nothing that keeps its youth, 
So far as I know, but a tree and truth. 
0. W. Holmes, The Deacon's Mastei-piece. 
2. The age from puberty up to the attainment 
of full growth. In a general sense, youth denotes the 
whole early part of life, fn-m infancy to maturity ; bnt it 
is not unusual to divide the stages of life into infancy, 
thildliood. youth, ami manhood. Thus limited, youth in- 
c'niU's that early period of manhood or wonianhootl upon 
which one enters at pnl>erty, with the establishment of 
the sexual functions, and in which cue continues until the 
skeleton is completely ossified by the consolidation of the 
epiphyses of the long bones, so that there is no further in- 
crease in stature, and all the teeth are in permanent func- 
tional position. 
