Zoarces 
Zoarces (zo-ar'sez), n. [NL. (Cuvier, 1829), also 
Zoaraeus, Zoarchus, and Zoarcus, < Gr. L,uapidii;, 
life-supporting, < Qaij, life, + apunv, assist, de- 
fend.] The name-giving genus of Zoarcidse, 
including such species as Z, viviparus, the so- 
called viviparous blenny (formerly Blennius vi- 
viparus). This is a large eelpout, with an elongate 
compressed body, tapering behind, heavy oblong head, a 
large mouth, strong conic teeth in several series, a long low 
dorsal fln some of the hinder rays of which are developed 
as sharp spines, broad pectoral fins, and jugular ventrals of 
three or four soft rays ; the scales are small, not imbri- 
cated, but embedded in the skin. Another species, with 
an increased number of fln-rays and vertebra;, is Z. (Mac- 
rozoarces) anguiUaris, known as mutton-fish and mother of 
eels, found from Labrador to the Middle States, 20 inches 
long, of a reddish-brown color mottled with olive, with a 
dark streak across the cheek. 
Zoarcidse (.zo-ar'si-de), n. pi. [NL., < Zoarces 
+ -irfcB.] A family of fisiies, named from the 
7037 
zoUvereln 
Virgo, Caprlcomus, Sagittarius, Centaurus, and Ophlu- ZOetrope (zo'e-trop), )(. [< Gr. C"'), life, -t- rpo;rof , 
chus ; one (Cepheus) has a barbarian name ; and nearly all 
maybe explained from Babylonian mythology. Two at 
least of the symbols for signs, those of Gemini and Scor- 
pio, much resemble the Babylonian ideographs for the 
corresponding months. Yet the origin of the Bears, Au- 
riga, Pegasus, Lyra, and Corona was probably not Babylo- 
nian. Moreover, certain subjects of common Babylonian 
fable, such as the tree of life, are not found among the 
constellations. It is noticeable that it was about 2300 
B. c. that He and Ho are said to have reformed the Chinese 
calendar and divided the heavens into seasons ; but the 
attempt to connect our constellations with the Chinese 
asterisms has conspicuously failed. The tlgures of the 
Chinese zodiac are Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Serpent, Horse, 
Ram, Ape, Cock, Dog, Pig, Rat, Bull. The zodiac was 
marked out by the ancients as distinct from the rest of 
a turning.] An optical instrument which exhib- 
its pictures as if alive and in action, depending, 
like the thaumatrope,the phenakistoscope, etc., 
on the persistence of vision. It consists of a cylin- 
der open at the top, with a series of slits in its circumfer- 
ence. A series of pictures representing the dilf erent atti- 
tudes successively assumed by an object in performing any 
act from its beginning to its close, as by a horseman in 
leaping a gate or an acrobat in performing a somersault, 
is arranged along the interior circumference. The instru- 
ment is then set in rapid motion, and the person apply- 
ing his eye to the slits sees through them the figure ap- 
f tearing as if endowed with life and activity and perform- 
ng the act intended. Compare mogyroscope Awtizoopraxi- 
iwscope. Also zootropc and wheel ofli^e. 
the heavens because the apparent places of the sun, moon, zoetrOPic (zo-e-trop'ik), a. [< zoeirope ■>r -jc] 
and the Dlanets known to them were always within It. ^ r^F y\ ,.■ __...',' .i.i:,._ ti,. i^Ki, . 
l^codts vahli. one of the Zoarcidse (or Lycodidm'). 
genus Zoarces : now generally called Lyeodidse 
(which see). Also Zoarceidx, Zoarckidm. 
ZOaria, n. Plural of coarium. 
ZOarial (zo-a'ri-al), a. [< :oari-iim + -al] Of 
or pertaining to a zoarium ; composing or com- 
posed of a zoarium. 
zoarium (zo-a'ri-um), n. ; pi. zoaria {-a,). [XL., 
< Gr. l^i^apiov, dim. of i^Cxrv, an animal.] A poly- 
zoary ; the colony or aggregate of the polypides 
of a polyzoan ; the polypidom or polypary of 
the moss-animalcules. 
Zobo (zo'bo), «. [Also zhoho, dsomo, etc., < Tib- 
etan mdzopo, the male, mdzonio, the female of 
the mdzo, a hybrid of the yak and the so-called 
zebu. Cf. zebu.'] A breed of zebu-cattle, sup- 
posed to be a hybrid of the common zebu with 
the yak, reared in the western Himalayan re- 
gion' for its flesh and milk, and also as a beast 
of burden. 
ZOCCO (zok'o), H. [It., < L. .tocciis, sock : see 
KOcA'l, socle.'] A socle. 
ZOCCOlo, ZOcle (zok'o-16, zo'kl), H. [< It. zoc- 
folo, < ZOCCO : see zocco.] A socle. 
zodiac (z6'di-ak), H. [Formerly also corfkjci' ; 
< ME. zodiac, zodiak, < OF. zodiac, zodiaque, F. 
zodiaque = Sp. zodiaco = Pg. It. zodiaco, < L. 
zodiacus, the zodiac (L. orhis sit/nifer), also adj., 
of the zodiac, < Gr. foximkof, the zodiac, prop. 
adj., 'of animals,' sc. /cp'ic/.of , also called 6 kvK^j>( 6 
Tuv (.(fiMuv, or i rCrv l^i^iun xi/t/of, 'the circle of 
animals' (also i} Cu/^tauli, sc. Wof, way), the ref. 
being to the constellations figured as animals ; 
< fvdwv, dim. of Zv^t animal: see zoiin.'] 1. A 
belt of twelve constellations, extending about 
8° on each side of the ecliptic. The constella- 
tlona are T, Aries ; ■■ , Taurus ; n, Gemini ; o. Cancer ; 
H, Leo; i>D, Virgo; ^a. Libra; ni, Scorpio; t, Sagitta- 
rius; s^j. Caprlcomus; .r.-, Aquarius; x, Pisces. The zo- 
diac is also divided into twelve equal parts called signs, 
named after these constellations, and the first point of the 
•ifni Aries begins at the vernal e<iuinox. The alKjve sym- 
bol! refer to the signs. The signs have been carried back 
by the precession of the efpiinoies until they are now 25° 
liehind the correspomling constellations on the average. 
But the position of the vernal equinox was originally, no 
doubt, between Aries and Taurus. There is strong evi- 
dence that the zmliac was fonned at Babylon alwut 2100 
B. c. There is a poetical rlescription of the heavens writ, 
ten by Aratus in Macedonia in latitude al)out 41°, and 
about 270 B. c. But the appearances described were never 
to be seen in that latitude, nor in any latitude in that age. 
Thus, he mentions that tlie head of the Oragon — that is, 
Etamin (y Draconis) — and tlie waist of Cepheus — that is, 
Klcarcs (8 Cephei) — are on the circle of perpetual appari- 
tion. Now, this was true only in the latitude of Babylon, 
WJ' N.. about 2200 B. c. He also describes pretty careful- 
ly the most southerly stars seen, mentioning the star now 
railed the Peacock's eye (a Pavoids), as well as Cunopus 
(a Argus), but saying "that there are no bright stars l>e- 
tween tlie latter and Cetus, so that a Phoenicis must have 
been invisible. Now these descriptions will suit only 
a station of latitude 32° N. to .35" N., and an epoch be- 
tween 1500 B. C. and 2200 B. c. Aratus also describes 
the courses of the tropics among the stars. That of the 
tropic of Cancer best agrees with 2200 B. c, that of the 
tropic of Capricorn with 2IKXP B. c. The equator is also de- 
8cril>ed in a manner which answers perfectly to 2100 B. c. 
Finally, there are twelve descriptions of the appearances 
of the heavens at the rising of each of the constellations of 
thezo<liac. which, whilenot very decisive, are not in posi- 
tive disagreement with the other indications. But there is 
no doubt that the early part of the poem (written long be- 
fore the precession of the equinoxes was suspected) copies 
indirectly early Accadian records. The zodiac was, there- 
fore, formed before 2000 B. c. It cannot have been formed 
very long before, since there is much reason to believe 
that the constellation Aries either contained the sun nr 
rose just before the sun at the time of the vernal equinox. 
Sow, It was about 2100 B. c. when the vernal equinox fell 
upon the last point of Aries, and the other constellations 
were in similar mean positions. Some highly competent 
writers, however, regard the first formation of the zodiac 
as vastly more ancient. .Several of the ancient constella- 
tion figures have a remarkably Babylonian character, as 
442 
and the planets known to them were always 
This, however, does not hold good of all the newly discov- 
ered planetoids. See cuts under constellations named. 
2. Figuratively, a round or circuit; a zone; a 
complete course. 
The Poet . . . goeth hand in hand with Nature, not in- 
closed within the narrow warrant of her guifts, but freely 
ranging onely within the Zodiaek of his owne wit. 
Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie. 
In your yeares zodiacke may you fairely moue, 
Shin'd on by angels, blest with goodness, lone. 
Dekker, Londons Tempe. 
Pertaining to or resembling the zoetrope; 
adapted to or shown by the zoetrope. 
ZOiatria (z6-i-at'ri-a), H. [NL., < Gr. Zi^tov, an 
animal, 4- laTpcia, tealing, < larpeveiv, heal, < 
laTpd;, a physician : see iatric.'\ Veterinary sur- 
gery- 
zoic (zo'ik), a. [< Gr. Cm™?, of animals, < l^uov, 
animal.] Of or pertaining to animals or living 
beings; relating to or characterized by animal 
life; marked by the presence of life. 
3. In l,cr., a bearing representing a part of the Zoilean (zo-il'e-an), a [< L Zoilm, < Gr. 7Mmc, 
imaginary zodiacal circle, forming an arched ;5,oilus (see def . ).] Characteristic of Zoilus, a 
benS^or bend sinister, and with several of the GCeek cntie (about the fourth century B.C.), 
signs upon it, the number being specified in the T«>te'i for his severe criticism of Homer; hav- 
bltzon._Lunar zodiac, a circle of 27 or 28 asterisms, „''^gi^^ character ot Zoilism 
or groups of stars, selected and established to mark the ZoillSm (zo'l-lizm), ». [< ZoiIi<s(see Zoikan) + 
moon s daily progress around the heavens. It was used -ism.] Criticism like that of Zoilus ; illiberal 
in ancient India, in China, and in A -abia, with only minor q^ carping criticism; unjust censure. 
variations in the star-groups selected. Its place of origin 
is uncertain and disputed.— Zodiac ring, a ring deco- 
rated with one of the signs of the zodiac, either as the 
sign under which the possessor was born, or perhaps the 
sign influencing a certain part of the body. 
zodiacal (zo-di'a-kal), a. [< zodiac + -al.'] Of 
or pertaining to the zodiac: as, the zodiacal 
signs; zodiacal planets Zodiacal Usbt, a lumi- 
nous tract of the sky, of an elongated triangular figure, ly- 
ing nearly in the ecliptic, its base being on the horizon, and 
itsapeiatvarjingaltitudes, seen at certain seasons of the .... ., -., 
year either in the west after sunset or in the east before ZOlSlte (zoi Sit), n. 
sunrise. It appears with greatest brilliance within the 
tropics, where it sometimes rivals the Milky Way. Its 
nature is unknown ; the most plausible hypothesis, sup- 
ported by many of the most eminent modern astronomers, 
is that it is the glow from a cloud of meteoric matter re- 
volving round the sun.— Zodiacal parallel. See par- 
ttUel. 
ZOdiophilOUS (z6-di-of'i-lus), a. [< Gr. Cu<''Oi', 
dim. of Cv"'', animal, -I- <pi>.i'n; love.] In bot.. 
Bring candid eyes unto the perusal of men's works, and 
let not ZoUistn or detraction blast well-intended labours. 
Sir T. Broxcne, Christ. Mor., ii. 2. 
Zoilist (zo'i-list), 11. [< Zoilus (see Zoilean) + 
-ist.'] An imitator of Zoilus; one who practises 
Zoilism ; a carping critic. 
Out, rhyme ; take 't as you list ; 
A flco for the sour-brow'd Zoilist I 
Marslon, VVIiat You Will, ii. 1. 
[Named by Werner in 1805 
after Baron von Zois, from whom he received 
his specimen.] A mineral closely related to 
epidote, but orthorhombie in crystallization. 
It occurs in prismatic crystals, often deeply striated and 
nmnded, also massive ; it varies in color from white to 
yellow, greenish, and rose-red. Its composition is similar 
to that of epidote, except that it contains calcium and but 
little iron. Thulite is a variety of a rose-red color, found 
in Norway. Also called saualpite. 
animal-loving: applied to those flowers which 2oisiIl (zd'izm), n. [< Gr. C"'), life, -I- -ism.] 
from their structure are especially adapted for 
fertilization by insects: it is the converse of 
anthophilous, said of the insects concerned. 
ZoSa, ZOCea (zo-e'ji), «.; pi. zoeee. zoax (-e), 
rarely zoea.i (-ftz). " [NL., < Gr. ^Cmv, animal.] 
The name given byBosc (1802) to the larvse of 
certain decapod crustaceans under the impres- 
sion that they were adults constituting a dis- 
•The doctrine that the phenomena of life de- 
pend upon apeouliar vital principle ; any vital- 
istic theory. [A word current from about 1840 
to 1850.] 
ZOist (zo'ist), H. [< Gr. C"'), life, + -ist.] One 
who studies the phenomena of life from the 
standpoint of zoism; one who upholds the 
theory or doctrine of zoism. See zoism. 
tinct genus. The name is retained for the zoea-stage, golstic (z6-is'tik), n. [i zoist -i- -ic] 1. Per- 
and for the animal itself in this stage. The zoea is also (-fining to zoism or to the zoists : as, zoistic 
Zotfa-itayeof Shore-crab (Car 
ftas tntrntrs). 
called the copepod-stage, intervening In some crustaceans 
between the nauplius-stage and the schlzopod-stage ; in 
others, in which a nauplius-stage Is apparently wanting, 
the zoea passes into the megalopa-stage. Also zoiea, zoea. 
ZOea-form (zo-e'a-f6rm), n. The zoea or zoea- 
stage of a crustacean. 
zoeal, zooeal (zo-e'al), 
a. Of the nature of a 
zoea ; pertaining to a 
zoea or to the zoea- 
stage ; zoeform. Also 
zoieal. 
ZoSa-Stage(zo-e'a-staj), 
H. That early stage 
of certain crustaceans 
which is a zoea. in this 
stage of development the 
cephalothorax is relatively 
stout and usually spined, 
with conspicuous eyes, and 
long fringed antennaj and month-paris serving as swim- 
ming-organs : the thoracic legs are undeveloped ; and the 
abdomen is long and slender and with or without appen- 
dages. Tills stage usually passes into that of the mega- 
lopa. 
ZoSfonn, ZOCeform (zo'e-form), a. [< NL. zoe'<(, 
q. v., + ^j. forma, form.] Having the form of 
a zoea; being or resembling a zoea. 
ZOepraxiscope (z6-e-prak'si-sk6p), n. Same as 
zoopraxinoseopc. 
ZOStlier (zo-e'th6r), n. [< Gr. Cu^, life, + E. 
(e)thcr.] A supposed substance which mani- 
fests the phenomena of animal magnetism and 
the like: same as jiroli/Ie. 
ZoStheric (z6-e-ther'ik), a. [< zoetlier + -ic] 
Having the character of zoether; relating to 
zoether in any way. 
ZOStiC (zo-et'ik), a. fliTeg. < Gr. Cur/, life, + 
-f-ic] I'ertaining to life ; vital. 
views. See zoism. — 2. Pertaining to living 
organisms or to vitality; vitalistic; animal: as, 
zoistic magnetism (that is, animal magnetism). 
Scorcshy. 
Zolaism (zo'la-izm), w. [< Zolii (see def.) + 
-ism.] The efiaracteristic quality of the works 
of Emile Zola (born 1840), a French novelist 
characterized by an excessively "realistic" 
treatment of the grosser phases of life ; coarse 
"realism" or "naturalism." 
Set the maiden fancies wallowing in the troughs of Zola- 
isin — 
Forward, forward, ay and backward, downward too into 
the abysm. 
Tennygiiu, Locksley Hall Sixty Years After. 
ZoUner's lines. Parallel lines which seem not 
V N, 
\ N N 
VN 
^^^^^^ 
^.^V^ 
V^O-v^V 
y y y y y y y y y y y 
yyyyy/'/'^y/^y/' 
^^ 
■7^ 
v 
00000 
.^OOOOOOv 
Zi'Iliier's Lines. 
to be parallel by reason of oblique intersecting 
lines. Also called Ztillncr's pattern. 
ZoUverein (tsol'fer-in"), ». [6., < roH (= E. 
toll), custom, + vcrcin, union, < rer- (= E./o/--) 
-f ein (= E. one), one.] 1. A union of German 
states for the maintenance of a common tariff, 
or uniform rates of duty on imports from other 
countries, and of free trade among themselves. 
