zoology 
7041 
zooplijrte 
evolution as opposed to special creation, and the varia- 
bility of organisms by their appetency, as opposed to their 
fixity in character. Lamarck recognized tlie two Aristo- 
telian main branches as V^ertfbrata and Invertebrata, the 
former with 4, the latter with 12 classes, and both with 
many ordinal and lower groups. Cuvier was profoundly 
versed in comparative anatomy, gave also special prom- 
inence to paleontology, and reached the conclusion (181-2) 
that all animals are modeled upon four types, for which 
he adopted the names Verlebrata, with 4 classes; Mot- a /,. ^ ry ■■ i ■ 
Imca, 6 classes; Artieidala, 4 classes; Itadiata, 5 classes zoomorpnism(zo-o-mor'hzm), H. HMOmcrjM-iC 
— each with more or fewer orders. Except the first of + -ism.^ 1. The character of beinfj zoomor- 
Oghania, as is well known, occur on some of the crosses ZOOHOSOlOgy (zo"o-n6-sor6-ii), )i. 
' ' ' '"" ' —■-•--■- animal, +£. nosology.'] 'The classification of 
bearing the interlaced ornamentation and zoomorphic de 
signs found on the Manx crosses. 
iV. and Q., 7th ser., II. 240. 
Under Dynasty XII. the gods that had previously been 
represented in art as beasts appear in their later shapes, 
often half anthropomorphic half zoDmorphic, dog-headed, 
cat-headed, hawk-headed, bull-headed men and women. 
A'ifieteenth Century, XX. 428. 
[< Gr. f^f, 
these (borrowed from Lamarck and so from Aristotle), 
none of tlieae "types" are found to hold; and few of the 
classes or orders are now accepted as framed by Cuvier, 
whose views and methods in the main were upheld in 
England by Owen. Cuvier's system was completed in 
1829. Among the last notable views of classification be- 
fore the appearance of Darwinism are those of Leuckart 
(1848), giving 5 types and 14 classes of invertebrates (with- 
out the protozoans); of H. Milne-Edwards (1855); and of 
L. Agassiz (1859). The period between Lamarck and Dar- 
win was one of extraordinary activity in all branches of 
zoological investigation, involving the accumulation of 
a wealth of material, the description of thousands of new 
genera and species, and the multiplication of distinctions 
founded upon little difference; but philosophical gen- 
eralizations did not keep pace with the elaboration of 
analytical details. Zoological systems in various depart- 
ments became almost as numerous as the specialists en- 
gaged; and the 8ul)ject acquired a huge literature, de^ 
scriptive. iconographic, and classificatory, as well as con 
troversial. This aspect of 
phic; zoomorphic state or condition; represen- 
tation or exhibition of animal forms as distin- 
guished from the human form ; especially, the 
characterization or symbolization of a god in 
diseases affecting the lower animals; a system 
of zoopathology ; zoopathy. 
zooparasite (zo-o-par'a-sit), n. [< Gr. C(^i', ani- 
mal, + TtapdaiTo^, parasite.] A parasitic ani- 
mal. 
zoopathology (z6"o-pa-thol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. 
ZiiKiv, animal, + E. pathology.'] The study of 
disease in animals ; veterinary pathology. 
zoopathy (zo-op'a-thi), 11. [< Gr. C^)v, animal, 
-f- Trdflof, stifferiiig.] Animal pathology; the 
science of the diseases of animals, excepting 
man. See zootherapy. 
2. The conception or representation of men or 
supernal beings under the form of animals, or 
of men or gods transformed into beasts; the 
attribution of human or divine qualities to be- 
ings of animal form; worship of the images of 
animals; zootheism. 
Zooinorphigm is much more absurd than Anthropomor- 
phism after all. Surely the rational mode is to employ 
the highest conceptions you can, while freely acknowledg- 
ing their utter inadequacy. 
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 205. 
, . ,,.^ , JOOmorphy (z6'6-m6r-fi), H. [< zoomorph-ic + 
thepastthirtyyear8orso(18S9-91 ;buttherealhi8toryof ,,Tl Saiiip as -oiVmornAism 
thezoologyofthisperiodisthehistoryof Darwinianevolu- -y^-i f>Ame a.a ..oomo>pniim. ^ 
Hon, or the application of general principles of individual ZOOnCzo on), Ji. ; pi. "oa (-a). LJNLi., < Gr. l.jjoi', 
development (ontogeny) to the solution of broader liio- an animal ; cf. C"'/, life ; ^ idnv, C'/i', Ionic i^ueia, 
logical' problems (phylogeny) — the development of the 
theory of evolution being itself an illustration of its own 
underlying principle. 
2. Zoography; the written description of an- 
imals; a treatise on animals, especially a 
systematic treatise, or zoological system. Sev- 
eral of the main classificatory divisions of the animal 
kingdom represent formally named departments of sys- 
tematic zoology. Such are mammalot/y or rnoMoloffy or 
theroloff!/, the formal science of mammals; ornitholoyy, of 
birds ; 'berpetUogy, of reptiles, including amphibians ; 
ichtkyoioffy, of fishes in their several classes ; conchtjloyy 
or malactAogy, of mollusks ; carcinoltx/y or cru^taceoloyy, 
of crustaceaits ; entoinotogy, of insects (more extensive 
than all the others combined) ; hetminlhftloyy, of worms; 
and zoophyttdogy, of zwmhytes. From some of these again 
subdivisions are fomiecl, in consequence either of the in- 
trinsic importance of certain of their subjects or of the 
special activity of investigation of these subjects — as, for 
example, anthroi>(4oyy (including ethnography and Kociol- 
ogy\ or t he particular study of man from a biological stand- 
point ; cetotogy, the study of whales as differing much from 
ordinary manmials ; ftelachology, of one of the classes of 
fishes; OJKidiology, of the connecting links between in- 
vertebrates and ordinary vertebrates ; and especially of 
bacUriology, the lately created science of microbes or 
micro-organisms, which probal)ly of all the departments 
of zoology has the most direct and important bearing 
upon human welfare and happiness. 
Zooloo, ". and a. See Zulu. 
ZOomagnetic (z6"o-mag-net'ik), a. [(.zoomag- 
nety'ixiii) -f -I'c] Of or pertaining to zoomag- 
netisfu. 
ZOOmagnetism (z6-o-mag'ne-tizm), «. [< Gr. 
Cvoi", animal, + K. magnetism.'] Animal mag- 
netism. 
Turning to the other subjects of which Dr. Lit^beault 
treats [In his Thiirapeutique Suggestive, Paris, 1891], the 
most remarkable, and almost the most puzzling, chapter 
it on zoomatinetifm. 
Proc. Soc. Ptychicat Retearch (London), July, 1891, p. 291. 
ZOdmancy (zo'o-man-si), n. 
+ navTtia, divination.] The pretended art of 
divination from observation of animals, or of 
their actions under given circumstances. 
ZOdmantic (z6-o-man'tik), a. [< zoomaiicy 
(-maiit-) + -ic] Of or pertaining to zoomaney. 
ZOdmechanics (z6"o-me-kan'iks), «. [< Gr. 
iV')v, animal, + E. 'mechanics.] Same as zoii- 
dynamics. 
ZOdmelanin (zo-o-mel'a-nin), n. [< Gi". C'.^iv, 
animal, + uf'/«f "(,uf?.ni'-), black, + -i>fi.] A 
black pigment derived from th- 
some birds. 
ZOdmetric (zd-o-met'rik), a. [< zoometr-y + 
-ic] Of or pertaining to zoometry. 
zoometry (zo-om'e-tn), ». [< Gr. Ccpof, ani- 
mal, + -fiiTfua, < fiirpov, measure.] Measure- 
ment of the proportionate lengths or sizes of 
the parts of animals: coirelated with aiithro- 
pomclry. 
zodmorphic (zo-o-m6r'fik), a. [< Gr. (vov, 
animal. + fioixir/', form.] 1. Representative zpSnomy (zo-on'o-mi), 
of animals, or of their characteristic forms, as " '- ' '' -■' 
a work of art; of or pertaining to zootnor- 
phism: correlated with uiitUroiiomorphic. — 2. 
Especially, representing or symbolizing the 
conception of a god under tlie form of an atii- 
mal whose characteristic traits or habits sug- 
gest the idea attached to the god. The most 
thoroughly zoomorphic religion was probably that of the 
ancient Egyptians, resulting in a complex system of zo- 
olatry. many elements of which were appropriattd and 
adapted by the Greeks and Rimians. 
animal foi'm. Compare anthropomorphism. — Zoophaga (z6-of'a-ga), «.j)i. [NL., neut. pi. of 
^ ,„. . _ ____i, ._i:— . .^ _.. ^Q„p])(,g„g. see zoophagous.] 1. [I.e.] Flesh- 
eating or carnivorous animals collectively con- 
sidered : a term of no exact classificatory mean- 
ing. — 2. The carnivorous and insectivorous 
marsupials, as collectively distinguished from 
the herbivorous marsupials, or Botanophaga. 
The opossum is an example.— 3t. A division 
of gastropods including carnivorous forms. 
Lamarck, 1822. 
ZOOphagan (zo-of 'a-gan), n. A carnivorous ani- 
mal; a sareophagan; especially, a member of 
the Zoiiphaga, 2. 
ZOdphagons (zo-of 'a-gus), a. [< 'H'L.zoophagiis, 
Gr. ^uo^fijof, living on animal food, < C^Jor, ani- 
mal, + (paye'iv, eat.] Devouring animals; sar- 
cophagous; carnivorous: o-py>osedto phytopha- 
gous. Specifically applied by Blyth, in editing Cuvier, 
to one of two primary types of placental Mammatm, in- 
cluding man, Quadrumana, Carnivora, and Cetacea ; the 
last constituting the order Igodontia, the first three the 
order Typodontia. 
zoophilist (zo-of'i-list), Ji. [< zoiiphil-y + -ist.] 
A lover of animals or living creatures; one 
whose sympathy embraces ail living creation. 
Our philosopher and zoophilist . . . advised those who 
consulted him as to the liest maimer of taking and de- 
stroying rats. Southey, The Doctor, ccxxviii. (Vacies.) 
The zoopliilisti vowed their determination to force 
through Parliament a prohibitory act. 
jyr. A. Rev., CXL. 207. 
zoophily (zo-of'i-li), H. [< Gr. Cuoi', animal, + 
-(piAia, love", < ^i^eiv, love.] A love of ani- 
mals; a sympathy or tender care for living 
creatures which prevents all imneeessary acts 
of cruelty or destruction. Cornhill Mag. 
zoophoric (z6-o-for'ik), a. [< zoophor-us + -ic] 
Bearing a living being, or a figure or figures of 
one or more men or animals: as, a zoophoric 
column. 
ZOOphorus (zo-of'o-rus), n. [NL., < Gr. C<!>o(p6- 
piii;, a frieze bearing the figures of living beings, 
< Cv«'', animal, + -rpopo^, < (pep(iv = 'E. bcar^.] In 
anc. arch., a continuous frieze, unbroken by 
triglyphs, carved in relief with figures of men 
and animals, as the Panathenaic frieze of the 
Parthenon, or the frieze of I'higaleia. Also 
zophorus. See cuts under Doric and Hellenic. 
zoophysics (zo-o-fiz'iks), «. [< Gr. Cvoi", ani- 
mal, + (fvaiKn, physics.] The study of the 
physical structure of animals; comparative 
anatomy as a branch of zoology: correlated 
with zoiidynamics, or animal i)liysiology. 
Zoo-Dynamics, ;?oo./'A!/«t<;s, Zoo-Chemistry. — The pur- 
suit of the learned physician —anatomy and physiology : 
exemplified by Harvey, Haller, Uunter, Johann Midler. 
Encyc. Brit, XXIV. 803. 
live.] An animal form containing all the ele- 
ments of a typical organism of the group to 
which it belongs; a morphological individual 
regarded as the whole product of an impreg- 
nated ovum, which may or may not be divided 
into persons or zooids without true generation. 
See zoiiid. 
It is ui"ged that whether the development of the fertil- 
ized germ be continuous or discontinuous is a matter of 
8ec<jndary importance ; that the totality of living tissue to 
which the fertilized germ gives rise in any one case, is 
the equivalent of the totality to which it gives rise in any 
other case, and that we must recognize this equivalence, 
whether such totality of living tissue takes a concrete or 
a discrete arrangement. In pursuance of this view a zo- 
ological individual is constituted either by any such sin- 
gle animal as a mammal or bird, which may properly 
claim the title of a zoon, or by any such group of animals 
as the numerous Medusa? that have been developed from 
the same egg, which are to he severally distinguished as 
zooids. //. Silencer, Prin. of Biol., § 73. 
Zoa ixnpeiTSOnalla, organisms resulting from the co.i- 
lescence or concrescence of zoons, as of many sponges, 
which thus lose their " personality." 
The remarkable cases [among sponges] of zoa imperm- 
natia, or what we should call degraded colonies. 
A. Hyatt, Proc. Bost. .Soc. Nat. Hist. 1884, p. 99. 
ZOOnal (zo'o-iial), a. [Irreg. < zoiin + -al.] 
Having the character of a zoon; of or pertain- 
ing to zoa. 
ZOOnerythrin (zo'on-e-rith'rin), «. [Irreg. < Gr. 
f^jot', animal, + epvflpdc, red, -I- -iri'^.] Same as 
zoiierythrin. Also zoonerythrine. 
Z05nic (zo-on'ik), a. [Irreg. < Gr. (iJov, animal, 
+ -ic] Relating to animals ; obtained or de- 
rived from anitnal substance : as, zoonic acid. 
— Zoonic acicl, a name given by Berthollet to acetic acid 
in combination with animal matter, obtained by distilling 
animal matter. 
[<Gr. Cipo'', animal, zoonite (z6'6-nit), «. [Irreg. < Gr. Cfm; ani- 
mal, + -ili-.'i 1. One of the rings, segments, or 
somites of which thebody of a worm, crustacean, 
insect, vertebrate, or other segmented or artic- 
ulated animal is composed ; a zonule ; a meta- 
mere oran arthromere of an articulated inverte- 
brate; a diarthromere of a vertebrate: used 
generically of any segment, to which special 
names are given in special cases. — 2. Same as 
zoiiid : a mistaken use of the word. Eng. Cy- 
clop. (Zool.), IV. 561. (JCncyc Diet.) 
feathers of zoonitic (zo-o-uit'ik), a. [< zoonite -i- -ic] Of 
or pertaining to a zoonite ; somitie. 
ZOOnomia (zo-o-no'mi-ii), n. [NL. (the title 
of a celebrated treatise by Dr. Erasmus Dar- 
win): see zoonomy.] Same an zoiinomy. 
ZOOnomic f z6-o-nom'ik), a. [< zoonom-y -h -ic] 
Of or jiertaining to zoonomy. 
zoonomist (zo-on'o-mist), ». [< zoiinom-y + 
-ist.] One who is versed in zoonomy ; a biol- 
ogist, in a broad sense. 
" ' n. [<. 'NIj. zooiiomia, <. 
Gr. C'^if, animal, + voLing, law.] The laws of 
animal life collectively considered; the science 
which treats of the causes and relations of the 
phenomena of living animals; tlie vital econ- 
omy of animals; animal physiology. 
zoonosis (zii-on'o-sis), ».; pi. zoonoses (-sez). 
[NL., < Gr! ^(}in; ntiimal, + viiaor, disease.] A 
disease communicated to man from the lower 
animals. Hydrophobia and glanders are ex- 
amples of zoonoses. 
Zoophyta (z6-of'i-ta), n.pl. [NL., pi. of zoiiphy- 
toii: see zoophyte.] The alternative name of the 
Cuvierian /to(V/«fr(; the I'll ytozoa; the animal- 
plants, or plant-like animals. In later systems, es- 
pecially following the classification of Cuvier, the name has 
been much used for a large artificial and heterogeneous as- 
semblage of the lower invertel)rates. many of which, like 
the corallines, have a plant-like habit, and branch from 
a fixed base. It thus covers, or has covered, all the true 
cadenterates (actinozoans. hydrozoans, and cteiiophorans), 
all the echinoderms (starfishes, sea-urchins, holothurians, 
and crinoids), the polyzoans, the sponges, some of the 
worms which used to be classed as radiates, and all the 
infusorians and other protozoans known, having thus no 
better standing than "the radiate mob" of Cuvier. (See 
liadi^ita, 1.) In some of its various restricted applica- 
tions, however, it has excluded certain forms that obvi- 
ously belonged elsewhere, and the tendency has been to 
adapt the name to the coelenterates, with or without the 
sponges. Quite recently the proposition has l>een made, 
and by some accepted, to use the name in this strict sense, 
and instead of Coelentera or Coientrrata ; in wliich case 
it would cover the Actinozoa, llydrazoa, Ctenophora, and 
Spongite. The New Latin form of the term is attributed 
to Wotton (1492-165:,), who in his "lie Differentiis Ani- 
malium " (Paris, 1652) includ'jd under this name practi- 
cally its present content : namely, holothurians, staiflshes, 
Jellytlshes, sea-anemones, and sponges. 
ZOdphyte (z6'o-tit), n. [< 'S.l.. zoiiphyton. <Gr. 
Zuoipvrnv (Aristotle), lit. 'animal-plant,' < tuoi', 
animal, -f- i/iu-oi', plant.] Amemberof the /(w- 
phyfd, in any sense; a radiate; a pliytozoan. 
