THE TECHNOLOGIST. [July 1, 1865. 
46 TREATMENT OF BEES IN POLAND. 
for the most part by the small proprietors and some peasants in- Poland, 
as well as in a part of Lithuania, called Polesie. 
The second Bystem (the rational one) of rearing bees, though not 
universally adopted, may be subdivided into three methods : — 
1. The swarming method, as represented in the hive of Dzierzon 
(Jerzon), and his method of rearing, generally used in Poland and Vol- 
hynia, as well as in the greater part oi Galicia. 
2. The system of the Englishman Nutt but little used in Posen. 
3. A combination of the two methods above mentioned, introduced 
by the priest Dolinowski, from the Government of Lublin, uniting in a 
hive of his contrivance the swarming method of Dzierzon, and the 
method of Nutt. 
The three last systems are generally adopted by the wealthier pro- 
prietors, and are rather the result of interest in bees, than the object of 
greater economical produce. 
Besides the routine and progressive systems before mentioned, there 
exists a third method of rearing bees in excavated trunks of trees in 
forests, commonly used in the Government of Plock, in the district of 
Ostrolenka, and in the woody part of Lithuania, called Polesie. 
It is hardly possible to describe all the above cited systems, but the 
works on this subject by Znamirowski and Dolinowski, in which all the 
particulars are presented, are here worth mentioning. 
The improved management of bees in Poland may be dated from 
1850. At that time the public became acquainted with the works of 
Mieczynski, Dolinowski, Lubieniecki, and Znamizowski, and with the 
methods of Dzierzon and Nutt. In many places, the rational manage- 
ment of bees was adopted, and the following bee gardens were estab- 
lished — viz. : By Count Czapski in Miropol ; Priest Wiktor in the 
district of Lowicz ; Pawlowski in Gawartowa ; Wola in the district of 
Piotrkof ; Bielang near Warsaw; Kurakowski near Warsaw; Priest 
Dolinowski near Lublin ; Lubieniecki in Galicia; Florkiewicz near 
Cracow ; Count Bobiynski in the Ukraine ; and Prince Sanguszko in 
Volhynia. In all these and many other places, the rearing of bees was 
carried out according to the system of Dzierzon, whilst Mr. Obrzycki, in 
the Government of Augustovo, adopted the method of Nutt, which, 
however, appeared totally unsuitable to this climate, notwithstanding, 
that in the duchy of Posen this method is more extensively used. 
The following are the chief plants from which the bees in Poland 
gather honey : — Plautago media, Nigella, Verbascum, Sinapis, Brassica, 
Trifolium, Medicago, Papaver, Cucumis melo, Calendula officinalis, Cu- 
cumis sativus, Carduus, Leontodon taraxacum, Reseda odorata et luteola, 
Tussilago farfara, Melissa, Brassica napus, Hedysarum, Helianthus, 
Salvia officinalis, Polygonum tartarkum, and Erica vidgaris. 
With regard to the latter (heath), which is of great importance to bee- 
keepers in Western Europe, it must be observed it is of very little 
significance in Poland, as it blossoms late in the autumn, when the other 
