106 THE SUPPLY OF &ESIN. 
trunks and branches of the trees. The turpentine runs into a hole 
made for the purpose, and continues running during about six weeks, 
according to the weather. In hot weather it runs most ; but in wet 
and cold weather it does not run. As in Greece, it is hotter, and there 
are less rain and damp than in Turkey, so Greece produces most. A 
young and strong tree, Say of twelve years, produces seven okes. The first 
year the tree is cut it produces little, and the expense is greater the first 
year ; the second, third, and fourth year more runs, and with less ex- 
pense, as it exudes from the old cuts as well. In 1865 it is expected 
40 per cent, more will be produced, as they have now begun to cultivate 
the trees and take care of them, instead of cutting them down ; and 
the Greeks calculate that, even with peace in America, they can 
produce it cheaper. It costs now about 40 leptas per oke in the raw 
state on the spot, and 52 in Syra, plus the expense of barrels. No duty 
is levied on its exportation from Greece. 
Translation from ' Travels in Greece,, in 1834-37,' by Dr. Fielder. 
Pinus maritima, TlevKr) } Dioscorides (Ucvkos of modern Greeks), is 
the tree most extensively distributed over Greece ; and a shore so 
desolate and rocky as not to produce some of these pines is rarely to be 
found. Where it exists alone it is generally stunted, from the rocky 
soil and exposure to wind and storms ; but where they grow thickly 
on the moist declivities among the hills, or in the sloping plateaux of 
the mountains, the stems of those of eighty or ninety years' growth 
are straight and large, being near 100 feet high, and from two to three 
feet in diameter. It likes a dry rocky soil, but succeeds best in loose 
calcareous or sandy clay soil, which need not be very deep, the roots 
then spreading wide and not penetrating far downwards. It grows as 
far as 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
At fifteen years it bears seed, but retains the cones, which frequently 
are produced direct from the bark of the trunks, and boughs ; they 
ripen, shed their seed, become dry, and remain on the tree, and hence 
three kinds of cones are to be found on it at the same time. The open 
cones are four inches long and three inches in the greatest diameter. 
These clusters of the old cones, which from a distance appear like great 
birds' nests, disfigure the tops of the pines. 
This tree contains much resin, and on that account is generally cut 
in such a manner as to impede its growth. If the tree be required to 
use for its resin it should be left growing for ninety years, and in the 
last ten or twelve years only the resin taken from it in a regular 
manner. The collected resin, or the half-ripe and even green cones, are 
cast in great quantities into the newly made wine, in order by the oil 
of turpentine contained in them to prevent the wine from becoming 
acid. The ancients did this, and hence the pine was sacred to Bacchus. 
The so-called pine-wreath or garland for the victors in the Isthmian 
games was made irom this species of pine. 
